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Results for “Behavior, Addictive”

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PubMed1991

Everyday addictive behavior of bulimic women.

The comorbidity of bulimia nervosa and other forms of drug use or dependence is frequently reported, but statistical comparison as well as reference to a theoretical background is rare to be found. In order to assess the associated dependencies of bulimia, 105 bulimic women participated in a structured interview with a focus on their everyday drug use. Our results suggest that there is little evidence of other forms of related addicting drugs among bulimics. A possible theoretical background which explains the resulting pattern of their taking of stimulants and drugs is the common belief about desired effects of the consumption of these substances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Stimulus control of addictive behavior: persistence in the presence and absence of a drug.

Rats were exposed daily to a food schedule-induced polydipsia condition, in which water and 0.16 mg/ml cocaine solution were available concurrently, with the cocaine solution indicated by a discriminative stimulus (SD) light. The cocaine solution was preferred, and the preference was maintained when the SD was gradually eliminated by fading its intensity. For a second group, if cocaine concentration was the stimulus gradually eliminated, preference for the resulting solution (water) indicated by the SD was stably maintained. For two additional groups, if either the light SD or the cocaine stimulus was removed abruptly rather than gradually, few animals retained preferences. These studies reveal the importance of establishing strong stimulus control for the initiation and persistence of drug abuse behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Addictive behaviors and life problems before and after behavioral treatment of problem drinkers.

The broader impact of a behavioral self-control training intervention focusing on the reduction of alcohol consumption was examined in a sample of 93 problem drinkers (55 male). Individual life problems were assessed via the method of goal attainment scaling before and after treatment and at 3-6 months, 12 months and 24 months following termination. Alcohol and drug use, smoking and weight were also evaluated. At intake, women were more likely than men to be unmarried, married to a problem drinking spouse, or taking psychoactive prescription medication but less likely to be using illicit drugs, smoking or gambling . For both men and women negative emotional states and family discord headed the list of current life problems. Although intervention focused primarily on drinking behavior, the majority of other life problems also showed improvement at all follow-up points. Remission of life problems was associated with decreased alcohol consumption. Body weight tended to increase slightly after treatment but typically returned to or below baseline by later follow-ups. Overall rates of drug use and smoking showed little change; however, smoking cessation was associated with successful control or cessation of alcohol use and relapse to smoking coincided with unremitted drinking. Implications for treatment are considered.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HPA axis function and drug addictive behaviors: insights from studies with Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rats.

Much research supports a link between stress and its concomitant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses with behavioral sensitivity to psychoactive drugs. Our research demonstrates that Lewis inbred rats more readily acquire drug self-administration than Fischer 344 (F344) inbred rats and, compared to this strain, Lewis rats have hyporesponsive HPA axis responses to stress exposure. This association appears to conflict with investigations using outbred rats and suggests that the relationship between drug sensitivity and HPA axis responsiveness is more complicated than originally thought. It is essential to better understand this relationship because of its relevance to vulnerability and relapse to drug abuse. Thus, this paper reviews the literature in which these two inbred strains have been compared. We discuss strain differences in HPA axis function, in characteristics of the mesolimbic dopamine system, and in behaviors thought to reflect emotionality. Strain differences in unconditioned and conditioned effects of psychoactive drugs are then reviewed. Next, we discuss the possible role of sex and gonadal hormones on responsiveness to psychoactive drugs in these strains. Finally, a comparison of results obtained from these strains to three other comparator groups (e.g., high and low responders) suggests that a non-monotonic relationship between behavioral sensitivity to drugs and HPA axis responsiveness can explain much of the discrepancies in the literature.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Addictive behaviors and depression among African Americans residing in a public housing community.

Numerous studies have indicated that there is an association between cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and depression. However, little attention has been devoted to understanding how demographic factors, such as socioeconomic status and ethnicity, influence these relationships. To address this gap in the literature, cigarette and alcohol use were examined in a sample of African Americans from an urban area. A single public-housing community in Washington, DC was selected for complete ascertainment of the adult population. A total of 126 African American subjects were recruited. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess depressive symptoms and to characterize cigarette and alcohol use patterns. Cigarette smoking was not related to the severity of depressive symptoms. By contrast, increased symptoms of depression were related to alcohol use patterns. Light drinkers had a mean score of 5.77 on the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, compared to a mean of 8.30 for abstainers and 10.07 for heavy drinkers (F = 4.968, p < .003). An analysis of patterns of substance use revealed that subjects were more likely to either abstain from both substances (30.2%) or to use both substances (32.5%) (chi2 = 8.516, df = 1. p < .004). It is unclear which specific processes work to link alcohol use and depressive symptoms in this group of urban African Americans from a low-income community. What is clear is that alcohol use is clearly related to depressive symptoms in the sample. It is hypothesized that both self-medicating processes and substance-induced depressive symptoms may be responsible for these findings. Important factors to consider in developing effective intervention programs that target this specific population are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Pavlovian conditioning and addictive behavior: relapse to oral self-administration of morphine.

The effect of conditional environmental stimuli on morphine consumption in rats was examined. Rats were first trained to consume a morphine solution (increased from 0.5 mg/ml to 1.2 mg/ml) by a forced drinking procedure spanning 235 days. Then, a period of abstinence of 81 days was given. They next received injections of morphine in one environment and injections of saline in a different environment (30 injections of morphine, dose increased from 5 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg). At the end of this phase, the effects of conditional environmental stimuli on tolerance to the analgesic effect of 40 mg/kg morphine were examined. Consistent with previous results, analgesic tolerance was most pronounced in the context of the cues previously associated with subcutaneous morphine injections. Finally, the effects of the different environments on consumption of morphine were determined in one-bottle and two-bottle tests. In a two-bottle test, there was almost no consumption of the morphine solution regardless of environment. In a one-bottle test, significantly more morphine was consumed in the drug environment than in the saline environment. The results are discussed in relation to theoretical views of the role of environmental stimuli in tolerance and drug dependence.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1980

Addictive behavior.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Conditioning, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Treatment failures: the role of sexual victimization in women's addictive behavior.

Women substance abusers usually labeled as treatment failures are described and case illustrations are presented. The role of sexual victimization in the substance abuse is considered, as is the use of substances to mitigate posttraumatic stress symptoms. Abstinence as a precondition of treatment is examined, and more objective case conceptualization and treatment planning advocated. Aspects of the long-term therapeutic relationship are discussed.

Adolescent↗