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PubMed1987

Digital waveform generation by fractional addressing.

This article concerns the generation of waveforms by a digital oscillator in which sampled data in a memory buffer are recycled. The buffer contains a fixed waveform and the output sample rate is also fixed. Despite these constraints, the oscillator is capable of arbitrarily high frequency resolution if the technique of fractional addressing is used. However, fractional addressing introduces distortion. This article gives a theory of fractional addressing, resembling the theory of diffraction in crystal lattices with a basis. The theory shows how the spectrum of the distortion components can be calculated and how the distortion can be minimized. Attention is called to numerous symmetries in the distortion spectrum. These symmetries are especially interesting if the purpose of the system is to make use of the distortion components to create inharmonic signals. Of particular importance is the gamma p symmetry theorem, which makes it possible to derive simple formulas for the level of the largest distortion component and for the total distortion power.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1985

Therapist actions that address initially poor therapeutic alliances in psychotherapy.

The authors studied six patients treated in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy who had initially poor therapeutic alliance scores; three patients went on to have improved alliances and good outcomes, and three had unimproved alliances and poor outcomes. The therapist actions that most strongly differentiated the two groups and occurred more frequently in the cases with improved alliances and good outcomes were 1) addressing the patient's defenses, 2) addressing the patient's guilt and expectation of punishment, 3) addressing the patient's problematic feelings in relation to the therapist, and 4) linking the problematic feelings in relation to the therapist with the patient's defenses.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2002

Using community-based participatory research to address social determinants of health: lessons learned from Seattle Partners for Healthy Communities.

Seattle Partners for Healthy Communities (SPHC) is a multidisciplinary collaboration of community agencies, community activists, public health professionals, academics, and health providers who conduct research aimed at improving the health of urban, socioeconomically marginalized Seattle communities. SPHC uses a community-based participatory research approach to address social factors that affect the health of these communities. This article describes three SPHC projects that focus on social determinants of health, particularly the development of social support and improving housing quality. The characteristics of community participation in each of these projects are discussed and show a spectrum of participation. Although projects successfully addressed proximal social factors affecting health, influencing more distal underlying factors was more difficult. Implications for researchers using a community-based participatory research approach and public health practitioners seeking to engage communities in addressing social determinants of health are presented.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1997

Psychiatrists and their patients: views on forms of dress and address.

BACKGROUND: Dress styles and forms of address vary among psychiatrists. METHOD: A semi-structured interview was administered to a sample of psychiatric in-patients, and a questionnaire was sent to junior and consultant psychiatrists, to identify preferences for dress styles and terms of address. RESULTS: Forty-nine (71%) of the in-patient sample participated. A preference was found for smart attire and white coats. Of the 69 (80%) doctors returning questionnaires, the majority supported smart dress as the most appropriate attire. Most patients preferred to be called by their first name while addressing doctors by title and surname. Junior doctors preferred to use first names when talking to patients while almost all consultants used title and surname. Doctors of all grades liked to be called by their title and surname. CONCLUSIONS: Paying more attention to the way we present ourselves and interact at work may help to facilitate the therapeutic alliance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Addressing community concerns about asthma and air toxics.

People with asthma who live near or downwind from a source of toxic emissions commonly express concerns about the possible impact of hazardous air pollution on their health, especially when these emissions are visible or odorous. Citizens frequently turn to their local and state health departments for answers, but health departments face many challenges in addressing these concerns. These challenges include a lack of asthma statistics at the local level, limited exposure information, and a paucity of scientific knowledge about the contributions of hazardous air pollutants to asthma induction or exacerbation. Health agencies are creatively developing methods to address these challenges while working toward improving asthma surveillance data at the state and local levels. Recent community health investigations suggest that hazardous air pollutants that are occupational asthmagens or associated with odors may deserve more attention. In seeking to address community concerns about hazardous air pollution and asthma, community health investigations may also help to fill gaps in our scientific knowledge and identify areas for further research or environmental intervention. The solutions to community problems associated with environmental contamination and asthma, however, require sustained, coordinated efforts by public and private groups and citizens. Public health agencies can make a unique contribution to this effort, but additional resources and support will be required to develop information systems and epidemiologic capacity at the state and local levels.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1999

What are animal science departments doing to address contemporary issues?

Animal science departments are principle progenitors and disseminators of scientific information relating to the production of agricultural animals and their food products. The Land-Grant university missions of teaching, research, and extension are conduits designed to advance and enhance scientific knowledge within agriculture and to make this knowledge available to the public. I conducted an electronic survey to determine whether animal science departments are addressing contemporary issues through the traditional missions of the Land-Grant university system, which issues they are addressing, and how they are addressing these issues. Sixty-three animal science department administrative heads (AH) were contacted through an E-mail listserve maintained through Michigan State University. An introductory letter described the goals of the survey and asked the AH to submit contact information for faculty coordinators of teaching, research, and extension within their departments. Forty-nine percent of the administrative heads responded and submitted contact information for 72 faculty members. Survey questions were sent to the identified faculty. The total survey return was 38.9%, 37.7% of the respondents answered questions for teaching, 31.1% for research, and 31.1% for extension. Animal waste, animal welfare, and food safety are examples of issues where all three missions have concentrated efforts. However, graduate student education on issues was identified as lacking emphasis. Animal science departments are responding to contemporary issues in all three of the Land-Grant mission components.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Randomised controlled trials addressing Australian aboriginal health needs: a systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and design of controlled clinical trials specifically addressing the health needs of Aboriginal Australians. METHODOLOGY: Electronic searching of Medline, the Australasian Medical Index, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health bibliographic database, and handsearching of Aboriginal Health: an annotated bibliography. Studies that met the following selection criteria were included: i) addressed an Aboriginal health problem, ii) had a formal description of methods and results, and iii) compared the health effects of an intervention with a concurrent control group. All summary data were extracted by a single author. RESULTS: Only 13 studies were identified. Nine were randomised controlled trials and four were controlled trials but not randomised. Only one of these involved adults, which is unexpected. Although important Aboriginal child health issues were addressed in 12 of the 13 studies, most were undertaken many years ago and may not be familiar to Australian paediatricians. The majority appeared to be designed appropriately. Interestingly, the two studies not published in the medical literature had the largest sample size. There is no evidence that the number of published clinical trials involving Aboriginal Australians is increasing, or that long-term applied clinical research programmes have been established. CONCLUSION: There is a profound lack of well-designed studies assessing medical interventions. This is further evidence that Australia has failed to develop a research infrastructure able to inform health care in Aboriginal communities. Adults appear especially disadvantaged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Disease surveillance in rural communities is compromised by address geocoding uncertainty: a case study of campylobacteriosis.

This study illustrates the impact of address geocoding uncertainty on rural estimates of reportable disease incidence using campylobacteriosis as an example. After all cases of campylobacteriosis notified from 1993 to 1997 had been geocoded, the minimum and maximum disease notification rates were calculated for rural and urban areas of New Zealand. The estimated maximum rural rates were four times higher than estimated minimum rural rates, whereas estimated minimum and maximum urban rates varied minimally. The impact of address geocoding on the estimation of disease notification rates across Public Health Service Regions showed considerable variation. The relative proportions of ungeocoded notifications to rural notifications ranged from 1.3:1 to 10.2:1, reflecting the range of uncertainty in estimated rural rates of campylobacteriosis. Unless the reliability of captured rural address data is improved significantly, disease surveillance systems will underestimate rural rates of disease and limit small area analyses.

Campylobacter Infections↗
PubMed1992

[A new measure for degree of urbanization: the address density of the surrounding area].

A new method of measuring the degree of urbanization of a given area, developed by the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics, is introduced. "The measure classifies areas according to what is called address density of the surroundings: the average address density within a radius of 1 km of an address in the area." The advantages are discussed, and the measure is used to classify the 647 municipalities in the Netherlands into five groups according to urbanization level. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMed2003

[Use of national French health insurance register to identify the current address of a cohort].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of the Registre National Inter-régimes des bénéficaires de l'Assurance-Maladie (RNIAM), which is the French register of health insurance, in order to identify the present address of subjects who have lived in the Beaumont-Hague county, France, between 1978 and 1998, when they were less than 25 years old. METHODS: A cohort of 4,118 persons was defined by consulting school and civil status registers from three villages. We drew at random 824 subjects and between October 2000 and August 2001, we asked the RNIAM to locate them. For each subject, the usual identification parameters (first name, last name, birth date and eventually birth place) were provided. In case of a doubt concerning these parameters, a second request was undertaken with a slight modification. RESULTS: Altogether, 94.5% of the included people were identified by the RNIAM. Identification was better for people born in France than for those born abroad (97% versus 52%) and 84.5% of people were linked to a health insurance regimen. The RNIAM was able to identify a correct address for 68.7% of the subjects. CONCLUSION: The RNIAM seems promising for further epidemiological investigations. Nonetheless, it still remains insufficient by itself to identify addresses. Other means (tax records) should be evaluated and associated with the register data.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Local health department effectiveness in addressing the core functions of public health.

Objective 8.14 of the Year 2000 National Health Objectives calls for 90 percent of the population to be served by a local health department effectively carrying out the three core functions of public health--assessment, policy development, and assurance. To provide a benchmark of local health department effectiveness in addressing the core functions and to assess implications for achieving the year 2000 target, a random national sample (stratified by jurisdiction and population base) of local health departments was surveyed to determine self-reported compliance with 10 public health practice performance measures that operationalize the core functions. Overall compliance with the 10 performance measures was 50 percent, based on weighted responses of 208 responding health departments. Compliance was highest for the practices related to the assurance function and least for practices related to the policy development function. Compliance was also high for departments serving a population of 50,000 or more and those smaller departments organized at the city and city-county levels. Using two different definitions developed by the investigators, 19 and 31 percent of the health departments were judged to be effective in addressing the core functions of public health. These data suggest that less than 40 percent of the U.S. population was served by a health department effectively addressing the core functions of public health in 1993. It appears that considerable capacity building within the public health system will be needed to achieve the year 2000 target of 90 percent.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1993

Do elderly patients mind how doctors address them?

A survey was carried out in the Geriatric Unit at Cork Regional Hospital to determine how elderly patients would like to be addressed by their doctor. Two hundred patients over the age of 65 were given a Questionnaire asking them to state their preference. Only a minority (4.5%) expressed a definite preference for the formal mode of address. The remainder either did not mind (38%) or preferred to be addressed by their first name (57.5%). We concluded that most elderly patients do have a preference and this should be established on admission.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of kinetic parameters of glucose oxidase and alpha-chymotrypsin, immobilized in polymeric matrices, using a light-addressable sensor].

Light-addressable potentiometric sensors were prepared by immobilizing glucose oxidase or alpha-chymotrypsin on the surface of a pH-sensitive electrode. Two methods of immobilization were used: incorporation into a hydrophilic matrix of bovine serum albumin and incorporation into a hydrophobic matrix of modified polyethylenimine. The glucose oxidase and alpha-chymotrypsin preparations immobilized in the polyethylenimine matrix were characterized by the Michaelis constant values of 6.0 and 3.1. mM, respectively, and by pH optimums at 6.0-7.2 and 7.0-8.0, respectively. These values are consistent with results obtained by other methods. Therefore, light-addressable potentiometric sensors can be used in combination with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic matrices. The ability to combine light-addressable potentiometric sensors with hydrophobic matrices provides an opportunity for the development of potentiometric biosensors for detecting substances poorly soluble in water.

Biosensing Techniques↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evolutionary adaptations of gene structure and expression in natural populations in relation to a changing environment: a multidisciplinary approach to address the million-year saga of a small fish.

We have used an experimentally based strategy to address molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation in Fundulus heteroclitus. In an attempt to falsify the hypothesis that selection is a major driving force in the maintenance of genetic diversity, we employed a multidisciplinary approach including allelic isozyme and mtDNA phylogeography, kinetic analyses of allelic isozymes, analysis of variation in coding and regulatory DNA sequences, metabolic biochemistry, organismal physiology, and selection experiments. Observed differences in gene structure and expression led us to make testable predictions about differences in metabolic flux, whole organism performance, and differential survival between allotypes. We have shown that variation in the lactate dehydrogenase-B (Ldh-B) protein results in differences in physiological function and is correlated with differences in survival at high temperatures. Recent work has investigated the role of variation in Ldh-B expression. There are differences in the levels of Ldh-B protein, mRNA, and transcription rate. We have addressed the mechanisms responsible for differences in transcription rate by a combination of sequence comparison, DNase I footprinting, and functional analyses both in vitro and in vivo. We have shown that variation in the regulatory sequence of Ldh-B is responsible for the differences in transcription rate between populations and that the patterns of variation are inconsistent with a neutral model of molecular evolution. This functional differentiation, coupled with departures from neutral expectations, suggests that natural selection has acted on the regulation of Ldh-B. This article illustrates the value of a multidisciplinary approach in addressing problems in gene structure, expression, and evolutionary adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Presidential address, 2001. Roots and relevance.

The infrastructure, focus and modus operandi of the Canadian Orthopaedic Association (COA) has been changed to effectively address the needs of the Association in this new century, as well as the possibility of a diminished interest in orthopedic surgery as a career choice. These issues are dealt with in this COA presidential address given at the COA annual general meeting in June 2001.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Issues for covariance analysis of dichotomous and ordered categorical data from randomized clinical trials and non-parametric strategies for addressing them.

Analysis of covariance is an effective method for addressing two considerations for randomized clinical trials. One is reduction of variance for estimates of treatment effects and thereby the production of narrower confidence intervals and more powerful statistical tests. The other is the clarification of the magnitude of treatment effects through adjustment of corresponding estimates for any random imbalances between the treatment groups with respect to the covariables. The statistical basis of covariance analysis can be either non-parametric, with reliance only on the randomization in the study design, or parametric through a statistical model for a postulated sampling process. For non-parametric methods, there are no formal assumptions for how a response variable is related to the covariables, but strong correlation between response and covariables is necessary for variance reduction. Computations for these methods are straightforward through the application of weighted least squares to fit linear models to the differences between treatment groups for the means of the response variable and the covariables jointly with a specification that has null values for the differences that correspond to the covariables. Moreover, such analysis is similarly applicable to dichotomous indicators, ranks or integers for ordered categories, and continuous measurements. Since non-parametric covariance analysis can have many forms, the ones which are planned for a clinical trial need careful specification in its protocol. A limitation of non-parametric analysis is that it does not directly address the magnitude of treatment effects within subgroups based on the covariables or the homogeneity of such effects. For this purpose, a statistical model is needed. When the response criterion is dichotomous or has ordered categories, such a model may have a non-linear nature which determines how covariance adjustment modifies results for treatment effects. Insight concerning such modifications can be gained through their evaluation relative to non-parametric counterparts. Such evaluation usually indicates that alternative ways to compare treatments for a response criterion with adjustment for a set of covariables mutually support the same conclusion about the strength of treatment effects. This robustness is noteworthy since the alternative methods for covariance analysis have substantially different rationales and assumptions. Since findings can differ in important ways across alternative choices for covariables (as opposed to methods for covariance adjustment), the critical consideration for studies with covariance analyses planned as the primary method for comparing treatments is the specification of the covariables in the protocol (or in an amendment or formal plan prior to any unmasking of the study.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Addressing national and regional health needs: a framework for health planning.

Completion of the first decade since the Alma-Ata Declaration of 'health for all' (1978) has led to numerous appraisals, in international forums, of progress achieved by the current primary health care strategy. Although this strategy appears to have contributed to improvements in selected health outcomes, changing circumstances in many developing countries may now require a more flexible and country-specific approach to health care programming. This article argues for the development of a pragmatic framework: to articulate problems which should be addressed in the development of national health programs; and, to organize concepts and methodologies to address these problems. Such a framework should enable an assessment of currently implicit value judgments, and enable strategies to be considered that assess several input and output variables simultaneously. Moreover, this framework would, we believe, further the goal of improved health delivery at a national level, and serve as a guide for further methodologic and conceptual development.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1999

Addressing human variability in risk assessment--the robustness of the intraspecies uncertainty factor.

Addressing human variability and sensitive subpopulations is one of the challenges of risk assessment and is an important aspect of the Food Quality Protection Act, the law passed in 1996 that regulates food use pesticides in the United States. The intraspecies uncertainty factor is intended to address differences in susceptibility within the human population. This paper examines the history and scientific basis for the intraspecies uncertainty factor. Our best source of knowledge about human variability in the response to chemicals comes from clinical trials of pharmaceuticals. This large body of data allows both qualitative and quantitative characterization of variability in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in the general population and in subgroups such as children. The preponderance of evidence in the areas of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics supports the routine use of an intraspecies uncertainty factor in the range of 1-10 as being protective of greater than 99% of the human population. The intraspecies uncertainty factor is highly protective of various subpopulations, including infants and children.

Animals↗