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PubMed1988

The distribution and spread of schistosomiasis in relation to water resources development in Mali.

Schistosomiasis prevalence is known to be high in water resources development projects. Data from 225 villages and 34,434 persons were used to compare areas with irrigation in agricultural development projects, villages in the vicinity of small dams, settlements around a large artificial lake, communities along the Niger river and places in savanna areas without any irrigation programmes. For ten villages the prevalence rates before and after the creation of the large lake were analysed. In irrigated areas the risk of schistosomiasis infection was found to be six times higher than in savanna villages. Even in the vicinity of natural bodies of water the prevalence of infection was three times less than in agricultural development projects employing irrigation. A pre-valence of intense infections above 5%, indicating that schistosomiasis requires specialized interventions was observed only in areas with irrigation. Therefore schistosomiasis may be considered a man-made health problem in rural Mali although the infection is endemic in the whole country.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

[Tunsia: a pilot project on the conversion of tobacco farm production to more diversified agricultural crops].

The objective of the project which is presented in this article was to reconvert tobacco farms into agricultural endeavours which produce crops which are non-harmful to health, simultaneously allowing for agricultural development within a forestry ecosystem. The team, therefore, proposed an experimental pilot project to replace tobacco farms with other crops, namely fodder, tree and market crops. Fodder crops allow farms to reduce the burden put on the natural resources by the various types of farming present in the area. Furthermore, this policy contributes to the increase in revenue from those farms benefiting from the project and established a community structure for managing the project, which could become an Agricultural Development Cooperative at the close of the project.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1967

Sickle-cell trait in human biological and cultural evolution. Development of agriculture causing increased malaria is bound to gene-pool changes causing malaria reduction.

The particular agricultural adaptation we have been considering is the ultimate determinant of the presence of malaria parasites in the intracellular environment of the human red blood cell. This change in the cellular environment is deleterious for normal individuals, but individuals with the sickle-cell gene are capable of changing their red-cell environment so that intense parasitism never develops. Normal individuals suffer higher mortality rates and lower fertility rates in a malarious environment than individuals with the sickle-cell trait do, so the latter contribute proportionately more people to succeeding generations.

Africa, Eastern↗
PubMed1989

Pattern of poisoning in rural Sri Lanka.

An epidemiology study of poisoning was done in a geographically defined area in rural Sri Lanka, a developing agricultural country. The incidence of poisoning was 75 per 100,000 population and the death rate was very high (22 per 100,000 population). Both were highest in the age group 15-34 and there were significant ethnic differences in the incidence of poisoning. Agrochemicals were responsible for 59% of all poisonings. Paraquat was the commonest poisoning agent with a high fatality rate of 68%. Use of highly toxic agents may have resulted in deaths where there was no intention to commit suicide. Strict legislation regarding the sale, distribution and storage of agrochemicals could result in the reduction of mortality and perhaps the incidence of poisoning, in developing agricultural countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Determining stressor presence in streams receiving urban and agricultural runoff: development of a benthic in situ toxicity identification evaluation method.

Determining toxicity in streams during storm-water runoff can be highly problematic because of the fluctuating exposures of a multitude of stressors and the difficulty of linking these dynamic exposures with biological effects. An underlying problem with assessing storm-water quality is determining if toxicity exists and then which contaminant is causing the toxicity. The goal of this research is to provide an alternative to standard toxicity testing methods by incorporating an in situ toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) approach. A benthic in situ TIE bioassay (BiTIE) was developed for separating key chemical classes of stressors in streams during both low- and high-flow events to help discern between point and nonpoint sources of pollution. This BiTIE method allows for chemical class fractionation through the use of resins, and these resins are relatively specific for removing nonpolar organics (Dowex Optipore), ammonia (zeolite), and polywool (control). Three indigenous aquatic insects, a mayfly (Isonychia spp.), a caddisfly (Hydropsyche spp.), and a water beetle (Psephenus herricki), were placed in BiTIE chambers that were filled with natural substrates. Acute 96-h exposures were conducted at Honey Creek, New Carlisle, Ohio, USA (reference site), and Little Beavercreek, Beavercreek, Ohio, USA (impaired site). At both sites, significant (p < 0.025) stressor responses were observed using multiple species with polywool or no resin (control) treatments exhibiting < 80% survival and resin treatments with >80% survival. The BiTIE method showed stressor-response relationships in both runoff and base flow events during 96-h exposures. The method appears useful for discerning stressors with indigenous species in situ.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1976

The development of agricultural antibiotics in Japan.

Agricultural antibiotics are very hopeful biodegradable pesticides which are expected to be from environmental pollution. The outline of the present status of agricultural antibiotics used or tested at present for practical application in Japan is presental in this paper.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The epidemiology of pesticide exposure and cancer: A review.

Cancer is a multifactorial disease with contributions from genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Pesticide exposure is recognized as an important environmental risk factor associated with cancer development. The epidemiology of pesticide exposure and cancer in humans has been studied globally in various settings. Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are associated with hemopoetic cancers, and cancers of the prostate, pancreas, liver, and other body systems. The involvement of pesticides in breast cancer has not yet been determined. In developing countries, sufficient epidemiologic research and evidence is lacking to link pesticide exposure with cancer development. Agricultural and industrial workers are high-risk groups for developing cancer following pesticide exposure. Children of farm workers can be exposed to pesticides through their parents. Maternal exposure to pesticides can pose a health risk to the fetus and the newborn. The organophosphates are most the commonly used compounds, but the organochlorines are still permitted for limited use in developing countries. Pesticide exposure, independently or in synergism with modifiable risk factors, is associated with several types of cancer.

Agriculture↗