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PubMed1999

Field test evaluation of aerobic, anaerobic, and wheelchair basketball skill performances.

Forty-six male wheelchair basketball players performed a set of field tests to evaluate aerobic capacity (25 m shuttle run), anaerobic capacity (30s sprint), and six specific wheelchair basketball skills. Overall test-retest reliability (n = 20) ranged from r = 0.65 to r = 0.97. To study the validity (criterion related evidence) of the shuttle run test, heart rate (HR) was recorded for 15 subjects, who also performed a continuous, multistage arm cranking exercise until volitional fatigue. Moderate to high correlations were calculated between shuttle run distances covered (1375 243,6 m) and VO2max (2208+/-461.6 mL/min) and POmax (93.8+/-17.97 W), measured during maximal arm cranking (respectively r = 0.64 and r = 0.87). Maximal HR during shuttle run (174.9+/-16.6 B/min) and arm cranking (169+/-14.21 B/min) were correlated (r = 0.78). High correlations between shuttle run test and anaerobic field tests, however, indicate high implication of anaerobic and wheelchair maneuverability performances. The 30 s sprint test was validated (n = 15) against a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) on a roller ergometer. Comparing distance (field test: 90+/-6.7 m) with mean power output (WAnT: 852.1+/-234.9 W) the correlation was r = 0.93. Principal components factor analysis identified 'wheelchair propulsion dynamics' and 'eye-hand-coordination' as the underlying constructs of the six skill proficiency measurements, accounting for 80.1% of the variance. In conclusion, the newly developed field test battery is a reliable and valid tool for anaerobic capacity and skill proficiency assessment in wheelchair basketball players.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The effects of electromyostimulation training and basketball practice on muscle strength and jumping ability.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a 4-week electromyostimulation training program on the strength of the knee extensors and the vertical jump performance of 10 basketball players. Electromyostimulation sessions were carried out 3 times weekly; each session consisted of 48 contractions. Testing was carried out before and after the electromyostimulation training program (week 4) and once more after 4 weeks of normal basketball training (week 8). At week 4, isokinetic strength increased significantly (p < 0.05) at eccentric and high concentric velocities (between 180 and 360 x s(-1)); this was not the case for low concentric velocities (60 and 120 degrees x s(-1)). Electromyostimulation training increased also isometric strength at the two angles adjacent to the training angle (p < 0.01). Squat jump increased significantly by 14% at week 4 (p < 0.01), whereas counter movement-jump showed no change. At week 8, gains in isokinetic, isometric strength and squat-jump performance were maintained and the counter movement jump performance increased significantly by 17% (p<0.01). Electromyostimulation as part of a short strength-training program enhanced knee extensor strength and squat jump performance of basketball players.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Spatial and temporal gait variable differences between basketball, swimming and soccer players.

The gait variables of 10 swimmers, 10 basketball players, and 16 soccer players were compared. They were all male and right-handed. There was no statistical difference between the three groups in age, weight and height. Spatial and temporal gait variables were measured with the Bessou gait analyzer. In the swimmers group, the gait variables of the right side were not statistically different from those of the left side. The right propulsion double support duration, right cycle duration, and right late swing phase duration were respectively longer than those on the left side for the basketball players. The right propulsion double support duration, right step length, and right late swing phase duration were higher than those on the left side for the soccer players. Moreover, a discriminant analysis performed with the gait variables permitted significant differentiation between the three groups. In conclusion, both basketball and soccer players presented asymmetrical gait variables, that have never been previously reported in normal subjects, or in swimmers. These results suggest that the anticipatory postural adjustments programmed to be used just before a jump or a shoot influence the motor program of the spontaneous locomotion. These gait asymmetries could also be due to asymmetric muscle development.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The effect of water restriction on anaerobic power and vertical jumping height in basketball players.

This study examined the effect of high intensity, moderate duration (40 min) exercise and water restriction on anaerobic power, vertical jumping height, and basketball shooting performance. Ten healthy male basketball players participated in two simulated '2 on 2 full-court' basketball games. Water consumption was permitted in one game (Wa) but not in the other (NWa), in a balanced cross-over design. Subjects began each game euhydrated. All jump tests (squat jump, counter movement jump, and 30 second jump test) were performed prior to, at half-time, and immediately following each game (POST). Performance was measured by both field goal (FG%) and free throw (FT%) percentages recorded during each half. Players incurred a -1.9 +/- 0.4% body weight loss during NWa. No significant differences were observed between WA and NWa in anaerobic power, squat jump, or counter movement jump. However, a 19% difference in anaerobic power (p > 0.05) was observed between Wa (36.1 +/- 4.8 W.kg-1) and NWa (30.4 +/- 6.6 W.kg-1) at POST. No significant differences were observed between Wa and NWa in both FG% and FT% however, an 8.1% decrease (p > 0.05) in FG% was seen between the first and second half during NWa. Although the decreases in anaerobic power and FG% did not reach significance, the results suggest that the combination of high intensity, moderate duration exercise, and fluid restriction might be detrimental to performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Wheelchair basketball from the orthopedic viewpoint].

155 (aged 16 to 52 years) wheelchair basketball players were surveyed to determine athletic injuries and overload-syndromes. During their active participation in wheelchair basketball 60.6% of the players have suffered 272 injuries and overload-syndromes. Those were mainly localised at the upper extremity (74.6%). Acute injuries predominate with 57.7%. Strains of the finger joint and skin injuries were found to be the most common injuries. Myogelosis and tendinosis were the most common reported overload-syndromes. A significantly higher number of complaints were associated with wheelchair basketball participation at league-level and depending on the player's position. At the end of the article the means of possible additional disability and consequences to specify therapy and prevention for disabled will be discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Traumatology and athletic injuries in basketball].

This analysis outlines the facts concerning sports injuries and damages of 473 active basketball players covering a 5-year period in more than 100 clubs in southern Germany. The average age was 26.8 years and 34.5% were women. 658 medically treated basketball injuries were described in detail. With 40.7% distortions were the most frequent injuries followed by ruptures of ligaments in 24.6% and fractures in 9.3%. In the majority of cases the lower extremities were involved (65.3%), of which most commonly the ankle joint was injured (45.6%). Another 14% were lesions to the fingers and 12.9% trauma to the knee. In 3600 reported cases players did not consult a physician after inflicting distortions to a ankle or a finger. Aside from interaction with adversaries (41%) also the relatively heavy ball (650 g) caused 11.9% accidents. Survey shows, that younger players and "center"-players were most often subject to injuries. More than 2/3 of actives in question suffer from permanent pain due to basketball activities. 43.8%, mainly younger players, report continues pain in the knee and 28.1%, predominantly older players, suffer from permanent damage of the ankle joint, caused by repeatedly occurring, however light, distortions of the ankle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Kinematic adjustments in the basketball jump shot against an opponent.

The aim of this study was to analyse the adjustments in technique made by a basketball player when shooting against an opponent. The subjects used consisted of 10 professional basketball players of the Spanish First Division League. Three-dimensional motion analysis based on video recordings (50 Hz) was used to obtain the kinematic characteristics of basketball jump shots with and without an opponent. It was found that when performing against an opponent the release angle of the ball increased, the flight time was reduced and postural adjustments as determined by the angles at the knee and shoulder increased, all significantly. There were several other non-significant differences that helped to interpret the changes in technique imposed by the presence of an opponent. It was suggested that when shooting with an opponent, players attempted to release the ball more quickly and from a greater height. This strategy will lessen the chance of the opponent intercepting the ball. It was concluded that the differences noted in the technical execution of the skill had implications for practice. It was suggested that training would benefit from practice with an opponent for at least some of the time to condition players to the demands which they were more likely to meet in the game situation.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams: an examination of mediating effects.

The main aim of this study was to examine mediating effects in the relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams. A secondary aim was to examine the correlates of collective efficacy in a professional sport. A total of 154 French and foreign professional players completed French or English versions of questionnaires about cohesion and collective efficacy. Two composite measures of individual performance were used (pre- and post-performance). Individual-level analyses were performed. Regression analyses supported two mediating relationships with collective efficacy as a mediator of the pre-performance - Group integration-task relationship, and Group integration-task as a mediator of the pre-performance - collective efficacy relationship. Statistical analyses indicated that neither Group integration-task nor collective efficacy was a better mediator in the relationship between pre-performance and the other group variables. Results also revealed positive relationships between three dimensions of cohesion (i.e. Individual attractions to the group-task, Group integration-task, Group integration-social) and collective efficacy. These findings suggest that in professional basketball teams, staff members should look after athletes who perform at a lower or below their usual level because their performances might lead them into a downward cohesion - collective efficacy spiral. Staff members should also develop a high quality of group functioning, both on and off the basketball court, given its relationship with collective efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The physiological load imposed on basketball players during competition.

In this study, the intensities of activity and movement patterns during men's basketball were investigated by videoing the movements and monitoring the heart rate and blood lactate responses of eight elite players during competition. The results are expressed according to 'live time', which is actual playing time, and 'total time', which includes live time as well as all stoppages in play. The mean (+/- S.D.) frequency of all activities was 997 +/- 183, with a change in movement category every 2.0 s. A mean total of 105 +/- 52 high-intensity runs (mean duration 1.7 s) was recorded for each game, resulting in one high-intensity run every 21 s during live time. Sixty percent of live time was spent engaged in low-intensity activity, while 15% was spent in high-intensity activity. The mean heart rate (HR) during live time was 169 +/- 9 beats min-1 (89 +/- 2% peak HR attained during laboratory testing); 75% of live time was spent with a HR response of greater than 85% peak HR. The mean blood lactate concentration was 6.8 +/- 2.8 mM, indicating the involvement of glycolysis in the energy demands of basketball. It is concluded that the physiological requirements of men's basketball are high, placing considerable demands on the cardiovascular and metabolic capacities of players.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Sports-specific concerns in the young athlete: basketball.

Basketball is played by millions of athletes throughout the world and is the most popular team sport in American high schools. Basketball is the leading cause of sports-related injury in the United States. Acute basketball injuries most often involve the extremities, especially the hands, wrists, ankles, and knees. This article reviews the history, epidemiology, and common injury patterns that occur in this sport. We include several case reports to emphasize diagnostic dilemmas frequently encountered by emergency physicians.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Patellar tendon ultrasonography and jumper's knee in female basketball players: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare patellar tendon sonographic findings at baseline and at follow-up in active female basketball players with and without symptoms of jumper's knee. We hypothesized that baseline sonographic morphology would not reliably predict prognosis and, in particular, that it would not predict the need for surgery. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study with 12-month minimum follow-up. SETTING: Institutional elite athlete study group in Australia (Victorian Institute of Sport Tendon Study Group). PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 15 female elite basketball players with 23 sonographically abnormal tendons and 15 matched control basketball players with 23 sonographically normal tendons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sonographic patellar tendon appearance and clinical assessment of symptoms of jumper's knee at baseline and follow-up. Dimensions of abnormal regions were measured. RESULTS: At baseline, the 23 subject tendons contained sonographic hypoechoic regions (six currently symptomatic, eight previously symptomatic only, and nine never symptomatic). At follow-up, the hypoechoic areas in seven tendons had resolved (and caused no symptoms), the hypoechoic areas in 11 tendons had remained essentially the same size (five were symptomatic), and the hypoechoic areas in five tendons had expanded (three symptomatic). At baseline, there were no differences between the mean +/- SD cross-sectional areas of the abnormalities in the tendons that subsequently resolved (15.9 +/- 10.1 mm2) and those that remained unchanged (39.3 +/- 25.8) or expanded (25.3 +/- 12.5). The presence of a baseline sonographic abnormality predicted symptoms of jumper's knee at follow-up (p < 0.05), but the presence of symptoms of jumper's knee at baseline also predicted symptoms at follow-up (p < 0.05). No subject or control missed any games or underwent surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patellar tendon sonographic hypoechoic areas can resolve, remain unchanged, or expand in active sports-women without predicting symptoms of jumper's knee. Thus, symptoms were not directly related to sonographic tendon morphology. Sonographic hypoechoic regions ought not to constitute per se an indication for surgery.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Development of structural cardiac adaptation in basketball players.

BACKGROUND: As specific features of the basketball player's myocardial structure and function are still rather poorly investigated, we aimed at comparing left ventricular (LV) echocardiographic indices in players of different age groups. METHODS: Male basketball players aged 8-13 years (n=31), 14-17 years (n=31) and 18-28 years (n=31) were examined using standard echocardiography. End-diastolic LV posterior wall thickness and internal diameter, as well as interventricular septum thickness, were measured by M-mode. Relative wall thickness was calculated by dividing the sum of the thicknesses of the interventricular septum and LV posterior wall by LV internal diameter. LV mass and ejection fraction were also calculated. The morphological LV parameters were corrected for body surface area. The peak early (E) and peak late (A) transmitral flow velocities were measured using pulsed Doppler, and the ratio (E/A) was calculated. RESULTS: Significant differences in the absolute internal LV diameter among the age groups disappeared after allometric scaling. However, relative wall thickness as well as body size indexed LV posterior wall thickness and LV mass were significantly greater in the adolescents and adults than in the children. Players of different age groups did not differ in the E/A ratio, while ejection fraction was elevated in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Regular basketball training results in moderate cardiac hypertrophy in adolescents and adult athletes due to thickening of myocardial walls.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of iron depletion and anemia in top-level basketball players.

Iron depletion, with or without anemia, may have a negative effect on physical and mental performance. Even with current recognition of the problem, its incidence among athletes remains high. Most studies describe iron status in endurance athletes. This study examined the prevalence of iron depletion and anemia among male and female top-level basketball players. Adolescents and adults (N = 103) from 8 national basketball teams were screened for anemia and iron stores status, which included a complete blood count and levels of plasma ferritin, transferrin, and serum iron. Iron depletion, defined by a ferritin level below 20 microg/L, was found among 22% of study participants (15% in males vs. 35% in females, p = .019). Anemia was found among 25% of athletes (18% in males vs. 38% in females, p = .028). Iron deficiency anemia, defined by the presence of anemia, ferritin levels below 12 microg/L, and transferrin saturation below 16%, was found among 7% of players (3% in males vs. 14% in females, p = .043). In summary, a high prevalence of iron depletion, anemia, and iron deficiency anemia was found among basketball players of both genders. We recommend screening ballgame players for blood count and iron store status, and providing nutritional counseling and iron supplementation when necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Effects of Time-Based and Distance-Based Repeated Sprint Training on Physical and Physiological Adaptations in Collegiate Basketball Players.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the effects of time-based (TB) and distance-based (DB) repeated-sprint training (RST) on athletic performance adaptations in collegiate basketball players during preseason and to examine whether the 2 training prescriptions produce different levels of homogeneity in the magnitude of individual adaptations. METHODS: Thirty young male basketball players (age = 21.3 [1.4]&#xa0;y) were randomly and equally assigned to 3 groups (n = 10): DB-RST, TB-RST, and an active control group. Participants completed a 7-week RST program performed 3 times per week, consisting of 4 sets of 4 to 9 repetitions per session. The DB-RST group completed each sprint by covering a fixed 35-m distance, whereas the TB-RST group performed each sprint maximally for a fixed 5-second duration. Performance assessments including countermovement vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change-of-direction speed, reactive strength index, Wingate anaerobic power, and cardiorespiratory fitness were conducted before and after the 7-week training period. RESULTS: Both training groups demonstrated significant performance improvements over the 7-week intervention and relative to the control group (P < .05). Similar gains were observed in the magnitude of adaptations in the countermovement vertical jump, 20-m sprint, Illinois change-of-direction speed, and reactive strength index for the DB-RST and TB-RST groups. Interestingly, the TB-RST group showed more gains than the DB-RST in the magnitude of adaptations in the peak and mean power outputs, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness. Moreover, the TB-RST group showed lower intersubject variability in adaptive responses across the measured performance outcomes following the training intervention. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that RST effectively enhances the performance of basketball players, and that implementing a TB-RST protocol is more effective than a DB-RST approach for producing greater adaptations in physiological variables-specifically anaerobic power output and cardiorespiratory fitness-over the 7-week preseason period.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Time-motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition.

The physical demands of modern basketball were assessed by investigating 38 elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. Computerised time-motion analyses were performed on 18 players of various positions. Heart rate was recorded continuously for all subjects. Blood was sampled before the start of each match, at half time and at full time to determine lactate concentration. Players spent 8.8% (1%), 5.3% (0.8%) and 2.1% (0.3%) of live time in high "specific movements", sprinting and jumping, respectively. Centres spent significantly lower live time competing in high-intensity activities than guards (14.7% (1%) v 17.1% (1.2%); p<0.01) and forwards (16.6% (0.8%); p<0.05). The mean (SD) heart rate during total time was 171 (4) beats/min, with a significant difference (p<0.01) between guards and centres. Mean (SD) plasma lactate concentration was 5.49 (1.24) mmol/l, with concentrations at half time (6.05 (1.27) mmol/l) being significantly (p<0.001) higher than those at full time (4.94 (1.46) mmol/l). The changes to the rules of basketball have slightly increased the cardiac efforts involved during competition. The game intensity may differ according to the playing position, being greatest in guards.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Sports injuries in adolescents' ball games: soccer, handball and basketball.

In a prospective study of 302 adolescent players in three ball games (soccer, handball and basketball), 119 incurred injuries. The injury incidence (number of injuries per 1000 playing hours) was 5.6 in soccer, 4.1 in handball and 3.0 in basketball. Ankle sprains accounted for 25 per cent of the injuries, finger sprains 32 per cent, strains in the thigh and leg 10 per cent, and tendinitis/apophysitis 12 per cent. The most serious injuries were four fractures, one anterior cruciate ligament rupture, and two meniscus lesions. The most serious injuries, with the longest rehabilitation period, occurred in soccer. In soccer, many injuries occurred during tackling and contact with an opposing player, while the injuries in handball and basketball were often caused by ball contact and running.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rates and risks of injury during intercollegiate basketball.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies of basketball injury have not been able to assess injury incidence and risk. PURPOSE: To determine rates and risks of injury in Canadian intercollegiate basketball. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Standardized data were collected with a validated instrument from 98.1% of the 318 athletes on the eight men's basketball teams in the Canada West Division of the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union. RESULTS: A total of 142 athletes sustained 215 injuries (44.7% of players injured) over the 2-year study period. The greatest number of injuries resulting in more than seven sessions of time loss involved the knee, whereas the most common injuries causing fewer than seven sessions of time loss involved the ankle. The most common mechanism of injury was contact with another player, especially in the "key." Injuries occurred 3.7 times more often in games than during practice. Centers had the highest rate of injury, followed by guards, and then forwards. The relative risk of reinjury was significantly increased by previous injuries to the elbow, shoulder, knee, hand, lower spine or pelvis, and by concussions. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for injury were previous injury, games as opposed to practice, player position, player contact, and court location.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball: video analysis of 39 cases.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball are not well defined. PURPOSE: To describe the mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in basketball based on videos of injury situations. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Six international experts performed visual inspection analyses of 39 videos (17 male and 22 female players) of anterior cruciate ligament injury situations from high school, college, and professional basketball games. Two predefined time points were analyzed: initial ground contact and 50 milliseconds later. The analysts were asked to assess the playing situation, player behavior, and joint kinematics. RESULTS: There was contact at the assumed time of injury in 11 of the 39 cases (5 male and 6 female players). Four of these cases were direct blows to the knee, all in men. Eleven of the 22 female cases were collisions, or the player was pushed by an opponent before the time of injury. The estimated time of injury, based on the group median, ranged from 17 to 50 milliseconds after initial ground contact. The mean knee flexion angle was higher in female than in male players, both at initial contact (15 degrees vs 9 degrees , P = .034) and at 50 milliseconds later (27 degrees vs 19 degrees , P = .042). Valgus knee collapse occurred more frequently in female players than in male players (relative risk, 5.3; P = .002). CONCLUSION: Female players landed with significantly more knee and hip flexion and had a 5.3 times higher relative risk of sustaining a valgus collapse than did male players. Movement patterns were frequently perturbed by opponents. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preventive programs to enhance knee control should focus on avoiding valgus motion and include distractions resembling those seen in match situations.

Adolescent↗