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PubMed1992

Nosocomial bronchopneumonia in the critically ill. Histologic and bacteriologic aspects.

To provide a comprehensive description of the histologic and bacteriologic characteristics of human nosocomial bronchopneumonia (BPN), the lungs of 83 critically ill patients decreased after a period of mechanical ventilation were examined in the immediate postmortem period. In addition, the accuracy of the protected minibronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) technique in the diagnosis of nosocomial BPN was evaluated. In each patient, a surgical pneumonectomy was performed at the bedside within 30 min following death. Each pulmonary lobe was sampled and bacteriologically analyzed using semiquantitative cultures in 50 patients and quantitative cultures in 33 patients. The entire lung was histologically analyzed using 5 to 10 slices per lung segment. In 69 patients, the bacteriologic result of a protected mini-BAL performed within 48 h preceding death was compared with histologic and bacteriologic results of study of the lung tissue itself. Histologic lesions of BPN were found in 43 of the 83 lungs examined. These lesions were (1) severe in the majority of patients (confluent BPN, n = 23; lung abscess, n = 6), (2) preferentially found in dependent lung segments, (3) often associated with nonspecific alveolar damage, (4) associated with positive lung cultures in 65% of patients (53% with gram-negative bacteria), (5) polymicrobial in 28% of patients, (6) characterized by a lobar bacterial burden greater than 10(3) cfu/g in 32% of cases. Using semiquantitative bacteriologic analysis, the sensitivity and the specificity of the protected mini-BAL in the diagnosis of nosocomial BPN were found to be 70 and 69%, respectively. Protected mini-BAL identified 77% of causative microorganisms of BPN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed2002

Bacteriological evidence of antibiotic failure in pneumococcal lower respiratory tract infections.

The global pandemic of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in the pneumococcus, has had a major impact on the management of community-acquired pneumonia. A number of prospective and retrospective studies have analysed the impact of penicillin resistance on clinical outcome in pneumonia. Pharmacodynamic principles predicting success when the antibiotic dose exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 40-50% of the dosing interval have proved remarkably accurate. There is no evidence of bacteriological failure of penicillins active against resistant strains. There is a single report of the failure of the less active agent, ticarcillin. High dose oral and intravenous amoxicillin should treat strains with MICs < or = 4 microg x mL(-1), as should high doses of intravenous penicillin, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Strains of pneumococci resistant to these agents at an MIC > or = 8 microg x mL(-1) are rare at the present time. Most other cephalosporins are less active and should not be used empirically for drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bacteriological failures of cefazolin, cefuroxime and ceftazidime have been reported. There is increasing evidence of bacteriologically confirmed macrolide failure of pneumonia therapy at MICs > or = 4 microg x mL(-1). The molecular basis of the resistance is irrelevant if the MIC is in that range or higher. Double mutants in the parC and gyrA genes lead to fluoroquinolone resistance that has been found to cause bacteriological failure of the fluoroquinolones, particularly levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, in the management of pneumonia and exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Two mutations in these genes can greatly increase the MICs of all the marketed fluoroquinolones, and raise the prospect of failure of therapy even with the more active ones. However, demonstration of bacteriological failure of gatifloxacin or moxifloxicin has not yet been reported. High dose, active beta-lactams or fluoroquinolones with enhanced activity against Gram positive pathogens remain the drugs of choice for the management of community-acquired pneumonia caused by the drug-resistant pneumococcus.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Explaining the poor bacteriologic eradication rate of single-dose ceftriaxone in group a streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: a reverse engineering solution using pharmacodynamic modeling.

OBJECTIVE: To explore pharmacokinetic factors underlying the poor bacteriologic eradication rate with a single 500-mg dose of ceftriaxone for streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis and to identify the minimum ceftriaxone dose required for effective treatment. METHODS: Population modeling techniques were applied to pharmacokinetic data derived from paired plasma and tonsil samples from 153 children to assess the contribution of pharmacokinetic variability to patients' responses to ceftriaxone. In addition, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed to determine (1) the amount of time that free ceftriaxone concentrations must exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of group A Streptococcus to achieve bacteriologic eradication and (2) the ceftriaxone dose required to maintain free drug concentrations above the target MIC for the requisite amount of time. Ceftriaxone MICs for group A Streptococcus were obtained from a previous trial, in which all MICs (n = 115) were < or = 0.064 mg/L; 33.9% were susceptible at < or = 0.016 mg/L, 66.4% were susceptible at 0.032 mg/L, and 1.7% were susceptible at 0.064 mg/L. RESULTS: Mean population pharmacokinetic parameters and their variances reflected substantial variability of clearance and half-life in the target population. Tonsillar ceftriaxone protein binding was 89.1%. The proportions of 1000 simulated patients with free ceftriaxone concentrations that exceeded MICs of 0.016 mg/L, 0.032 mg/L, and 0.064 mg/L at 24 hours were 71.7%, 65.4%, and 57.2%, respectively, and at 48 hours were 41.8%, 35.8%, and 28.6%, respectively. The amount of time that free ceftriaxone concentrations need to exceed MIC to achieve bacteriologic success was estimated to be 36 hours. Using this time criterion, two 500-mg doses of ceftriaxone separated by 18 hours should achieve a bacteriologic cure rate of approximately 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacokinetic variability and high ceftriaxone tonsillar protein binding explain the high microbiologic failure rate for a single 500-mg dose of ceftriaxone in group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Monte Carlo simulation suggests that a second dose administered 18 hours after the first will be required to achieve an acceptable bacteriologic cure rate.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Accuracy of methods using somatic cell count and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in milk to assess the bacteriological cure of bovine clinical mastitis.

This study examined the capability of milk somatic cell count (SCC) and NAGase activity to discriminate between quarters that had been cured versus those that had not been cured at 4 wk after antimicrobial therapy for clinical mastitis. The distribution of microorganisms that were isolated before therapy from 630 quarters with mastitis was as follows: 225 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 96 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 152 strains of streptococci (Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis), and 157 strains of coliform bacteria. Bacteriological cure rates were 35% for mastitis caused by Staph. aureus, 75% for mastitis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, 66% for mastitis caused by streptococci, and 72% for mastitis caused by coliforms. Diagnostic accuracy of milk SCC and NAGase and their interquarter ratios for predicting bacteriological status of the control samples was assessed by calculating sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy and by means of receiver operating characteristic analysis. The efficiency of milk SCC and NAGase for predicting bacteriological cure was greatest for cows that had been infected with Staph. aureus. The main problem in detecting coagulase-negative staphylococci was low sensitivity, and the main problem in detecting streptococci and coliforms was low specificity. Receiver operating characteristic analysis is not completely suitable for the detection of mastitis because reference method bacteriology and indirect tests can never fully agree. To assess the recovery of cows from mastitis caused by Staph. aureus, bacteriology should be supplemented with an examination of milk SCC or NAGase activity at threshold values such as those presented here.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed2006

Comparative study of bacteriology in recurrent tonsillitis among children and adults.

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosis and treatment of acute tonsillitis are one of the most common problems seen at an otorhinolaryngology clinic in both adult and paediatric populations. Much has been written about bacteriology of recurrent tonsillitis but it remains a controversial topic. Despite the fact that tonsillitis is so common, consensus seems to be lacking as to the main causative organism and the differences between children and adults. The tonsillar core bacteriology of 233 patients with recurrent tonsillitis who underwent tonsillectomy from January 2000 to June 2003 is presented. METHODS: The patient population was divided into two groups, namely: the paediatric group and the adult group. 132 patients, whose age was more than 12 years, were in the adult group. 101 patients aged between two and 12 years, were in the paediatric group. The bacteriology of the children and adults were tabulated according to their species, and were compared. RESULTS: 138 patients grew single pathogenic bacteria in their tonsillar core culture, 52 grew two different pathogenic bacteria, and the rest (43) grew normal bacterial flora. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly-isolated bacterium and accounted for 40.9 percent of the total cultures isolated; its prevalence was the same in the adults and children. Beta-haemolytic Streptococcus was isolated in 23 percent of subjects, and was predominantly from group A (Streptococcus pyogens). Group A beta-haemolytic Streptococci was more prevalent in children. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which rarely cause pathogenicity in tonsils, was cultured from nine (3.8 percent) of our study subjects. CONCLUSION: This study showed that Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogenic bacteria cultured both in adults and children. Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter are more prevalent in adults. Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pyogens are more prevalent in children. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not a rare causative organism in recurrent tonsillitis. Since the mechanism of activation of infection in recurrent tonsillitis is unknown, knowing the bacteriology does not help us to treat the disease. However, it may be a stepping stone to eventually understanding whether the bacteria play a role in reactivating recurrent infections. From previous and current studies, there is no relationship between bacteriology and recurrent infections.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The bacteriological and serological prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in fattening pig herds in Lower Saxony].

This article presents the results of a study on the occurrence of two bacteria that cause zoonoses, Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica. The study was carried out in 30 fattening herds in Lower Saxony, Germany, in 2004 and compares the results of bacteriological and serological methods of detection. Bacteriological findings of Campylobacter spp. in the faeces indicated that 69.7% of the fattening pigs were positive, but 81.2% tested positive serologically. All herds tested here were both bacteriologically and serologically positive for Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, only 8.4% tested positive for Yersinia enterocolitica in the faecal samples, but 66.8% of the animals were serologically positive for that bacterium. While bacteriological examination did not detect Yersinia enterocolitica in 56.7% of the herds tested, serological testing showed that only 16.7% of the units were without reacting animals. The great difference between the results of bacteriological and serological testing, especially in the case of Yersinia enterocolitica, can be explained by the intermittent intestinal excretion and predominance of this bacterium in the animals' tonsils. Low faecal excretion is also the reason for the low detection rate of 3.4% of Yersinia enterocolitica in the environmental samples, while that of Campylobacter spp. was 33.3%. These results indicate that the environment plays only a secondary role in the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in pig herds.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Cell content and bacteriological findings in individual cow's milk samples].

Hundred thirty seven milk samples were investigated by the mastitis test "Sofia" after the "Breed" method for the assessment of cell content and by inoculation on 5% blood agar for bacteriological findings. A certain correlation between reaction degree and number of cell elements was established. The better expressed the test reaction the larger was the number of cell elements, but not always a full coverage was evident. A correlation existed between the number of cell elements and the bacteriological findings also. The stronger the reaction resp. the larger the number of cells, the more samples had positive bacteriological findings. The percentage of samples with positive bacteriological findings having a cell number of 500 thousand to 5 million cells per 1 cm3 of milk ranged within 70.83 to 96.30%, while for samples having a cell content above 5 million it was 100%. In the samples with positive reaction the bacteriological investigations established 38.48% staphylococci, 52.28% streptococci, and 10.74% various other microorganisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Bacteriological method for detecting small intestinal hypomotility.

OBJECTIVE: Small intestinal hypomotility is an important cause of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, yet assessment of small intestinal motility in this setting is problematic. This study was performed to investigate the validity of a bacteriological method for detecting small intestinal hypomotility. METHODS: Twenty-five subjects without previous gastric surgery were studied with (i) concurrent bacteriological analyses of fasting saliva and gastric and proximal small intestinal aspirates, (ii) measurement of gastric pH, and (iii) scintigraphic assessment of small intestinal transit rates of a liquid test meal. The reproducibility of bacteriological analyses of saliva and small intestinal secretions was determined in 12 subjects. RESULTS: Serial bacteriological analyses of saliva and proximal small intestinal secretions yielded reproducible results over time periods of up to 1 month. Eleven subjects were deemed to harbor Enterobacteriaceae of nonsalivary origin in proximal small intestinal secretions. Orocaecal transit, but not gastric emptying, of a liquid test meal was significantly delayed in this group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.84, respectively), suggesting the presence of small intestinal hypomotility. Impaired gastric acidity unlikely confounded assessment of the origin of small intestinal Enterobacteriaceae in any instance. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Enterobacteriaceae of nonsalivary origin in proximal small intestinal secretions may be taken to reflect the presence of small intestinal hypomotility. The presence of impaired gastric acidity does not confound this approach. Because small intestinal intubation and culture of aspirate are required anyway to accurately diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, the simple addition of concurrent bacteriological analysis of saliva may allow small intestinal hypomotility to be detected at the same time as the presence or absence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth itself is established, thus streamlining the investigation of subjects for this disorder and its possible causes.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1985

[The bacteriology laboratory of tomorrow].

The development of needs and the conditions for performing examinations in clinical bacteriology leads us to consider that bacteriological analysis should eventually: be closer to clinical requirements. This results in an accelerated bacteriology (whose response-times approach those of other biological specialties) and in a consideration of the diagnostic and therapeutic importance of the response; be less costly. This leads to an increase in productivity, and involves an introduction of computers, automatic systems for antibiograms and identification, and appropriate and inexpensive bioreagents; consider the requirements of the technicians in order to avoid diminishing the interest of the work. This development demands a recognition of needs, whether expressed or not, and a rejection of olds habits that are not adapted to the requirements of a bacteriology which is closer to the patient, quicker, and finally, less costly.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2005

Salmonella profile in chickens determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and bacteriology from years 2000 to 2003 in Turkey.

From years 2000 to 2003, Salmonella was investigated from a total of 1785 samples comprised of chicken intestinal samples, cloacal swabs, drag swabs, litter samples and chick dust samples collected from 191 poultry breeding flocks belonging to 15 different chicken breeding stock companies in the Marmara region, Turkey by a SYBR green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (SGBRT-PCR), by a probe-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PSRT-PCR) and by standardized bacteriology as described in the manual of National Poultry Improvement Plan and Auxillary Provisions, United States Department of Agriculture. Between January 2000 and July 2001, Salmonella was detected at the rates of 5.87% and 4.10% out of a total of 1242 samples by SGBRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. From July 2001 until December 2003, Salmonella was found at rates of 11.42% and 5.52% from a total of 543 samples by PSRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. The dominant Salmonella serovar was determined as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), while serogroup C1 and C2 in 2001 and serogroup E1 in 2002 were isolated as additional serovars. As a conclusion, S. Enteritidis seems to be the major problem in poultry breeding flocks in Turkey, and both of the real-time polymerase chain reaction methods were found more sensitive than standard bacteriology for the detection of Salmonella from poultry samples.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anaerobes: problems and controversies in bacteriology, infections, and susceptibility testing.

Three key questions are discussed in this manuscript: (1) What is the clinical relevance of anaerobic bacteriology? (2) How can the microbiologist, with limited and decreasing resources, perform reliable, detailed studies of anaerobic bacteriology? (3) When and how should susceptibility testing be done with anaerobes? If the clinician knows the usual bacteriology of various types of infection and how this may be modified by pathophysiologic processes in the host or by prior therapy, he/she can use a logical empiric approach to treatment of the patient. As to the microbiologist's dilemma, it is not realistic or rational for a microbiologist in a nonteaching hospital to do detailed bacteriologic studies and routine anaerobic susceptibility testing. The resources available should be committed primarily to the patient who is seriously ill. Such allocation of resources, of course, requires repeated and effective communication between microbiologist and clinician.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1972

Bacteriological survey of the blue crab industry.

During sanitation inspections of 46 crabmeat processing plants on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, 487 samples of whole crabs immediately after cooking, cooked crabs after cooling, backed or washed (or both) crab bodies and whole crab claws, as well as 1,506 retail units of finished product were collected and analyzed bacteriologically. The 1,506 retail units (1-lb [373.24-g] cans) included 518 cans of regular (special) meat, 487 cans of claw meat, and 501 cans of lump meat. Statistical analyses showed that crabmeat from plants in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had higher counts in 19 of 24 cases for the four bacteriological indices than crabmeat from plants located along the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast of Florida. Aerobic plate counts of retail units collected from a previous day's production were significantly higher than those collected on the day of inspection. Regular crabmeat had consistently higher aerobic plate counts than claw or lump meat. When the product was handled expeditiously under good sanitary conditions, the bacteriological results were significantly better than the results from plants operating under poor sanitary conditions. Crabmeat produced in plants operating under good sanitary conditions had the following bacteriological content: (i) coliform organisms average most-probable-number values (geometric) of less than 20 per g; (ii) no Escherichia coli; (iii) coagulase-positive staphylococci average most-probable-number values (geometric) of less than 30 per g in 93% of the plants; (iv) aerobic plate count average values (geometric) of less than 100,000 per g in 93% of the plants, with the counts from 85% of these plants below 50,000 per g.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assays with bacteriologic culture, immunofluorescence, and nucleic acid hybridization for detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo in urine of cattle.

OBJECTIVE: To compare sensitivity and specificity of various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo in bovine urine and to compare results of the optimal PCR assay with results of immunofluorescence, nucleic acid hybridization, and bacteriologic culture. ANIMALS: 6 heifers. PROCEDURE: Heifers were exposed to serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis by conjunctival instillation of 10(6) leptospires on 3 successive days. Urine samples were collected before and after infection. Sensitivity and specificity of 5 PCR assays were compared, to determine the optimal assay for use with bovine urine samples. The optimal PCR assay was then compared with results of bacteriologic culture, nucleic acid hybridization, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: A PCR assay with the best combination of specificity (100%) and sensitivity (91%) was selected for comparison with the other diagnostic tests. Sensitivity for nucleic acid hybridization was 55%, whereas sensitivity for bacteriologic culture and immunofluorescence was 89 to 93%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bacteriologic culture, PCR, and immunofluorescence were sensitive for detection of L borgpetersenii serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in urine specimens of cattle, but a single technique was not the most sensitive for each animal tested. Therefore, the use of 2 techniques in combination is warranted for maximal sensitivity for diagnosis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacteriological war (1916-1933): from anecdote to terror].

Rotten corpses were occasionally used as weapons in the Antiquity. So wells and springs were usually contaminated. In 1915-1916, just after the use of poison gas on the battlefield, bacteriological suspensions were prepared to destroy men and cattle in Europe, Russia and the United of America but the attempts of using bacteriological weapons remained inefficient. Moreover the evidences of this use during the Great War are very fragile. After the war there was a consensus about inhumanity of this weapon which yet might be used if the enemy did it. Between 1925 and 1933 the debates in the Society of Nations proved that bacteriological war was possible in spite of a compromise solution between some nations. Then English journalist Wickdam Steed disclosed the German tries of bacteriological weapons in the Paris metro and the London tube in 1933 (Was this article a manipulation?).

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) and bacteriological examinations for detection of camel (Camelus dromedarius) mastitis in Ethiopia.

A total of 956 quarter milk samples from 253 traditionally managed lactating camels were collected aseptically from Negele (Borena Region), Dire Dawa, and Gewane (Afar Region), Ethiopia, according to multi-stage sampling. The quarter milk samples were subjected to California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) and bacteriological examinations. Five hundred and seventy one (59.7%) quarter milk samples had microorganisms. Of these, 428 (75.0%) had isolates that were identified as major pathogens (MAP) and 143 (25.0%) as minor pathogens (MIP). A positive correlation was found between CMT scores and bacteriological classes (MAP, MIP) (p-value = 0.00). Strong correlation (p-value = 0.00) between CMT scores and SCC was recorded. The differences among the median log SCC of bacteriological classes (MAP, MIP) were not significant (p-value = 0.24). Similarly, the application of the cut-off level of 2.5 x 10(5) ml(-1) indicated less agreement (p-value = 0.32) for bacteriological classes MAP and MIP.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Do bacteriologic-chemical drinking water studies of households with suspected SIDS have significance?].

In 30 households with SIDS the drinking-water was studied microbiologically and chemically regarding its bacteriological contents, also it was checked for Pb and Cu. Three test solutions of 45 bacteriologically researched samples revealed significant data. One sample showed 2400 cfu "colony forming unit" which is more than double the number of germs permissable in an drinking-water container according to the standards of drinking-water (TrinkwV) 1(3). Also Ps. aeruginosa were found. A further sample contained 3300 cfu Coliforme (E. cloace in 100 ml). The lower quality of a further samples with 2.6 x 10(6) cfu could be retrospectively explained by works done by the Berlin City Works (Berliner Wasserwerke). Enteric bacteria could not be revealed. The remaining 42 samples were within the criteria Section 1 [(1), (2), (3)] of the drinking-water standard. Samples which fulfilled the norms of Section 1 (3) TrinkwV for reserve containers with up to 1000 cfu can be explained by the known fact that water in pipes (containers) can easily be contaminated from outside, for instance through germs like Pseudomonades. In none of the samples a connection between water quality and bacteriological post-mortem findings could be found. In two groups concerning the research for heavy metal the amount of Pb did not surpass the limit of drinking-water standards. In several cases the amount of Cu surpassed that of Pb. Bacteriological-chemical water research in households with suspicion of SIDS are only useful if anamnestical, clinical and autoptic data can be brought into a close temporary and spatial order and if the findings can be controlled through repeated research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1986

[Improved method for sanitary bacteriological control in the epidemiological surveillance of suppurative-inflammatory diseases in maternity hospitals].

To increase the information content of sanitary bacteriological control, the methods of planning laboratory investigations and their organization have been developed and the scheme of the bacteriological analysis of washings has been improved. On the basis of the improved method of bacteriological control, greatly varying data indicating the contamination of environmental objects in children's wards with indicator microorganisms (12.0-64.0%) have been obtained. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the microflora existing in the biotope of infants' skin have been studied on a new methodological level, and close correlation between the degrees of the microbial contamination of the skin and the incidence of purulent inflammatory diseases in newborn infants has been established. For the dynamic surveillance of the bacteriological situation in maternity hospitals a signal test, viz. the determination of the microbial contamination of the inner surface of swaddling clothes, has been proposed. This "swaddling clothes test" has made it possible to establish, for the first time, the microbiological characteristics indicating the degree of epidemic well-being in obstetric institutions.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1978

The bacteriology of cavitating pulmonary infections and empysema. Studies of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid.

A prospective study of bacteriology in 14 cases of cavitating pulmonary infections and empyema is reported. Bacteriologic results were based on transtracheal aspirates or pleural fluid. Appropriate anaerobic bacteriologic methods were employed. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered in 11 patients (79%); they were the only pathogens isolated in 6 patients. The predominant species were Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides fragilis and Peptostreptococcus. Aerobic bacteria were present in 7 patients. The results indicate that anaerobes play a key role in most cases of cavitating pulmonary infections and empyema, and that proper culture of adequat specimens will generally establish the bacteriological diagnosis.

Bacteriological Techniques↗