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PubMed1993

Successful adolescent development among youth in high-risk settings.

A new, interdisciplinary paradigm is emerging in developmental psychology. It includes contextual as well as individual variation and is more consonant with the complexity of adolescent behavior and development than traditional research paradigms. Social problems, such as poverty and racial discrimination, and the ways that young people negotiate adolescence successfully, are objects of research. A research program sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation, that embodies the new paradigm, is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Female-to-male transsexuals compared to lesbians: behavioral patterns of childhood and adolescent development.

We report detailed interview data on a clinical sample (N = 15) of female-to-male transsexuals (FTs) compared to a matched research sample (N = 15) of lesbians (Ls). Both groups were relatively young, with a mean age of 21 years 10 months (FTs) and 23 years 8 months (Ls), respectively, and were of middle or lower SES. Both groups did not differ from each other in respect to frequency of tomboyish behavior or interest in doll play and other aspects of materanl rehearsal. Male peer preference was more often remembered among the FTs, but the difference between the groups was only of borderline significance. The groups differed significantly regarding childhood cross-dressing (80% for FTs, 0% for Ls), gender identity confusion in adolescence (absent among Ls), and negative reaction to breast development and menarche (approximately 70% for FTs, 10% for Ls). The similarities and differences between the two groups in childhood and adolescent development are relevant for clinical management and the differential diagnosis of transsexualism vs. lesbianism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Parental discord, divorce and adolescent development.

The impact of parental discord and divorce on adolescent well-being and behaviour was studied. School children (n = 2194) aged 15 to 16 completed questionnaires in the class-room. Children in divorced families and in families of discord experienced more distress symptoms than children in intact families. Lower school performance was associated with divorce, but not with parental discord. Sex differences were found in self-esteem: girls in divorced families reported the lowest self-esteem, whereas boys in families of discord reported lower self-esteem than boys in the other groups. Group differences in reported self-image were small. Compared with children in intact families, the observed differences were in girls mainly in the divorced group and in boys in the group of marital discord. In both sexes abundant alcohol use and in boys delinquent acts were more common in families of discord or divorce than in intact families.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Triangulation and adolescent development in the U.S. and Japan.

Using an indirect measure of family structure, relationships between parents and adolescents were studied in 99 U. S. and 60 Japanese families. As two-person relationships tend toward instability under stress, a third person may be drawn in to stabilize the system. Parents, for example, may avoid the tension in the marital relationship by focusing together on an adolescent's problem, or pull the adolescent into a coalition with one parent. Either way the parents are said to have "triangled" the adolescent. In this study, a relationship is found between parents avoiding tension in their own relationship and their tendency to triangle an adolescent. Triangled daughters, in both cultures, had lower scores on ego development, supporting the hypothesis that such patterns can be detrimental to the adolescent's personal development. The discussion includes comments on cross-cultural research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Vicissitudes of adolescent development and its relationship to young adulthood.

Present day psychoanalysis of adolescents is separate from that of adults. It must include an adolescent-young adult period. Knowledge of interactional family influences, that is, power demands with limited communication, plus frequent divorce, make special demands. Internalizaton of the therapist helps neutralize some of the comflict. This is a period when only a piece of the therapeutic work can be achieved and can satisfy neither parents nor adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Social contract and social integration in adolescent development.

Eighty-nine subjects from two high schools were tested during the spring of their sophomore and senior years, when their mean ages were 16 years, 1 month, and 18 years, 1 month, respectively. Composites measured social contract with: (a) independence, (b) implicit social contract, societal norms and expectations, and (c) explicit social contracts, rules. Composites and single items measured social integration with: (d) role commitment, (e) social-American Dream, accepting the belief in the American Dream that hard work would lead to social success, (f) self-American Dream, belief that hard work will produce personal satisfaction and success, (g) raw deal, perceptions of being treated unfairly, (h) self-blame, and (i) feelings of hopelessness. The results of the cross-lagged panel correlations generally support the hypothesis that students respond to implicit social contracts through role commitment, which is further expressed by a belief in the American Dream for social fulfillment, while responding to the perception of explicit social contracts by not believing in the benefits of the American Dream for personal fulfillment. These results were interpreted as supporting Dienstbier's theory of moral development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Trends in adolescent development in the People's Republic of China.

Interest in adolescence and adolescent medicine has dramatically increased among medical professionals in the past few years in the People's Republic of China. This article will focus on changing medical practices towards adolescents in the People's Republic since 1949. It is not at all meant to be exhaustive, but rather to indicate the range of medical work extent on adolescent medicine. The 'tasks' of adolescence, as presently understood in the West, such as individuation, separation from family, and sexual identity will be examined in a Chinese context. Changing patterns in birth control, vocational choice, and youth group organizations will then be covered. Finally, attention will be drawn to recent Chinese research on adolescence which has appeared in English language journals. Research for this article comes from a lecture and research period spent in the People's Republic from January to March 1981. Follow-up correspondence and research exchange has continued to this writing. Approximately 25 cities were visited with lectures and professional exchange occurring in six: Beijing, Shanghai, Kaifent, Chengdu, Wuhan and Changsha. Though the cultural context is different, it became clear that there are many similarities between the adolescent process in the United States and the People's Republic of China.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Condom use among South African adolescents: developing and testing theoretical models of intentions and behavior.

We developed and tested models of intentions and behavior among adolescents from Cape Town, South Africa. Data from 261 participants who completed an initial measure of attitudes, beliefs, and prior behavior were used to develop a model of intentions to use condoms based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and additional constructs found to be important in previous research with adolescents. Of the initial sample, 227 (87%) completed a behavioral follow-up 4 months later, and approximately one-third of those (n=72; 44 boys and 30 girls) reported having had sex in the prior 4 months. Data from this smaller sample were used to develop a model of condom use behavior based on intentions (as per the TPB) and the additional sub-population relevant constructs. Analyses generally supported the validity of the TPB in this context for predicting intentions and behavior. HIV knowledge and positive outlook (self-esteem and future optimism) were significantly related to TPB predictors of intentions. Intentions, acceptance of sexuality, and gender were significant predictors of behavior. Implications for the status of the TPB and the design of interventions for South African adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗