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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Plant cuticle staining with bismarck brown Y and azure B or toluidine blue O before paraffin extraction.

Transverse paraffin sections of mature greenwood stems of rose (Rosa x hybrida) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) were stained with Bismarck brown followed by azure B or toluidine blue 0. The Bismarck brown was replaced by thiazin dye metachromasia in all structures except the cuticle which remained brown or yellow. The interface between the cuticle and exterior cell walls of the epidermis was delineated clearly.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1977

Isolabelling is a radiation-induced phenomenon.

Human lymphocytes were incubated during two mitotic cycles in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and differentiation between chromatids was obtained with combined "Hoechst 33258" and azur-eosine staining. Analysis of non-irradiated cells revealed numerous sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and no abnormalities of "harlequine" appearance of chromosomes. When, however, the cells were irradiated, an identical staining (IS, isostaining) of some chromosomes or chromosome segments were observed. Production of IS was accompanied by decrease of the frequency of SCE, the total frequency of SCE+IS remained, however, the same as in control. An antagonism between SCE and IS was established: the frequency of SCE decreased in the cells with multiple IS, and chromosomes with both SCE and IS were only rarely observed. Thus, IS is neither an artifact nor a physiologic event but a phenomenon induced by radiation. The reliable existence of IS is considered as an evidence for binemic structure of chromatid. It is suggested that some mechanism of lateral spread of genetic information is involved in the production of SCE. If delayed by radiation, the spread could be restricted only to a fraction of chromosome cross-section resulting in IS.

Azure Stains↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Air drying as a preparatory factor in cytology: investigation of its influence on dye uptake and dye binding.

The effect of air-drying on cytological material is investigated in this article. Smears of rat liver were fixed completely wet and, after air drying, postfixed in ethanol, methanol/formaldehyde/acetic acid (MFA), and formaldehyde. Staining was performed with the thionin-Feulgen procedure, a standard Romanowsky-Giemsa stain with azure B-eosin Y and a Papanicolaou staining variant. The image analysis system IBAS 2000 was applied to evaluate objective criteria of the changes caused by air drying the chromatin texture. Nuclear absorption was measured with a Vickers M 85a Microdensitometer. Air-drying had striking effects on size and shape of cell nuclei (spreading), on the structure of the nuclear chromatin (chromatin condensation), and on the chromaticity coordinates (hue, saturation, and intensity of nuclear staining). The variations of the chromatin texture and dye-substrate affinity are attributed to alterations of the tertiary structure of the nuclear proteins.

Absorption↗
PubMed1983

Simple staining of bacteria and fungi in hide, skin and leather.

Enhanced detection of bacteria and fungi in raw skin and in skin from the various processing stages in leather production was achieved with a new staining procedure. A combination of cresyl violet and azure A is recommended in conjunction with Young's periodic acid-Schiff's reagent.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

On the mechanism of differential Giemsa staining of bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromosomes. II. Differences between the demonstration of sister chromatid differentiation and replication patterns.

Experiments were performed to find out whether different mechanisms are involved in FPG-(fluorescent plus Giemsa) staining for the demonstration of replication patterns and sister chromatid differentiation (SCD) after bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-substitution of V79 Chinese hamster chromosomes. The influence of variations of the staining procedure on the quality of both SCD and replication patterns was comparatively investigated and differences in the demonstration of these two phenomena within the same chromosome were studied using various BrdU-labeling protocols. The results show that at least graduated differences exist. For a good differentiation of replication patterns a stronger FPG-treatment is necessary than it is for SCD. Partial BrdU substitution only leads to replication patterns in the next mitosis. A further round of replication either in the presence or absence of BrdU causes a reduced staining of the complete chromatid and three-way differentiation is seen in third generation mitoses. These results support the view that alterations of chromosomal proteins during BrdU-incorporation and replication of BrdU-substituted DNA are decisive for differential staining.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

An analysis of factors for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes using Giemsa.

Various reagents were tested for the purpose of developing an improved Giemsa staining technique for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes. Reagents like acids, bases, buffers, protein denaturants and proteolytic enzymes were all potent inducers of differential staining. The best results were obtained by brief trypsinization followed by extraction of nucleic acids by incubation in hot HCl. There was poor contrast between unifilarly and bifilarly BrdU substituted chromatids in slides from which trypsin treatment was omitted. The method of slide preparation as they affect the spreads of BrdU substituted metaphases were also evaluated. The results support the role of these reagents in the conformational changes and structural lesions of chromosomal protein leading to differential staining.

Azure Stains↗
PubMed1985

Standardization of dyes and stains for automated cell pattern recognition.

An extensive review is presented of the various factors involved in the standardization of dyes and stains for cytologic material, which is a crucial point in achieving objective and reproducible measurements of cells for recognition by automated microscopy (high-resolution cell image analysis; automated cell pattern recognition [ACPR]). Two principal methods of standardization are considered at length: (1) standardization based on the physical and chemical characterization of the dyes (physicochemical standardization), as adopted by the German Bureau of Standards, and (2) standardization based on direct visual assessment of stain performance (performance standardization), as adopted by the United States Biological Stain Commission. The procedures, achievements and problems of both methodologies are discussed, as are such related matters as staining time, solution pH, etc., especially with regard to the two most important stains in diagnostic cytology: the Papanicolaou stain and the Romanowsky-Giemsa stain. The standardization of these two stains is considered in detail, with an eye towards their suitability for ACPR. The mechanisms of the staining results produced by these stains are examined, as are the extant problems with each. The Papanicolaou stain, while neither standardized nor stoichiometric, has proven to be of use in cytophotometry. Similarly, the Romanowsky-Giemsa stain, while standardized, is also not a stoichiometric stain. Yet both have been successfully used in some aspects of ACPR; no "ideal" stain has yet been found that would make cell samples ideally suited for machine evaluation. It is concluded that the standardization of biologic dyes and stains, which can contribute to the success of ACPR, should be undertaken by multidisciplinary expert panels, in which the current concerned organizations could play a role. It is also concluded that ACPR may, in fact, contribute to the standardization of dyes and stains: that computer-directed morphometry and automated image analysis with sophisticated statistical analysis may become major tools in the validation of data on staining. For example, computer analysis could be used to pinpoint the particular variant of the Papanicolaou stain that leads to the best overall reproducibility of cell descriptors, in effect achieving "preliminary standardization by computer judgment of stain performance."

Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic↗