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PubMed1986

Antibiograms, serotypes, and plasmid profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with corneal ulcers and contact lens wear.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the corneal scrapings of 11 of 14 patients with gram-negative corneal ulcers and from salt tablet-prepared saline solutions from 6 of these patients wearing soft contact lenses. Comparison of physiological properties, antibiograms, serotypes, and plasmid profiles for five of the patients indicated that the isolates from the ulcer and the saline solution of a given patients were of the same strain. Improper hygienic practices of contact lens wearers appeared to be a major factor in the epidemiology of pseudomonad corneal ulcers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of plasmid profile analysis, antibiogram testing, resistotyping and biotyping in the identification of Escherichia coli isolates from poultry.

Twenty isolates of Escherichia coli from poultry, predominantly from birds with colibacillosis, were collected and plasmid profile analysis, antibiogram testing, resistotyping and biotyping were compared as epidemiological tools for the differentiation and identification of the isolates. Plasmid profile analysis, in conjunction with any one of the other three tests, was found to be more valuable as an epidemiological tool than one test alone.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Simple screening method for gram-positive bacterial beta-lactam antibiotic tolerance on routine laboratory Bauer-Kirby antibiogram plates.

A simple screening method served to detect beta-lactam antibiotic-tolerant variants of clinical isolates and laboratory control strains of staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis, group B beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Listeria monocytogenes. The beta-lactamase(s) of a multiple drug-resistant strain of Enterobacter cloacae (isolate No. 19) yielded most consistent results as compared with several other beta-lactamase producers; the E. cloacae beta-lactamase(s) was neutralized by clavulanic acid. Spot inocula of E. cloacae isolate No. 19, following overnight "induction" with 1 microgram/ml of ampicillin and 3 microgram/ml of cephalothin in tryptic soya broth, were applied centrally to beta-lactam antibiotic inhibition zones of Bauer-Kirby antibiogram plates (Mueller-Hinton agar, MHA, and diagnostic sensitivity test agar, DSTA) following removal of the appropriate disks. The spot-inoculated plates were incubated overnight at 35 degrees C and inspected for satellite growths of tolerant variants around the E. cloacae spot inocula. Satellite growths of less than or equal to 10 colonies were interpreted to indicate tolerance of the relevant cell wall synthesis inhibitor. The method readily permitted detection of variants tolerant for ampicillin, cephalothin, penicillin G, piperacillin, azlocillin, and mezlocillin. However, strains documented by minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations to be tolerant for cefotaxime, cefoxitin, fosfomycin, and vancomycin only rarely gave rise to respective satellite growths. DSTA proved superior to MHA with respect to "rescue" of inhibited tolerant staphylococcal variants; furthermore, the diameters of inhibition zones obtained on DSTA correlated well with those on MHA. Therefore, DSTA was adopted as the routine test medium for clinical staphylococcal isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Phenotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by a quantitative antibiogram [MIC] typing scheme using Euclidean distances [QATED].

BACKGROUND: Enteropathogenic Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are presently the most common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. An understanding of sources and means of transmission of Campylobacter is an essential factor in order to reduce the incidence of Campylobacter-related gastroenteritis in man. Consequently a reproducible, sensitive and well-standardised typing scheme is critical in the successful discrimination of strains and in the subsequent investigations of outbreaks. For this purpose, a phenotypic typing scheme based on quantitative antibiogram determination based on Euclidean distance (QATED), was developed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results obtained with this typing scheme demonstrated that individual livers of colonized pigs could be infected with multiple strains of Campylobacter spp. and subspecies types. In conclusion, phenotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli by QATED is a simple, inexpensive and discriminatory sub-species characterisation scheme, which may be useful in primary diagnostic clinical laboratories, where no specialist Campylobacter phenotyping or molecular genotyping schemes exist. It is especially suitable for food-borne outbreak investigations in the community, where a rapid and local response is required to aid with public health epidemiological investigations.

Campylobacter coli↗
PubMed2005

Evaluating antibiograms to monitor drug resistance.

We used hospital antibiograms to assess predominant pathogens and their patterns of in vitro antimicrobial resistance in central Illinois, USA. We found a lack of information about national guidelines for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing and differences in interpretation among laboratories in the region.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

Survey of Staphylococcus isolates among hospital personnel, environment and their antibiogram with special emphasis on methicillin resistance.

The objective of this study was to find the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. carriage among hospital personnel and hospital environment and their antibiogram with special emphasis on methicillin resistance. A total of 205 samples from hospital personnel and environment were collected from casualty, oncology and multidisciplinary cardiac unit ward of Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal. Samples were collected using sterile cotton wool swabs and inoculated into brain heart infusion broth. Subcultures were done onto blood agar and MacConkey's agar. Isolates were identified by standard methods up to species level. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to standardized disc diffusion Kirby-Bauer method. Each of the isolates was screened for methicillin resistance using oxacillin disc on Mueller Hinton agar plate followed by MIC for methicillin and cefoxitin susceptibility test by disc diffusion method. Sixty five out of 205 strains (31.7%) were Staphylococcus spp. and all of them were coagulase negative. Most of the strains belonged to S.epidermidis 49.23% (32/65) followed by S. saprophyticus 26.15% (17/65). Maximum isolates of S.epidermidis were from anterior nares 28.12% (9/32 strains of S.epidermidis). Highest number of methicillin resistant coagulase negative strains (3/9, 33.33%) were isolated from stethoscope of multidisciplinary cardiac unit ward followed by carriers in the anterior nares (2/9, 22.22%). Methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci are prevalent in anterior nares of hospital personnel and in the hospital environment thereby providing a definite source for hospital acquired infection. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and amikacin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Changing trends in the antibiograms of Salmonella isolates at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad.

The present study was undertaken to compare the changing trends of antibiograms of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A isolates. A total of 80 isolates of salmonella obtained from blood cultures between 2001-2004 were included in the study. Identification and antibiotic sensitivities of the isolates were performed by using mini API (bio Merieux, France). Sixty isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and 20 were identified as Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A. More than 67% of S.typhi and 80% of S.paratyphi A isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Sensitivity of S.typhi isolates to cephalosporins was found to have increased from 2001-2004 while that of S.paratyphi A showed a decline. With increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin and the possibility of re-emergence of sensitivity to chloramphenicol, the policy of empirical treatment of enteric fever needs to be rationalized.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

[Recommendations from MENSURA for selection of antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing and criteria for the interpretation of antibiograms].

This document includes the recommendations from the Spanish antibiogram committee (The MENSURA group, Mesa Española de Normalización de la Sensibilidad y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos, under the auspices of the Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica) for the selection of antimicrobials for susceptibility testing. Separate tables for each group of organism with proposed susceptibility and resistance breakpoints are updated and comparatively presented with those of other groups, such us NCCLS, CA-SFM and BSAC. The susceptibility breakpoint tends to identify the fully susceptible population, which probably lacks any specific resistance mechanism. The analysis of MIC distributions for different homogeneous populations (same species) is used to define breakpoints for susceptibility. The resistance breakpoint is based on pharmacological and clinical data obtained when the corresponding antibiotic is administered with a conventional schedule. The primary objective of the Spanish MENSURA group is to contribute to the international consensus on the establishment of breakpoints.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Isolation, characterisation and antibiogram of Enterococci from clinical samples.

During a one year study 2955 clinical specimens of pus, urine, wound swabs, blood cultures, discharges from fistula, peritoneal aspiration fluid, CSF and sputum were processed to find out the prevalence rate of enterococci. One hundred isolates (3.38%) of Enterococci were obtained which were speciated by conventional methods. The highest incidence was from isolates of urine (43%), pus (40%), wound swabs (11%), and the least incidence was noted in discharges from fistula (2%), blood cultures (2%) and peritoneal aspiration fluid (2%). 98% were Enterococci and among these 88% of the isolates were Enterococcus faecalis. Antibiogram of the isolates were done by Standard disc diffusion method and Vancomycin sensitivity was found to be 95%.

Enterococcus faecalis↗
PubMed2005

Antibiogram pattern of isolates from UTI cases in Eastern part of Nepal.

The present study was conducted to study antibiogram pattern of isolates from urinary tract infection (UTI) cases at a referral hospital in Eastern Nepal. Of the total 2,799 of urine samples studied, 720 (25.7%) were positive for some kinds of bacterial agents. Escherichia coli was most predominant organism (59.0%) followed by Klebsiella sp. (12.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.9%), Acinetobacter sp. (5.9%), Enterococcus sp. (4.2%) and others (2.6%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Services (NCCLS) guidelines. Most strains of Esch. coli and Klebsiella sp. were resistant to Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin. Ps. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. showed relatively higher resistance to Aminoglycosides. These organisms were often multidrug resistant. Ps. aeruginosa showed 68.0% resistance to even Ceftazidime. For Enterococcus sp. Nitrofurantion and Gentamicin were the drugs of choice. Of the all antimicrobial agents tested, Ciprofloxacin showed most disappointing result.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Therapeutic efficacy of the principal antitubercular drugs: an evaluation by antibiogram].

Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis is still encountered in clinical practice, sometimes in forms that are difficult to categorize nosographically. In this study, the therapeutic efficacy of the 6 main antitubercular drugs (rifampicin, streptomycin, isoniazide, ethambutol, kanamycin, para-aminosalicylic acid) in 20 patients with early TB of the lungs was assessed on the basis of antibiogram findings. Para-aminosalicylic acid was found to be the least effective; isoniazide, rifampicin and streptomycin were reasonably so; both kanamycin and ethambutol were extremely effective.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Peritonitis in intermittent peritoneal dialysis: microbiological aspects and the antibiogram].

Peritonitis is the most frequent complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis and bacteria are the major causative agents. Initial antibiotic therapy may be "blind" but the antimicrobial agent used should be related to the infecting organism and its sensitivities. This study was initiated in order to evaluate the microbiological characteristics and sensitivity of bacteria isolated from pre and post peritoneal dialysis effluents. Positive growth of microorganisms was observed in 52 out of 503 cultures. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were identified most frequently (29 per cent each). Antibiograms showed high sensitivity to aminoglycosides (netilmicin and amikacin) and to second and third generation cephalosporin. Vancomycin and netilmicin were the best choices for Staphylococcal infection. A high bacterial resistance to ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, cephalothin and gentamicin was verified. Characteristics of organisms causing peritonitis in patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis is very important, for selection of the initial antibiotic therapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

[Determination of antibiotype by a computer program. Epidemiological significance and antibiogram-identification correlates].

By means of a computer program disk diffusion diameter were analysed and an antibiotic susceptibility code (antibiotype) was determined for enterobacteriaceae. This code was a 6 figure-number. Each figure summarised susceptibility (susceptible or resistant) to 3 antibiotics. Thus a 18 serial antibiotics was necessary to calculate the 6 figure-code. At least following antibiotics were chosen for their characteristic behavior: amoxycillin, ticarcillin, amoxycillin + clavulanic acid, cephalothin, ticarcillin + clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, nalidixic acid, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin and colistin. This code allowed three kind of utilisation: epidemiology by comparing biochemical and susceptibility patterns of same isolated species; laboratory control: a data base with main antibiotic susceptibility patterns for each species allowed a rapid compatibility control of biochemical identification with antibiogram. An inconsistent result lead to a checking of biochemical and susceptibility tests or to record a new code in a file to a further enrichment of the data base. Impression of a message depending of the code for a therapeutic purpose.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urine cultures and antibiograms].

A review is made of the urocultures and antibiograms carried out in a period of two months in the Urology Department of a General Hospital. A comparative study is made with the other bacteriological results sent to the laboratory from the different Departments. A study is made of the sensitivity of the isolated stocks to the most widely used antibiotics.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1982

Pigments and antibiogram of transconjugants from nonpigmented mutants of Serratia marcescens.

Serratia marcescens produces a characteristic red pigment, prodigiosin, which is formed by the enzymatic coupling of 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-bipyrrole-5-carboxaldehyde (MBC) and 2-methyl-3-amylpyrrole (MAP). Many clinical isolates which are resistant to multiple antibiotics are nonpigmented. However, the relationship of pigmentation (or nonpigmentation) to drug resistance of the strains has not yet been established. In this study we demonstrated the pigment synthesizing capability in the transconjugants obtained from nonpigmented mutants WF and 9-3-3 of S. marcescens under the condition of cell-to-cell contact. Mutant WF produces MAP while mutant 9-3-3 synthesized only MBC. After genetic transfer, the color of the recombinant colonies was red indicating the successful transfer of the pigment synthesizing capability. The antibiogram of the transconjugants indicated that they inherited the resistance characteristics to polymyxin B and chloramphenicol from their parent strains. further supportive evidence was obtained by spectroscopic and high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the resulting pigments extracted from the pigmented transconjugants. The pigments produced by the transconjugants were similar, if not identical, to those produced by the wild type strain 08 and those synthesizes syntrophically. The possibility of simultaneous transfer of pigment synthesizing capability and drug resistance remains to be explored .

Conjugation, Genetic↗
PubMed1982

[Effect of serum factors on antibiograms].

The influence of serum factors on the antibiogram was investigated in 21 patients. The plate culture and the culture in tubes were used in combination. A different interaction of the 4 examined antimicrobiotics (gentamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin) with the serum factors was shown which were modified by the duration of the infection (pyelonephritis).

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1981

[Bacteria and their antibiograms (author's transl)].

The antibiograms of the most important pathogenic bacteria isolated from pigs and cattle in the laboratory of the Animal Health Service of the province of Gelderland during the period from 1974 up to and including 1979 are reviewed. The findings are compared with those during a previous period. Adverse developments were not found to be present as regards P. multocida, B. bronchiseptica, H. parahaemolyticus, streptococci and S. typhimurium in pigs. Only pathogenic E. coli as the causative organism of oedema disease (colibacillary) enterotoxaemia) showed reduced sensitivity to co-trimoxazole; an increase in sensitivity to streptomycin, tetracycline and neomycin was observed. The pattern of pathogenic E. coli in breeding calves showed a variable, through on the whole not so favourable picture. There was a negative development as regards S. dublin in veal calves in view of the fact that sensitivity, particularly that to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, but also that to furazolidone and co-trimazole, had diminished. In the case of S. typhimurium, there was a relationship between the sensitivity pattern and a number of phage types. Ever since 1977, P. haemolytica has shown a diminishing and partly variable sensitivity to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphonamide. This was the case to a far less extent with P. multocida.

Animals↗