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PubMed1999

[Knowledge about breast feeding and attitude to breast feeding in public of a group of high school students in the Caguas Educational Region].

The objective of this study was to identify the knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding and towards breastfeeding in public of a group of high school students in the Caguas Educational Region. The study design was a descriptive survey. The sample consisted of 101 students registered in the Health Course. A self administered questionnaire was used to gather the information. Descriptive and inferential statistics (chi square and t test) were used for data analysis. We found that the majority of the participants have the intention of breastfeeding or supporting breastfeeding for their children. We found, nevertheless, that there were misconceptions regarding breastfeeding which could develop into barriers for effective breastfeeding. It was also observed that support for breastfeeding varied depending on the location where it took place. Support was greater if it was done in non-public places. In conclusion, it became evident that there is a need for educational programs with correct information on breastfeeding and the importance of breastfeeding in public.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Breast-feeding--the view of women who breast-feed].

This is a qualitative study, the result of questions about breast-feeding in terms of the meaning it has for the woman who experiences it. The phenomenological theoretical background led to understand breast-feeding based on the dimension of a being who breast-feeds. Thus, we sought the discourse of women using the following guiding question: "What did it mean for you to experience breast-feeding?". Analysis of the discourses as a whole revealed that the breast-feeding experience affects the various possibilities of woman's being in the world with others. From this perspective, new horizons were opened with respect to thinking, experiencing and educating for breast-feeding.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1987

Antithyroid drugs: to breast-feed or not to breast-feed.

Historically, women taking antithyroid drugs generally have not been permitted to breast-feed. However, recent studies suggest that infants exposed to the small amounts of antithyroid drugs in breast milk experience no change in thyroid function. Propylthiouracil is the drug of choice in this situation, since it does not cross membranes readily, and milk concentrations are therefore quite low. However, methimazole in low dosages might be used if the infant's thyroid status was monitored at frequent intervals.

Antithyroid Agents↗
PubMed2006

The motivational determinants of breast-feeding: predictors for the continuation of breast-feeding.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the motivational determinants of the continuation of breast-feeding until 3 months postpartum. METHODS: A prospective cohort study using the Integrated Change Model in 341 women in 5 child health care centers. RESULTS: At birth, 73% of the mothers started with breast-feeding and 39% of them continued at least 3 months postpartum. Mothers who continued for 3 months differed in almost all the motivational determinants from mothers who discontinued. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, social support for formula feeding from significant others and situational self-efficacy for breast-feeding made a significant independent contribution to the continuation of breast-feeding. Among the predisposing determinants, the strongest positive predictor of continuation was the intention to return to work at 1 month postpartum. CONCLUSION: The Integrated Change Model is valid to explain and predict the continuation of breast-feeding. Hence, the results may be used to tailor future interventions aimed at promoting breast-feeding. In the discussion, we use the results to target interventions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast-feeding education and support: association with the decision to breast-feed.

CONTEXT: Rates of breast-feeding in the United States are well below the Healthy People 2000 objective of 75% and do not meet recent American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the initiation and duration of breast-feeding in managed care enrollees who had had a normal vaginal delivery. DESIGN: Telephone survey of 5213 new mothers (4 to 6 months postpartum) enrolled in commercial managed care plans (response rate 72%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Starting breast-feeding (ever vs never) and duration of breast-feeding (< or = 6 weeks vs > 6 weeks). ANALYSIS: Logistic regression models controlling for sociodemographic variables. Given the prevalence of the outcome, odds ratios were converted to relative risks (RRs). RESULTS: Seventy-five percent of respondents reported ever breast-feeding, and of those women, 75% reported breast-feeding for more than 6 weeks. In adjusted multivariate analyses, breast-feeding was affected by education, employment, and marital status. Women who were more likely to breast-feed were those who attended childbirth classes (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.20), those who received prenatal breast-feeding advice (RR, 1.24; CI, 1.19 to 1.27), and those who received postpartum breast-feeding assistance (RR, 1.31; CI, 1.15 to 1.34). Breast-feeding for more than 6 weeks postpartum was associated with education, employment status, and the adequacy of postpartum information. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that health plans and employees may promote breast-feeding by providing breast-feeding education and support.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1990

The effect of early post-partum mother-infant contact and breast-feeding promotion on the incidence and continuation of breast-feeding.

Three maternity hospital practices of post-partum mother-infant contact and breast-feeding promotion on the incidence and continuation of breast-feeding among 375 urban poor healthy Nicaraguan primigravid women were investigated. Infant feeding patterns were evaluated at 1 week and 4 months post-partum. Eighty-seven per cent of all infants initiated breast-feeding, but only 54% continued breast-feeding for at least 4 months. There was a significant association between both a short 45-min contact period and rooming-in combined with standard breast-feeding promotion, resulting in greater initial rates of breast-feeding (P less than 0.05). There was only a significant relationship between prolonged contact (rooming-in) and standard breast-feeding promotion and the continuation of breast-feeding (P less than 0.05). These findings suggest that in populations in which a majority of women initiate breast-feeding, post-partum mother-infant contact practices combined with standardized breast-feeding promotion may influence the initial choice to breast-feed, but these practices alone are clearly not enough to prolong breast-feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Promoting successful breast-feeding skills.

Breast milk provides ideal nutrition for the newborn infant. More than half of mothers intend to breast-feed, yet many are unsuccessful at sustaining breast feeding beyond the first few weeks postpartum. Preparation for breast feeding should begin during prenatal care. Breast feeding early and often in the postpartum period promotes establishment of the milk supply. Attention to proper positioning is essential to successful nursing. The family physician can be especially helpful in the early postpartum weeks, when many mothers become discouraged and discontinue breast feeding. Formula supplements should be avoided in the early postpartum period. Most problems, such as sore nipples, engorgement and pain with latch-on, subside after several weeks; symptomatic relief and emotional support from the family physician during this period are crucial.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Can we increase breast feeding rates?

Breast feeding rates in Ireland have stagnated at around 33% over the past 10 years. We aimed to assess the effect of a simple intervention in late pregnancy on breast feeding rates. The study was randomised and prospective. In the intervention group a sheet illustrating eight positive aspects of breast feeding was presented to mothers at their 36 week antenatal visit. This information was reinforced with a questionnaire on the topic of breast feeding. The control group received a routine antenatal care. There were 98 mothers in the intervention group and 95 controls. A similar percentage in each group had medical cards. On discharge from hospital 31.5% of controls and 43.9% of the test group were breast feeding. This difference just failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). The intervention, which took just three minutes of a medical student's time, appeared to result in an improved breast feeding rate. Though the difference did not reach statistical significance, this reflects, in part, the small numbers in the study. About half of the women in the study indicated that no doctor had offered any advice on the choice of feeding. Since this minor intervention produced a good response, it would seem appropriate to adopt a more positive attitude in the promotion of breast feeding.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2006

Breast-feeding in a UK urban context: who breast-feeds, for how long and does it matter?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate what factors relate most strongly to breast-feeding duration in order to successfully support breast-feeding mothers. DESIGN: Prospective birth cohort study using questionnaires, routinely collected weights and health check at age 13 months. SETTING: Gateshead, UK. SUBJECTS: Parents of 923 term infants born in a defined geographical area and recruited shortly after birth, 50% of whom were breast-feeding initially. RESULTS: Only 225 (24%) infants were still breast-fed at 6 weeks, although 136 (15%) continued beyond 4 months. Infants in the most affluent quintile were three times more likely to be initially breast-fed (P < 0.001) and five times more likely to still be feeding at 4 months (P = 0.001) compared with infants in the most deprived quintile. A third of breast-fed infants were given supplementary feeds in the maternity unit and this was associated with a 10-fold increase in odds of giving up breast-feeding by discharge (P = 0.001). Frequent feeding was reported as a reason for giving up in 70% of mothers at 6 weeks and 55% at 4 months. Those infants who stopped breast-feeding earliest showed the most rapid weight gain and were tallest at age 13 months. Non-breast-fed infants had 50% more family doctor contacts up to age 4 months (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of breast-feeding in urban Britain remains strongly determined by socio-economic background and early cessation seems to be related to frequent feeding and rapid growth as well as a continuing failure to eradicate health practices that undermine breast-feeding. Those infants not receiving breast milk suffered increased morbidity, but the apparent association between breast-feeding duration and growth probably reflects reverse causation.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Breast-feeding practice and breast milk intake in rural Nigeria.

A cross-sectional study of breast-feeding practice amongst rural Nigerian mothers and their babies is reported. At 1, 14, 30, 60 and 90 d after birth 56, 17, 45, 31 and 26 mothers/baby pairs were studied. Ninety-five per cent of the babies had sips of water immediately after birth--only 3 were offered the breast at this time. Breast-feeding was begun in the others between 2 to 25 h after birth. At 14, 30, 60 and 90 d respectively, mean breast milk intakes were 252.9 +/- 88 g, 393 +/- 199, 341 +/- 156 and 350 +/- 181 g. Intake was related to the number of breastfeeds given by the mother. Reports of breastmilk intake of babies should also record child rearing practices as these could affect breastmilk consumption.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2000

Exclusive breast-feeding: does it have the potential to reduce breast-feeding transmission of HIV-1?

Exclusive breast-feeding is unambiguously the optimal infant feeding practice and is universally promoted in the absence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality from diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Recent findings suggest that exclusive breast-feeding may pose less risk of HIV-1 transmission than the more common practice of mixed feeding (i.e., breast-feeding concurrent with the feeding of water, other fluids, and foods), which has important infant feeding policy implications for low-resource settings. This paper reviews the biologic mechanisms associated with exclusive breast-feeding that provide protection against gastrointestinal, respiratory, and atopic diseases, and evaluates the relevance of these mechanisms for HIV-1 transmission. Potential mechanisms include reduction in dietary antigens and enteric pathogens that may maintain integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier and limit inflammatory responses of the gut mucosa; promotion of beneficial intestinal microflora that may increase resistance to infection and modulate the infant's immune response; alteration in specific antiviral or anti-inflammatory factors in human milk that may modulate maternal hormonal or immunologic status; and maintenance of mammary epithelial integrity that may reduce viral load in breast milk.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1993

Breast feeding and risk of breast cancer in young women. United Kingdom National Case-Control Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether breast feeding is related to subsequent risk of breast cancer. DESIGN: Population based case-control study designed primarily to investigate the relation between oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer; data obtained from questionnaires administered by interviewers, general practitioner notes, and family planning clinic records. SETTING: 11 health regions in Britain. SUBJECTS: Women diagnosed with breast cancer before age 36 living in the defined study areas. One control per case, matched for age, was selected from the list of the case's general practitioner. 755 case-control pairs were interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Duration of breast feeding each liveborn infant; timing of return of menses; hormone use; other risk factors for breast cancer. RESULTS: Risk of breast cancer fell with increasing duration of breast feeding (relative risk = 0.94 per three months' breast feeding; test for trend p = 0.026) and with number of babies breast fed (relative risk = 0.86; test for trend, p = 0.017). Breast feeding each baby for longer than three months conferred no additional benefit. Breast feeding was more strongly negatively associated with risk of breast cancer than duration of postpartum amenorrhoea (chi 2 test for trend, p = 0.69). Hormonal suppression of lactation was unrelated to risk of breast cancer (relative risk = 0.96 per episode of suppressed lactation; test for trend, p = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that breast feeding protects against the development of breast cancer in young women.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The World Health Organization multinational study of breast-feeding and lactational amenorrhea. III. Pregnancy during breast-feeding. World Health Organization Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulation of Fertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of pregnancy during lactational amenorrhea relative to infant feeding status. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study. SETTING: Five developing and two developed countries. PATIENT(S): Four thousand one hundred eighteen breast-feeding mother-infant pairs. INTERVENTION(S): Infant feeding practices, menstrual status, and pregnancy were measured. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Life-table rates of pregnancy. RESULT(S): In the first 6 months after childbirth, cumulative pregnancy rates during amenorrhea, depending on how the end of amenorrhea was defined, ranged from 0.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0%-2%) to 1.2% (95% CI = 0%-2.4%) during full breast-feeding, and from 0.7% (95% CI = 0.1%-1.3%) to 0.8% (95% CI = 0.2%-1.4%) up to the end of partial breast-feeding. At 12 months, the rates ranged from 6.6% (95% CI = 1.9%-11.2%) to 7.4% (95% CI = 2.5%-12.3%) during full breast-feeding, and from 3.7% (95% CI = 1.9%-5.5%) to 5.2% (95% CI = 3.1%-7.4%) up to the end of partial breast-feeding. CONCLUSION(S): These results support the Bellagio Consensus on the use of lactational amenorrhea for family planning, and confirm that the lactational amenorrhea method is a viable approach to postpartum contraception.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[For a better promotion of the breast-feeding].

OBJECTIVE: Breast feeding has many advantages. Our objective is to determine influential factors on duration of exclusive breast feeding until 6 months of age and total breast feeding until 2 years. METHODS: A retrospective transversal study was made on 271 mothers of children aged between 2 and 5 years. The objective of study was to determinate factors which influence duration of exclusive and total breastfeeding. Epi-info was used to size and to analyse results, odds ratio and confiding intervals were calculated. Logistic regression method was also used. RESULTS AND COMMENTS: Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was longer when mother instruction was less than higher school (3.4 months versus 2.9 months, p < 0.01), if there were not any maternal complications on breastfeeding period (4.3 months versus 3.1 months, p < 0.001). Duration of total breast feeding was longer when cow milk was introduced later and child sucking was important (more than 6 times a day). There was no correlation between weight and length of children and duration of breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: We recommend promotion of breastfeeding.

Breast Feeding↗