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PubMed2005

Beverage consumption patterns in elementary school aged children across a two-year period.

OBJECTIVE: Existing data was reexamined to determine changes in beverage consumption and associations between beverages consumed and BMI Z-score in children (n = 164) across two years. METHODS: Beverages (milk, 100% juice, diet soda or sugar sweetened) and total caloric intake were calculated from a 24-hour diet recall. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI. Subjects were categorized by BMI Z-score as normal weight, overweight, gained weight and lost weight. Data was collected at baseline and year 2. RESULTS: Significant decreases in milk and increases in diet soda were found over two years in all subjects and normal weight, whereas overweight had a significant increase in diet soda consumption and a decrease in milk consumption that did not reach significance. Change in milk consumption was inversely correlated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Increases in diet soda consumption were significantly greater for overweight and subjects who gained weight as compared to normal weight subjects. Baseline BMI Z-score and year 2 diet soda consumption predicted 83.1% of the variance in year 2 BMI Z-score. CONCLUSION: Shifts in beverage consumption were found in this convenient sample across two years. Diet soda consumption was the only type of beverage associated with year 2 BMI Z-score, and consumption was greater in overweight subjects and subjects who gained weight as compared to normal weight subjects at two years. Additional longitudinal data examining associations between beverage consumption and BMI is needed in children and adolescents, as consumption of regular and diet soda has become more of a social norm.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Beverage caffeine intakes in young children in Canada and the US.

PURPOSE: Throughout childhood there is a shift from predominantly milk-based beverage consumption to other types of beverages, including those containing caffeine. Although a variety of health effects in children and adults have been attributed to caffeine, few data exist on caffeine intake in children aged one to five years. METHODS: Because beverages provide about 80% of total caffeine consumed in children of this age group, beverage consumption patterns and caffeine intakes were evaluated from two beverage marketing surveys: the 2001 Canadian Facts study and the 1999 United States Share of Intake Panel study. RESULTS: Considerably fewer Canadian children than American children consume caffeinated beverages (36% versus 56%); Canadian children consume approximately half the amount of caffeine (7 versus 14 mg/day in American children). Differences were largely because of higher intakes of carbonated soft drinks in the US. CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine intakes from caffeinated beverages remain well within safe levels for consumption by young children.

Beverages↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence and severity of the premenstrual syndrome. Effects of foods and beverages that are sweet or high in sugar content.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether certain foods and beverages that are high in sugar content or taste sweet are related to the prevalence and severity of the premenstrual syndrome. Specifically, we sought to evaluate whether consumption of "junk foods", chocolate, caffeine-free cola, fruit juices or alcoholic beverages might exert an effect on the premenstrual syndrome apart from any effects of daily consumption of beverages that are high in caffeine (caffeine-containing coffee, tea and colas). The study was based on 853 responses to a questionnaire probing menstrual and premenstrual health and certain daily dietary practices; it was mailed to female university students in Oregon. An analysis of the data revealed that the consumption of chocolate, but not of other junk foods, was related to the prevalence of the premenstrual syndrome among women with more severe premenstrual symptoms. Likewise, the consumption of alcoholic beverages (all alcoholic beverages and beer only) was related to the prevalence of the premenstrual syndrome among women with more severe symptoms, as were both fruit juice and caffeine-free soda. None of the associations was substantially altered when the daily consumption of beverages high in caffeine content was controlled for. Taken together, these data suggest that the consumption of foods and beverages that are high in sugar content or taste sweet is associated with prevalence of the premenstrual syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Electrolytes, sugar, calories, osmolarity and pH of beverages and coconut water.

Oral rehydration has been recommended in patients with diarrhoea to replace fluid loss from the gastrointestinal tract and reduce the need for intravenous therapy. Beverages (i.e. Cola, Sprite etc.) and coconut water may be used as sources of oral fluid when glucose-electrolyte solution is not available. To evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of these soft drinks, the basic data such as electrolytes, sugar, calories, osmolarity and pH were determined. The electrolytes of the beverages were significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the coconut water, especially potassium. The osmolarity of the beverages, which were 693 mOsm/l, was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the coconut water (288 mOsm/l); pH of the beverages (3.1) was more acidic (p less than 0.001) than the coconut water (5.4). While the sugar content of the beverages, which were 8.7 gm/dl, was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) than the coconut water (1.1 gm/dl). On comparison, all brands of beverages would give more calories than the coconut water however the coconut water would be absorbed more easily than any brand of soft drink beverage.

Beverages↗
PubMed1999

Jelly beans as an alternative to a fifty-gram glucose beverage for gestational diabetes screening.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that a standardized dose of jelly beans could be used as an alternative sugar source to the 50-g glucose beverage to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred sixty pregnant women at 24 to 28 weeks' gestation were recruited for a prospective study to compare 2 sugar sources for serum glucose response, side effects, preference, and ability to detect gestational diabetes mellitus. Patients were randomly assigned to consume 50-g glucose beverage or 28 jelly beans (50 g simple carbohydrate). Serum glucose values were determined 1 hour later. The test was later repeated with the other sugar source. Finally, a 100-g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Participants completed a questionnaire recording subjective outcome variables. American Diabetes Association criteria were used to interpret all test results. RESULTS: Among 136 participants completing the study no significant differences were found between 1-hour serum glucose values (116.5 +/- 27 mg/dL with 50-g glucose beverage, 116.9 +/- 23.6 mg/dL with jelly beans; P =.84), frequency of discrepant results (P =.47), sensitivity, specificity, or predictive value. Jelly beans yielded fewer side effects (38% with 50-g glucose beverage, 20% with jelly beans; P <.001) and were preferred by 76% of participants (P <.001). Five cases (3.7% incidence) of gestational diabetes mellitus were diagnosed, 3 with 50-g glucose beverage alone, 1 with jelly beans alone, and 1 with both sugar sources. CONCLUSIONS: Jelly beans may be used as an alternative to the 50-g glucose beverage as a sugar source for gestational diabetes mellitus screening. The 2 sources provoke similar serum glucose responses. Patients report fewer side effects after a jelly bean challenge than after a 50-g glucose beverage challenge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Alcoholic beverage preference and characteristics of drinkers and nondrinkers in western New York (United States).

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dietary and lifestyle characteristics may differ for drinkers of specific alcoholic beverages and nondrinkers which would have important implications for studies of alcohol and disease. Our aim in this study was to describe differences in dietary and lifestyle characteristics associated with alcoholic beverage preference in a population-based sample of healthy study participants. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were collected as part of a series of case-control studies of alcohol use, myocardial infarction, and lung, breast and prostate cancer in western New York from 1846 men and 1910 women aged 35 to 79, randomly selected from the general population of Erie and Niagara Counties. Beverage preference was defined for noncurrent vs current drinkers, and drinkers of beer, wine, liquor, and mixed beverages. Generalized linear models for continuous variables and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics for categorical variables were computed for the entire sample and stratified by gender. Participant characteristics differed by alcoholic beverage preference and drinking status. In general, wine drinkers had higher education and household incomes, lower prevalence of current smoking, higher intakes of dietary fiber, potassium, vitamin E, and total carotenoids, lower total fat intakes and higher amounts of fruits, vegetables, and grain products than consumers of other beverages. Conversely, beer and liquor drinkers had somewhat lower education and household incomes, higher rates of current smoking, higher energy and total fat intakes and consumed lower amounts of fruits, vegetables, and grain products. Finally, current nondrinkers were more likely to be older, less educated, have lower household incomes, and consume diets less consistent with dietary guidelines than current drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that usual beverage preference may encompass other health-related behaviors and underline the importance of accurate exposure measurement and use of statistical methods to accommodate these interrelationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Children and adolescents' choices of foods and beverages high in added sugars are associated with intakes of key nutrients and food groups.

PURPOSE: To determine associations between intakes of the primary food and beverage sources of added sugars and intakes of key nutrients and food pyramid groups among U.S. children aged 6-17 years. METHODS: The 1994-96 and 1998 U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) were used to examine the diets of U.S. children aged 6-17 years, who provided 2 full days of dietary data. The nationally representative sample (n = 3038) included children age 6-11 (n = 1913) and adolescents age 12-17 (n = 1125). Food codes for sweetened foods and beverages were selected from the USDA Food Coding Scheme and categorized into five food and beverage categories. The Statistical Analysis System software program was used to recode and format the data for statistical analysis and the Survey Data Analysis System was used to apply sample weights and generate statistical procedures. RESULTS: The consumption of sweetened dairy products was positively associated with calcium intakes for children and adolescents. Consumption of presweetened cereals increased the likelihood of the children and adolescents meeting recommendations for the essential shortfall micronutrients calcium, folate, and iron, whereas the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, sugars and sweets, and sweetened grains decreased the likelihood of meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for these nutrients. Only children who were nonconsumers of sugar-sweetened beverages had a mean calcium intake that met the adequate intakes (AI). Consumption of sweetened dairy products and presweetened cereals was positively associated with the number of dairy servings consumed per day for both age groups. CONCLUSIONS: On average, consumption of sweetened dairy foods and beverages and presweetened cereals had a positive impact on children and adolescents' diet quality, whereas sugar-sweetened beverages, sugars and sweets, and sweetened grains had a negative impact on their diet quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Estimates of per capita exposure to substances migrating from canned foods and beverages.

A study was undertaken by European industry to estimate the consumption of canned beverages and foodstuffs. European can production data were used with adjustments for imports into and out of the EU. It was further assumed that can production, with adjustments, equalled consumption. Owing to the lack of actual consumption country-by-country or household-by-household data throughout Europe, only per capita estimates of consumption were possible. Data were compiled country-by-country for seven major can-producing EU Member States and for eight different types of canned food and two types of canned beverage (beer and soft drinks). The per capita consumption of canned foods was 1.1 cans/person/week, and consumption of canned fish was estimated as 2.2 kg/person/year. The estimate of per capita consumption of canned food was 62 g/person/day or 22.6 kg/person/year. Canned beverages account for about 60% of the consumption of canned foodstuffs. The usefulness of per capita consumption of beverages is questionable because consumption habits may vary more widely than those for canned foods. However, as the migration into beverages is insignificant, these data were added for completeness. Per capita consumption of canned beverages is 67 cans/person/year or 61 g/person/day. From the average can sizes, the surface area of the cans consumed was estimated. The per capita surface area exposure was 0.55 dm(2)/person/day for canned foods and 0.55 dm(2)/person/day for canned beverages, giving 1.1 dm(2)/person/day. Migration of a substance at 0.02 mg dm(2) gives an exposure of 0.01 mg/person/day assuming a per capita consumption, using a surface area model. Migration at 0.12 mg kg(-1) in food gives an exposure of 0.007 mg/person/day using a weight model. Both models assumed migration into all food types at the same level, which is highly unrealistic. Exposure to BADGE from canned foods has been used as a case study. The best estimate for a worst case per capita exposure to BADGE and relevant derivatives was between 6 and 10 micro g/person/day, depending upon the approach and assumptions used.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead and cadmium in beverages consumed in Finland.

The lead and cadmium contents of carbonated beverages, juices, beers and wines were determined by ETAAS using Zeeman background correction, peak height mode and the method of standard additions for quantitation. Other beverages were digested in conc. HNO3, but wines were diluted with 10% HNO3. The lead contents of beverages were negligible. The mean Pb content of juices was 9 micrograms/kg, 2 micrograms/kg in carbonated beverages, < 1 microgram/kg in mineral water and 3 and 4 micrograms/kg in domestic and imported beers. The mean lead content was 16 micrograms/l in domestic miscellaneous wines, 33 micrograms/l in imported white wines, 9 micrograms/l in domestic red wines and 34 micrograms/l in imported red wines. The cadmium contents in all beverages were < 1 microgram/kg, except for domestic red wine made from raspberry, which contained 2 micrograms/l. Beverages contribute only a negligible amount of lead and cadmium to the average Finnish diet. However, as the total lead intake is low in Finland, about 12 micrograms/day, the share of beverages is rather high, about a fifth of the total intake.

Beverages↗
PubMed2004

Associations between Intakes of fluoride from beverages during infancy and dental fluorosis of primary teeth.

OBJECTIVE: We describe associations between primary tooth fluorosis status and intakes of beverages and fluoride from these beverages during infancy. METHODS: Subjects (n = 677) are members of the Iowa Fluoride Study, a cohort of young children followed from birth. Food and nutrient intakes were obtained from 3-day diet records. Diets were analyzed at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 16 months and cumulatively for 6 weeks through 16 months of age. Primary tooth fluorosis was assessed at 4.5-6.9 years of age and defined as present or absent. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to develop models to predict fluorosis status. RESULTS: Water-based beverage intakes were higher in subjects with fluorosis than in those without. Specifically, higher intakes of water used to reconstitute formulas at 3, 6 and 9 months; any intake of water as a beverage at 16 months; and higher intakes of combined 100% juice and miscellaneous beverages at 16 months were positively associated with fluorosis (p < 0.05). Fluoride intakes from water sources were also higher in subjects with fluorosis than in those without. Specifically, higher intakes of fluoride from water used to reconstitute formulas at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months and for 6 weeks through 16 months, and higher intakes of fluoride from water as a beverage at 16 months and for 6 weeks through 16 months were positively associated with fluorosis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Infant beverages, particularly infant formulas prepared with fluoridated water, can increase the risk of fluorosis in primary teeth.

Beverages↗
PubMed2006

Changes in calcium intake and association with beverage consumption and demographics: comparing data from CSFII 1994-1996, 1998 and NHANES 1999-2002.

BACKGROUND: Consumption of soft drinks has been hypothesized to be negatively associated with calcium intake. However, fortification of some foods and beverages may have affected calcium intake. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in calcium intake and the association of milk consumption with key beverage consumption and demographic variables using the most current data available. DESIGN: Several techniques were used to describe how age, gender, race/ethnicity, and beverage consumption were associated with milk and calcium intake using the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 1994-1996, 1998 (CSFII) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 (NHANES). Using bivariate and multivariate regression analyses, we examined the independent relationships of total non-beverage energy intake, fluid milk consumption, non-milk beverage consumption, and demographics with calcium intake. RESULTS: During the time period between CSFII and NHANES, milk consumption decreased and RCSD consumption increased among children 6-11 y. Calcium intake was unaffected. Among other age categories, milk consumption either did not change or increased (females 40-59 y), while RCSD consumption increased. Calcium intake either did not change or increased in most age-gender categories, including adolescent females. Fluid milk consumption exhibited the strongest association with calcium intake. Fruit juice consumption was also positively associated with calcium intake in most age-gender categories. Consumption of other beverages, including RCSD, had little or no association with calcium intake. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of low-fat milk should be encouraged, but calcium fortification of certain foods and beverages and calcium supplementation may be needed to further increase calcium intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Meeting calcium recommendations during middle childhood reflects mother-daughter beverage choices and predicts bone mineral status.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal data regarding the influence of beverage intakes on calcium adequacy are lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated calcium intake from ages 5 to 9 y as a function of mother-daughter beverage choices and as a predictor of bone mineral status. DESIGN: Intakes of energy, calcium, milk, sweetened beverages, fruit juices, and non-energy-containing beverages were measured with the use of three 24-h dietary recalls in 192 non-Hispanic white girls aged 5, 7, and 9 y and their mothers. Calcium intakes from ages 5 to 9 y were categorized as either meeting or falling below recommended adequate intakes (AIs). The girls' bone mineral status was assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at age 9 y. RESULTS: The mean 5-y calcium intake was related to bone mineral density at age 9 y (beta = 0.27, P < 0.001). The girls who met the AI for calcium were not heavier (P = 0.83) but had higher energy intakes (P < 0.0001) than did the girls who consumed less than the AI. Compared with the girls who consumed less than the AI, the girls who met the AI consumed, on average, almost twice as much milk (P < 0.0001), had smaller decreases in milk intake (P < 0.01), and consumed 18% less sweetened beverages (P < 0.01) from ages 5 to 9 y; the 2 groups did not differ significantly in juice and non-energy-containing beverage intakes. The girls who met the AI were also served milk more frequently than were the girls who consumed less than the AI (P < 0.0001) and had mothers who drank milk more frequently (P < 0.01) than did the mothers of the girls who consumed less than the AI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide new longitudinal evidence that calcium intake predicts bone mineral status during middle childhood and reflects mother-daughter beverage choice patterns that are established well before the rapid growth and bone mineralization observed in adolescence.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Do some types of alcoholic beverages lead to more problems for adolescents?

OBJECTIVE: In surveys of alcohol use the alcoholic beverage preferred is sometimes noted but rarely given much attention. What little research exists on how beverage type relates to alcohol problems, delinquency and drug use has produced inconsistent results. This study identifies groups of high school students who drink beer, wine or spirits exclusively as well as those who drink multiple beverage types and examines whether problems are limited to a beverage type or a combination of types. METHOD: This study uses data from the 1991 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey. The sampling design employs a stratified (grade by region) single-stage cluster sample of homeroom classes. Students who drank alcohol at least once a month are included (N = 1,557). RESULTS: Most students (82%) drink a combination of beer, wine and spirits. However, drinker type is not related to alcohol problems, drinking and driving, tobacco use, cannabis use or drug problems, holding constant age, gender and alcohol consumption. Only for heavy drinking and delinquency is there a significant association with drinker type. Exclusive beer and spirits drinkers and drinkers of all three beverages are more likely than the other drinker types to consume five or more drinks on a single occasion and to engage in delinquent behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Drinkers of beer and spirits and all three beverage types are not only heavier drinkers but probably more rebellious and deviant. Wine, if taken exclusively, appears to be the beverage of moderation.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2002

The effects of an instant haw beverage on lipid levels, antioxidant enzyme and immune function in hyperlipidemia patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of an instant haw beverage in regulating lipid disturbance, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and immune function. METHODS: Data was collected from 60 hyperlipidemic subjects. In this crossover design, each subject randomly received either the instant haw beverage (100 ml corresponding to 3 g of haw powder or 30 g of fresh haw fruit plus the carrier-guar gum plus some starch) or placebo (guar gum 1.5 g plus some starch as the carrier of the beverage) twice daily. Each supplementation lasted 31 days with a 28-day washout period between treatments. RESULTS: The instant haw beverage significantly reduced total serum cholesterol (9.6%), triglyceride (12.1%), LDLC (18%) while significantly increased SOD activities (7.5%). The placebo was shown to have positive results in some of the lipid profiles, though the effects of the instant haw beverage demonstrated greater significance. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly decreased and SOD activity significantly increased only as subjects were supplemented with the instant haw beverage while no significant changes were seen with placebo. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with the instant haw beverage positively affects blood lipid profile, antioxidant status and immune function in individuals with hyperlipidemia.

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Extent of advertising of tobacco and alcoholic beverages in a sample of Spanish weeklies].

Advertising undoubtedly influences our daily habits. In this sense, the promotion of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages is no exception, being a potential stimulus for their use. For the purpose of studying different aspects of the cigarette and alcoholic beverage advertising which appeared in a sample os Spanish weeklies was taken, these being six of the weeklies having one of the largest circulations, three of which were aimed mainly at women readers, while the other three were general information magazines. The advertising of these two products represents a significant percentage of the total advertising printed in the magazines studied (11%). The promotion of alcoholic beverages widely surpasses that of cigarettes (by 7 to 1). With regard to the groups of alcoholic beverages, whisky in the leading beverage advertised. The topics to which reference is made in the advertising slogans are widely varied, are lacking in informative elements and are limited to means of persuading one to identify with said product. Marked differences are observed between the magazines of providing general information magazines and those preferably aimed at women with regard to the amount and content of the advertising of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages. The methodological differences arising on studying the advertising-use relationship are discussed. Lastly, a number of activities for contradicting the effect of the massive advertising of cigarettes ald alcoholic beverages appearing in our weeklies are proposed.

Advertising↗
PubMed1992

Bioavailability of magnesium and calcium from cow's milk and soya-bean beverage in rats.

The milk components lactose and casein enhance the apparent absorption of magnesium and possibly also of calcium, whereas phytate, which occurs in soya-bean products, has an inhibitory effect. This implies that soya-bean beverage v. cow's milk could lower bioavailability of Mg and Ca. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments with growing rats. Feeding soya-bean beverage v. cow's milk consistently lowered body-weight gain, enhanced bone turnover, as measured by increased plasma alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion, and decreased Mg and Ca concentrations in the femur. Because the mineral compositions of the soya-bean beverage and the cow's milk were different, the intake of Mg was higher in rats fed on soya-bean beverage, whereas that of Ca was higher in rats fed on cow's milk. Supplementation of the soya-bean beverage either with phosphorus and Ca or with P, Ca and methionine, to concentrations identical to those in milk, restored growth and bone mineralization. When using diets carefully balanced for Mg, Ca, P, sodium, potassium and methionine, soya-bean beverage v. cow's milk in the diets decreased apparent absorption and urinary excretion of Mg and Ca. Hydrolysis of lactose in milk decreased absorption and urinary excretion of Mg; it did not significantly affect Ca absorption but lowered urinary Ca excretion. The present study shows that soya-bean beverage v. milk depresses Mg and Ca bioavailability, as would be predicted on the basis of reported effects of their purified components.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2002

Beverage choices of young females: changes and impact on nutrient intakes.

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in beverage consumption and evaluate the impact of beverage choices on the nutrient intakes of females ages 12 to 19 years. DESIGN: Dietary intake data from the USDA's Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys, including the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), were assessed for trends in beverage consumption. The CSFII 1994-1996 data was used to examine the diets of young females grouped based on their milk and soda consumption status. Mean energy, nutrient, and beverage intakes were compared. SUBJECTS: Females with complete dietary intake information on Day 1 of the survey were included in the study. There were 732 females ages 12 to 19 years in the CSFII 1994-1996. Statistical Analysis Percentages of females consuming specific beverages were estimated. Pairwise mean comparisons were made between groups based on milk and soda consumption status. RESULTS: Milk intakes decreased by 36% whereas that of sodas and fruit drinks almost doubled from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s. The CSFII 1994-1996 data showed that between ages 12 and 19 years, intakes of fruit juices, soda, tea, fruit drinks, and alcoholic beverages either increased or remained relatively steady, while milk intakes decreased with an increase in age. At age 12 years, 78% drank milk and had the lowest soda intake (276g), while at age 19-years, only 36% drank milk and drank a high amount of soda (423g). Those who did not drink milk had inadequate intakes of vitamin A, folate, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. APPLICATION: A rapid decrease in milk intake during the early adolescent years indicates a need for interventions at this age. Dietitians should identify barriers to drinking milk and recommend strategies for including appropriate food sources to increase calcium intakes during growing years. Nutrition educators should provide parents of adolescent children with ideas for ensuring the adequacy of their children's calcium intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102: 1234-1239.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Survey of caffeine levels in retail beverages in Portugal.

The caffeine content of 85 retail beverage samples purchased from local supermarkets between 1995 and 2004 was determined. The potential intake of caffeine through the consumption of these beverages (but excluding coffee) was estimated for students of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. The caffeine content of the beverages ranged from 47.5 to 282.5 mg l(-1) for teas, from 20.1 to 47.2 mg l(-1) for tea extracts samples, and from 80.7 to 168.7 mg l(-1) for cola soft drinks. Caffeine was not completely absent from caffeine-free colas, and energy drinks had a far greater caffeine content than regular drinks, ranging from 21 to 2175 mg l(-1). Soft drinks were consumed by 72% of the individuals, although 14% of the survey participants did not drink any of the different types of the beverages studied. Contrary to expectations for this age group, no consumptions of energy drinks was reported. Daily caffeine intake was estimated to range from 4.7 to 200 mg day(-1), but with only 5% reporting a daily intake around 200 mg caffeine. Cola-type beverages were an important dietary source of caffeine for the population studied. Statistical differences in the caffeine intake between the male and female populations were found, with p = 0.014, being higher for the male population. Of the beverages studied, cola-type drinks showed statistical differences for the male population, p = 0.03, and tea showed statistical differences for female population p = 0.013, respectively.

Adult↗