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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Comparative drug trial of a sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine and a sulfalene/pyrimethamine combination against Plasmodium falciparum infections in semi-immune populations of Burma.

The antiplasmodial effect of a single dose treatment with a sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination as compared to a sulfalene/pyrimethamine combination against falciparum malaria was assessed in semi-immune populations in Burma in early 1980. Parasite clearance rates on Day 7 after treatment were 99.2% for the sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine combination and 98.6% for the sulfalene/pyrimethamine combination for all age-groups. The earlier recrudescence rates within one month were 3.7% and 9.2% respectively, while the later recrudescence rates between 1 and 2 months were 9% and 8.3% respectively. Hence, both combinations were equally effective for treatment of falciparum malaria as no significant difference in the parasite clearance rates was observed. However, the earlier recrudescence rates showed a significant difference with a higher rate for the sulfalene/pyrimethamine combination. This is thought to be due to the shorter half-life of sulfalene compared to sulfadoxine and to its being unable therefore to suppress the falciparum infections for as long a period as sulfadoxine. But there was not much difference in the later recrudescence rates. These combinations have a stimulating effect on the production of falciparum gametocytes; and, in order to minimize transmission, an effective gametocytocide such as primaquine should be given along with them, as well as with the chloroquine/pyrimethamine combination, in areas with efficient malaria vectors. Recrudescence rates and gametocyte rates were highest among children in the 1-4 years age-group and this could be attributed to their lower level of acquired immunity compared to the older children and adults. Vivax malaria was also found to be effectively suppressed for about 4 weeks with both combinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Epidemiological information on leprosy in the Singu area of Upper Burma.

In the course of a WHO trial designed to evaluate the possible protective action of BCG vaccine against leprosy, a longitudinal epidemiological study of the whole population was carried out in an area of very high endemicity in Burma from 1964 to 1976. Two mass surveys of the whole population with an interval of 4 years and annual re-examination of the 28 000 children (0-14 years) in the BCG trial were carried out. The data collected yielded important information about general prevalence and yearly incidence of the disease as well as on sex, age, and classification of cases. The general prevalence rate declined from 32.6 per 1000 in the first survey to 25.2 per 1000 in the second. The number of cases among males was significantly higher than among females. Incidence rate among contacts of already known cases was 9.8 per 1000 person-years. The estimated yearly incidence among non-contacts was 5.9 per 1000. Prevalence rates reached a peak in the 20-39-year age group. The prevalence rate of multibacillary patients also reached a peak in the same age bracket. It is stressed that a further period of epidemiological surveillance will be essential in order to have a correct estimate of the expected number of new infections, especially multibacillary cases, in the 20-39-year group. The value of this information is considered unique for planning and programming of future control activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Seasonal variations and relative abundance of mesostigmatid mites collected from Bandicota bengalensis and Rattus species in Rangoon, Burma.

Examination of 536 female mesostigmatid mites of 177 samples collected from Bandicota bengalensis in Rangoon, Burma revealed 6 species present: Laelaps echidnina, L. nuttalli, L. myonyssognathus, Laelaps sp. A and B of Allred, 1970, and Liponyssoides muris, all of which were elsewhere reported from Rattus spp. in Rangoon. Analysis of variation in abundance by season found no significant differences except for Liponyssoides muris which was most common in the hot dry season, March through May.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The colonial microtexture of human mycobacterial strains isolated in Burma.

Sixteen strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated in Burma were investigated for microcolonial texture using the thin section technique developed at the WHO Collaborating Centre in Prague. The strains were grown in deep (Sula's liquid medium) and surface cultures (Loevenstein-Jensen medium). Their colonies killed by 10% formol were embedded in 2% agar and paraffin, cut by a Reichert microtome and stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen technique. According to the surface texture and deep growth pattern, the Burmese strains were divided in three different groups. The European type was characterized by a growth strictly confined to the surface of the Loevenstein-Jensen medium, the African type by combined surface and subsurface growth, and the Burmese type not seen in Europe and Africa by non acid-fast granular and acid-fast colonies with distinct formation of strongly acid-fast cords both in surface and subsurface growth.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the Burma (Thau.) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys.

The Burma (Thau.) strain of Plasmodium falciparum was established in 3 Aotus trivirgatus monkeys by the inoculation of parasitized blood from man. Subsequently, passage from monkey to monkey was obtained through subinoculation of blood parasites to 15 Aotus monkeys. Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes were fed on these infections on 207 occasions; in 105 of these trials, mosquitoes became infected. A total of 335 (9.9%) of the 3,378 individual mosquitoes dissected were infected. Passage of the infection by the bites of infected A. freeborni was attempted on 7 occasions; 4 of these transmission attempts were successful with prepatent periods ranging from 19 to 69 days.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Isoenzyme characterization of chloroquine-resistant isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Burma.

Sixty isolates of Plasmodium falciparum collected from hospital in-patients in Rangoon and out-patients from villages near Rangoon were tested in vitro for chloroquine sensitivity and then cultured to carry out starch gel electrophoresis of the following parasite enzyme: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) (EC.5.3.1.9.), NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) EC.1.4.1.4), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (EC.1.1.1.27) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) (E.C.1.1.1.44). Variations were observed in three (GPI, GDH and LDH) of the four enzymes examined. Three forms of parasite GPI, two forms of parasite GDH, two forms of parasite LDH and only one form of parasite 6PGD were identified. Enzyme polymorphism was more common in isolates with higher resistance to chloroquine. One isolate with parasite GDH-2 and six isolates with parasite LDH-2 were recorded from chloroquine-resistant cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Russell's viper venom levels in serum of snake bite victims in Burma.

Serum levels of venom antigen were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 38 Russel's viper bite victims before and after administration of 40 ml of monovalent liquid antivenom. Initial serum levels ranged from one with less than 10.0 ng to 290 ng/ml and in one case a level of 75 ng/ml was detected 27 hours after the bite. Serum venom levels after liquid monospecific antivenom therapy indicated that venom clearance was similar in each case to the natural clearance of venom in the absence of antivenom therapy. In one case a venom level of 11.5 ng/ml was detected 66 hours after liquid antivenom therapy whereas in two fatal cases, serum venom levels of 95 ng/ml and 185 ng/ml were detected after the same interval. Failure of complete neutralization of venom is probably the result of loss of potency of antivenom during improper storage. The amount of venom excreted in the urine was not related to initial serum levels.

Adolescent↗