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PubMed2006

Three-component competitive adsorption model for fixed-bed and moving-bed granular activated carbon adsorbers. Part II. Model parameterization and verification.

COMPSORB-GAC is a 3-component competitive adsorption kinetic model for granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers that was developed in Part I of this study, including a proposed procedure for determining model parameters in natural water applications with background natural organic matter (NOM). Part II of this study demonstrates the proposed parameterization procedure and validates the modeling approach by comparing predictions with experimental breakthrough curves at multiple empty-bed contact times for both fixed-bed and moving-bed reactors. The parameterization procedure consists of a set of independent, short-term experimental tests with fresh and batch preloaded adsorbents and then data fitting using both classic and recently developed theoretical expressions. The model and parameterization procedure simplifies NOM into two fictive fractions (pore-blocking and strongly competing) and incorporates three competitive effects that vary both temporally and axially in a GAC column (direct competition for sites, intraparticle pore blockage, and external surface pore blockage). With all three competitive mechanisms accounted for, the model could accurately predict breakthrough profiles for column lengths and durations that were much longer than those used for model parameterization. Model predictions that ignored one or more of the competitive mechanisms showed that each mechanism was important for different regions of the breakthrough curve. The external surface pore-blockage effect was predominant for the prediction of early breakthrough data, whereas direct competition for sites and intraparticle pore blockage were prevalent when predicting higher breakthrough levels and data later in the column run.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1979

Early retransfer: a method of optimal bed utilization of NICU beds.

To facilitate increased utility of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) beds, we adopted a policy of early discharge (ED) of infants less than 2000 g to the hospital of their birth after recovery from acute illness and when the infant was breathing room air and taking adequate oral feedings. An inservice teaching program at the primary hospitals preceded such policy. In a 24-month period, 446 infants were referred to the NICU. 111 of 446 died; 335 infants survived. 114 of 335 infants were less than 2000 g at birth; 42% (48 of 114) of them were discharged early to the hospital of their birth (ED); 58% were discharged late (LD) to their homes. 59.7% of the ED and 46.3% of the LD required assisted ventilation. Gestational age, birth weight, and final weight at discharge from hospitals were the same in both groups. None of the ED infants developed complications at the hospital of birth after retransfer. The length of NICU stay for LD was significantly higher 40 +/- 6 (p less than 0.001) than the ED; 20 +/- 2.2 days. In addition, a 15% increase in bed utilization was also noted because of ED. We conclude that ED of infants from the NICU 1) increases utilization of beds; 2) decreases the cost of health care; and 3) increases the participation of primary physicians.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1989

"A built bed is a filled bed?" An empirical re-examination.

This article provides an empirical re-examination of the relationship between regional hospital bed supply and the utilization of hospital care. It tests the hypothesis that the divergence of findings between studies based on micro-data (at the individual level) and those based on macro-data (at the regional level) is due to aggregation and specification bias. The main conclusion is that neither source of bias can account for the observed differences. Some other possible explanations are put forward. Regardless of the level of aggregation, a positive effect is found of bed supply on length of hospital stay but not on admission rates. This may be the result of major changes which have taken place in the financing of hospital services in the Netherlands during the last decade.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed1979

Two years of bed procurement for patients with spinal cord lesions. A report on progress and experiences at the Bed Procurement Service at the Industrial Injuries Insurance Institute for Research in Traumatology at Frankfurt/Main.

The total number of beds provided in all specialised centres for the treatment of patients with acute spinal cord lesions in the Federal Republic of Germany is still insufficient. Therefore the attempt to transfer those patients to a centre from another hospital immediately after the lesion has occurred is very difficult. In order to assist physicians of the hospitals (where the patient has been first admitted) in the time-consuming task to find a vacancy in a specialised unit, the Central Association of the Industrial Injuries Insurance Association of the Industrial Injuries Insurance Institutes set up a 'Bed Procurement Bureau for Patients with Spinal Injuries' on 2 August, 1976. The heads of the units concerned set up a special study group in close connection with this clearing-agency in order to elaborate reliable data about the present situation of care for recently paralysed people, and to discuss further problems as well as planning programmes. They meet every 6 months. The organisation of the clearing-agency, the experiences gained within the first 23 months of activity since the opening, the spinal units situation at the present time, and their further development are reported.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An alternative sectional bedding system: the Nightingale Smart Bed.

This article describes the Nightingale Smart Bed, a unique three-sectional automatic profiling system from Nightingale Care Beds. It is a two-in-one system in that it aids in the prevention and management of pressure sores while also helping nursing staff to move and handle patients. It maintains patients' independence, dignity and comfort and provides an alternative to alternating-pressure systems.

Beds↗
PubMed2000

Towards the column bed stabilization of columns in capillary electroendosmotic chromatography. Immobilization of microparticulate silica columns to a continuous bed.

This article discusses a novel method generating a continuous bed inside the CEC column. The column bed composed of microparticulate reversed-phase silica is completely immobilized by a hydrothermal treatment using water for the immobilization process. This process eliminates the manufacture of frits of both ends of the column and all problems associated with their preparation. Fundamental studies on operational parameters will be presented such as the dependence of the immobilization on the column temperature, the type of stationary phase and the column back pressure. The immobilized CEC columns show the same high column efficiency as packed columns with frits.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2003

Anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater by inverse fluidization: the inverse fluidized bed and the inverse turbulent bed reactors.

This paper describes the application of the inverse fluidization technology to the anaerobic digestion of dairy wastewater. Two reactors were investigated: the inverse fluidized bed reactor and the inverse turbulent reactor. In these reactors, a granular floating solid is expanded by a down-flow current of effluent or an up-flow current of gas, respectively. The carrier particles (Extendospheres) were chosen for their large specific surface area (20,000 m2m(-3)) and their low energy requirements for fluidization (gas velocity of 1.5 mm s(-1), 5.4 m h(-1)). Organic load was increased stepwise by reducing hydraulic retention time from more than 60 days to 3 days, while maintaining constant the feed COD concentration. Both reactors achieved more than 90% of COD removal, at an organic loading rate of 10-12 kgCOD m(-3) d(-1), respectively. The performances observed were similar or even higher than that of other previously tested fluidized bed technologies treating the same wastewater. It was found that the main advantages of this system are: low energy requirement, because of the low fluidization velocities required; there is no need of a settling device, because solids accumulate at the bottom of the reactor, so they can be easily drawn out and particles with high-biomass content can be easily recovered. Lipid phosphate concentration has been revealed as a good method for biomass estimation in biofilms since it only includes living biomass.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The prediction of variability occurring in fluidized bed coating equipment. I. The measurement of particle circulation rates in a bottom-spray fluidized bed coater.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect that changes in design and process variables had on the movement of particles around a fluidized bed coating apparatus. To measure the mean and variance of the particle cycle time distribution (CTD), the number of passages taken by a magnetic tracer particle through the spray zone was measured by a detector coil wound around the partition. The reproducibility of the measurement technique was tested by taking repeated measurements of the tracer particle movement, using similar bed operating conditions, and the method was found to give reproducible results. A series of experiments was carried out by varying operating conditions such as the partition gap, fluidizing air rate, and partition diameter and length, and measuring the change in the rate at which the tracer particle circulated in the coating device. The results of the experiments showed that, over the range of parameters tested in this work, the partition gap had the strongest influence on the rate of particle circulation. Moreover, for the 6-in.-diameter Wurster process used in the current work, the mean circulation time for the 1.1-mm-diameter Nu-Pareil particles was found to vary over the range of 2.2-10.4 sec. In addition, the mean and standard deviation of the CTD could be linearly correlated over a wide range of operating conditions, with a correlation coefficient of 0.80. Finally, an estimate of the variability in mass coating uniformity was made based on the results from the cycle time distributions. It was concluded that the effect of variability in the CTD could account for only a small fraction of the variability in the observed mass coating distribution.

Technology, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1995

Reconstruction of liver tissue in vitro: geometry of characteristic flat bed, hollow fiber, and spouted bed bioreactors with reference to the in vivo liver.

Bioreactors currently being developed for hybrid artificial livers vary greatly with respect to their microenvironment. The specific architecture modifies the relationship parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells have with the exchange surfaces of the bioreactor. Most designs are either based on hollow fiber, spouted bed, or flat bed devices. This diversity is contrasted by the uniform and unique organization of the in vivo liver. The liver cells are arranged as plates and both sinusoidal surfaces of the hepatocytes are enclosed within the matrix of the space of Disse. In this study we intended to define the in vivo liver tissue characteristics in a manner useful for an organotypical approach to hepatic tissue engineering. Transmission electron microscopy of an in vivo liver was utilized to describe these ratios. The ratios defined in this study are based on the constant hepatocellular expression of two sinusoidal surfaces. A relationship is established between the expression of the sinusoidal surfaces and their use as attachment and exchange surfaces inside a bioreactor. The presence of biliary surfaces and nonparenchymal cell surfaces is compared. The functional relevance of an in vivo like extracellular matrix geometry for oxidative biotransformation of primary hepatocytes in vitro was studied using the two model drugs cyclosporin and rapamycin. The generation of the hydroxylated cyclosporin metabolites AM 9 and AM 1 and four rapamycin metabolites was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is shown that the cell-specific biotransformation rates at 1 week in culture in matrix overlayed hepatocytes was 5-10 times that of hepatocytes without matrix overlay. Bilaminar membrane (BLM) bioreactors were used to reconstruct extracellular matrix geometry, three-dimensional cell plates, and sinusoidal analogs in between cell plates.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Dry bed--but how? A follow-up study of children with enuresis treated with a bed alarm].

At follow-up, 29 young adults treated previously (ages 7-14 years) for nocturnal enuresis by means of conditioning, mostly with a bed alarm, showed no excess of mental abnormalities, including psychosomatic symptoms. Most of the probands recollected the treatment as positive and effective. It is concluded that conditioning is effective in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis and that it does not seem to leave any undesirable after-effects. Nothing seems to indicate that omission of more intensive, conflict-solving psychotherapy has implied any disadvantage for the patient. Thus, the bed alarm method can still be recommended as the treatment of first choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Beds Simulator 1.0: a software for the modelisation of the number of beds required for a hospital department.

The determination of the number of beds needed for a hospital department is a complex problem that try to take into account efficiency, forecasting of needs, appropriateness of stays. Health authority used methods based on ratios that do not take into account local specificities and use rather to support an economic decision. On the other side, the models developed are too specific to be applied to all type of hospital department. Moreover, all the solutions depend on the LoS (Length of Stay). We have developed a non parametric method to solve this problem. This modelisation was successfully tested in teaching and non teaching hospitals, for an Intensive Care Unit, two Internal Medicine and a surgical departments. A software easy to use was developed, working on Windows available on our website www.sante.univ-nantes.fr/med/stat/.

Bed Occupancy↗
PubMed2000

Vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity in men during bed rest and on orthostasis after bed rest.

BACKGROUND: Alterations in autonomic function are commonly seen during and after spaceflight, and its ground-based analog, 6 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR). They may include peripheral vascular regulation, but vasomotor sympathetic efferent nerve discharges to peripheral vasculatures have not been examined. The aim of our study was to examine changes in vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity during HDBR and under orthostasis after HDBR. METHODS: We performed 6 d of HDBR on six male subjects, and measured muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) together with plasma norepinephrine concentrations in the supine position before HDBR and in 6 degrees head-down position on the sixth day (HDBR6) of HDBR. We also measured MSNA in head-up tilt (HUT) test before and after HDBR. RESULTS: On HDBR6, MSNA burst rate was the same (17+/-4 bursts x min(-1)) as that in supine position before HDBR (15+/-2 bursts min(-1)), but plasma norepinephrine concentrations were decreased to 1.14+/-0.10 pmol x ml(-1) compared with the supine value before HDBR (1.56+/-0.20 pmol x ml(-1), p<0.05). After HDBR, supine MSNA burst rate significantly increased by 58% to 24+/-4 bursts x min(-1). MSNA increment in response to HUT was similar between before (34+/-3 bursts min(-1) x sin HUT(-1)) and after (40+/-6 bursts x min(-1) x sin HUT(-1)) HDBR. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that: a) the relationship between MSNA and plasma norepinephrine concentrations was altered on the sixth day during HDBR; b) the vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity was enhanced after HDBR; and c) the augmentation of vasomotor sympathetic outflow to muscles under orthostasis was preserved after HDBR.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Nail bed reconstruction with split-thickness nail bed grafts.

The results of reconstruction of chronic post-traumatic nail deformities are thought to be unpredictable. We have reviewed eight patients treated by split-thickness nail bed grafts for deformities arising from defects in the sterile matrix. Appearance, adherence and function were improved in all cases, with no significant morbidity of the donor area.

Esthetics↗
PubMed1994

Catecholamine-CRF synaptic interaction in a septal bed nucleus: afferents of neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.

Projections of catecholamine neurons to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), especially its corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-producing neurons, are implicated as being major contributors to the neurochemically mediated central regulation of the stress response. The purpose of the present study was to examine in the BST of the rat brain the morphological characteristics of interactions between two neuron populations of the brain, catecholaminergic and CRF neurons. A double-label immunocytochemical, light and electron microscopic technique allowed the demonstration of the synaptic interaction between dopamine (DA, i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase-containing) and norepinephrine (NE, i.e., dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-containing) axons and CRF neurons in the BST. DA terminals formed synapses with dendrites and soma of CRF neurons in the dorsolateral BST. NE terminals formed synapses with dendrites of CRF neurons in the ventrolateral BST. In conclusion, catecholamine afferents can directly affect the contribution of CRF neurons of the BST to an animals response to stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

New model for performance prediction in fixed-bed reactors based on the approach of the unused bed zone.

In the present study a practical model useful for designers dealing with pilot scale reactors for pollutant control has been developed. Investigations were undertaken for a single-component lead study on New Zealand clinoptilolite at the temperature of 25+/-1 degrees C. Fifteen runs under different operating conditions such as particle characteristics (expressed as d*(p)/D), column geometry (as l*/D) and flow speed (as R*e) have been performed. The results were interpreted by a response surface method (RSM) from which an equation giving the unused bed zone (UBZ) was obtained. From those dimensionless parameters, a sequence of contour plots was drawn, making it easy for a designer to choose optimum design parameters while controlling the operation performance. The flow rate (R*e) range was established over the laminar flow conditions from 1 to 8, (l/D*) was extended from 7 to 20 and (d(p)/D*) varied from 3% to 10%. Optimization of performance of the reactor as UBZ could vary from 10% to 40% of the material operating capacity.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2006

Three-component competitive adsorption model for fixed-bed and moving-bed granular activated carbon adsorbers. Part I. Model development.

Heterogeneous natural organic matter (NOM) present in all natural waters impedes trace organic contaminant adsorption, and predictive modeling of granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorber performance is often compromised by inadequate accounting forthese competitive effects. Thus, a 3-component adsorption model, COMPSORB-GAC, is developed that separately tracks NOM adsorption and its competitive effects as a function of NOM surface loading. In this model, NOM is simplified into two fictive fractions with distinct competitive effects on trace compound adsorption: a smaller, strongly competing fraction that reduces equilibrium capacity and a larger pore-blocking fraction that reduces adsorption kinetics (both external film mass transfer and surface diffusion). COMPSORB-GAC tracks these two NOM fractions, along with the trace compound, and changes adsorption parameters according to the local surface loading of the two NOM fractions. Model parameters are allowed to vary both temporally and spatially to reflect differences in the NOM preloading conditions that occur in GAC columns. This dual-resistance model is based on homogeneous surface diffusion with external film mass-transfer limitations. The governing equations are expressed in a moving-grid finite-difference formulation to accommodate the modeling of spatially varying parameters and moving-bed reactors with counter-current adsorbent flow. A series of short-term adsorption tests with fresh and preloaded GAC is proposed to determine the necessary model input parameters. The accompanying manuscript demonstrates the parameterization procedure and verifies the model with experimental data.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1995

Granulation and sludge bed stability in upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors in relation to surface thermodynamics.

Adhesion of bacteria involved in anaerobic consortia was investigated in upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors and was related to surface thermodynamics. The adhesion of hydrophilic cells appeared to be enhanced at a low liquid surface tension ((gamma)(infLV)), while the adhesion of hydrophobic cells was favored at a high (gamma)(infLV). Growth in protein-rich growth media resulted in low granular biomass yields; addition of polycations, such as poly-l-lysine and chitosan, increased the (gamma)(infLV) and the granular biomass yield. On the basis of the results of activity tests and microbial counts with wash-out cells, we identified two types of structured granules that were related to the influence of (gamma)(infLV). In one type of granules, hydrophilic acidogens surrounded a more hydrophobic methanogenic association. These granules were selected at a low (gamma)(infLV) provided that carbohydrates were available as substrates. The other type of granules was selected at a high (gamma)(infLV); hydrophobic cells (i.e., methanogens) were predominant throughout these granules. The granules which had acidogens as solid-phase emulsifiers around a methanogenic association appeared to allow more stable reactor performance. Decreasing the (gamma)(infLV) in the reactor by adding trace amounts of a surfactant also increased reactor stability.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of ionizing radiation on the vascular bed of the skin in ontogeny. The function of the microcirculatory bed of the skin in the fetuses of white rats sublethally irradiated].

Albino female rats were exposed to X radiation (5 Gy, 180 kV, 10 mA, filter 0.5 mm Cu) on days 10-15 of pregnancy. After 3 and 7 days they were sacrificed (under ether anesthesia) and fetuses were extracted. The status of the lympho- and hemomicrocirculatory beds (LMCB and HMCB) of the fetus back skin was studied by the macro- and microscopic methods. As early as day 3 of radiation sickness the diameter of LMCB vessels increased by 1.4-1.9 times, whereas changes in GMCB were less pronounced. On day 7, there was a progressive increase in dilatation of LMCB vessels, alongside with the narrowing of large units (arteries and veins). The development of the connective framework of the fetus skin was retarded.

Animals↗