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Results for “Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced”

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PubMed1976

The effects of gonadal irradiation in clinical radiation therapy: a review.

Recent improvements in radiation therapy of some malignancies in lower abdominal sites are leading to a prolongation of life in persons of child-bearing age. These successes require an evaluation of the possible undersirable consequences of the unavoidable gonadal irradiation that occurs in these cases. A review of radiobiological data from experimental animal studies and retrospective clinical studies suggests that in most instances human gonadal exposures in both sexes are insufficient to cause permanent sterility, because the exposures are fractionated and the total gonadal dose is much less than 600 rads. As a consequence, return of fertility must be anticipated, and the worrison questions of radiation-induced genetic damage in subsequent pregnancies must be addressed. This review did not substantiate this fear, because no case reports could be found of malformed infants among the progeny of previously irradiated parents. Some experimental studies suggest that radiation-damaged spermatogonia are self-destructive, but any evidence for this phenomenon in the ovary is nonexistent. We suggest that the difference between fact and theory here may be the mathematical result of the interplay of low probability for occurrences and the few patients who until now have survived long enough for study.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

Acute monocytic leukemia in an irradiated Beagle.

A purebred female Beagle dog that had received 2,000 R of protracted wholebody gamma-irradiation from 60Co when 14 months old had hematologic changes consistent with a myeloproliferative disorder 3 years after the termination of radiation exposure. Peripheral blood and bone marrow findings during the 7-month period before death showed progressive anemia with increased numbers of platelets; immature granulocytes, monocytes and promonocytes. A period of partial remission occurred during which time the peripheral blood was aleukemic, although there was marked thrombocytosis and abnormal erythropoiesis which was evidenced by bizarre circulating nucleated red cells, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and Howell-Jolly bodies. The dog had a terminal crisis with marked leukocytosis, most cells in the peripheral blood being bizarre monocytes and promonocytes. Tissues obtained at necropsy showed diffuse as well as focal infiltration of the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal wall with immature neoplastic cells resembling monocytes and monocytic precursors. The monocytic differentiation of the invasive cell population was confirmed by morphological, cytochemical, histological, ultrastructural and in vitro cell culture studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Mantel-Haenszel analysis of Oxford data. II. Independent effects of fetal irradiation subfactors.

A Mantel-Haenszel analysis of fetal irradiation subfactors indicated that most of the "extra" X-rayed cases in the Oxford Survey of Childhood Cancers were radiation induced. First trimester exposures were rare but probably ten times more dangerous than later exposures. Ratios of observed: expected numbers of cancer deaths were lower for children with abnormal X-rays than for other X-rayed children, and lower for recent than remote exposures. The first of these differences was probably due to several antenatal conditions having positive associations with obstetric radiography and several causes of early (noncancer) deaths; the second one was probably due to a progressive lowering of film doses between 1940 and the present time. A rare cause of fetal irradiation (hydramnios), whose associations with congenital defects are well documented, led to the discovery that two faults in the International Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death have contributed to mistaken ideas about the etiology of childhood cancers: Neoplasms were not listed among the official causes of stillbirths, and cystic tumors of the kidneys and lungs of infants were not listed as neoplasms.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Long-term effects on external radiation on the pituitary and thyroid glands.

Chronic damage following external irradiation of the normal pituitary and thyroid glands, delivered incidentally during radiotherapy of neoplasms of the head and neck may be more common than has been appreciated in the past. A case of a child who developed pituitary dwarfism 5 1/2 years after radiation therapy has been delivered for an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the naso-pharynx is described. A review of similar cases from the literature is presented. Likewise, external irradiation of the normal thyroid gland produces a spectrum of radiation-induced syndromes. Clinical damage to the pituitary and thyroid glands is usually manifested months to years after treatment and is preceded by a long subclinical phase. A careful exclusion of these glands from radiation treatment fields is recommended whenever possible. An early detection of endocrine function abnormalities in patients receiving radiation to these glands is desirable, since appropriate treatment may prevent the deleterious effects of external irradiation of the pituitary and thyroid glands.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Parathyroid adenomas following irradiation.

Parathyroid adenomas have been demonstrated to occur following external head and neck irradiation. The median latency interval is 30 years. In a series of 74 consecutive patients with histologically diagnosed parathyroid adenomas, 25% gave a history of prior radiation exposure. When compared to a matched control incidence of 7.9%, statistical significance is reached at p less than 0.01. Thyroid abnormalities were present in 68% of the irradiated patients, and 30% of these were malignant. Tumor of skin, breast, and parotid gland also occurrred more frequently than expected. Forty-seven percent of the irradiated group had malignant neoplasms within the radiation field. The histopathology of the radiation-associated parathyroid adenomas is similar to that seen experimentally.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1979

Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloproliferative syndrome following radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: cytogenetic studies.

Seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one of malignant myeloproliferative syndrome were identified from a pool of 189 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and CLL treated primarily with extensive radiotherapy at the Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health. Four patients also received chemotherapy, two for only short periods. The median time interval from the diagnosis of the primary malignancy to the development of leukemia was 61 months (range 33 to 98 months) and the median survival after the diagnosis of leukemia was two months (0 to 9 months). All eight patients were cytogenetically abnormal and serial chromosome studies revealed that hypodiploidy was the most commonly observed chromosomal abnormality. Abnormalities of chromosome no. 7 were seen in all five patients analyzed by the chromosome banding technique; four of them had monosomy 7. The next most frequently involved chromosome was no. 5. The complexity, extensive nature, and long duration of the cytogenetic abnormalities prior to the diagnosis of leukemia in these patients may be characteristic of secondary leukemia in radiation-treated lymphoma and the presence of such anomalies may predict leukemic transformation.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloproliferative syndrome following radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical studies.

Seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one case of a malignant myeloproliferative syndrome have been seen after extensive radiation therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A myeloproliferative syndrome with abnormalities in granulocytic, erythrocytic, and thrombocytic cell lines was present in all patients and in seven patients preceded ANLL by 2--18 months. The median time to the development of ANLL after primary disease therapy was 61 months (33--98 range). The leukemia was extremely refractory to therapy and median survival after diagnosis of ANLL was two months (range 0--9 months). Leukemia was seen only in those patients who received multiple courses and multiple techniques of radiation therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Correlation between radiological, scintigraphic and histological changes in bone in rabbits following irradiation with single and fractionated doses (author's transl)].

The left hind legs of eight rabbits were irradiated with 1.750 rad in a single dose or with 4,650 rad divided over a period of three weeks. These animals, as well as four who had not been irradiated, were examined periodically radiologically and with 99m Technetium pyrophosphate scintigrams during one year. No difference could be detected between the results of the single and fractionated doses. Scintigraphically there was a biphasic increase in uptake, the first peak co-inciding with the irradiation and of vascular origin, whereas the second peak occurred at four months and was due to a change in bone metabolism. At the end of a year uptake in the irradiated limb was slightly reduced. The earliest radiological changes were found after six months, at the end of the second scintigraphic peak; they consisted of coarsening and blurring of the trabeculae, nonhomogeneous spotty mineralisation and endosteal scalloping. Six animals developed a radiation-induced bone sarcoma, first demonstrated either by scintigraphy or radiology depending on its histology. The value of combining radiological and scintigraphic examinations for the early detection of post-radiation abnormalities is stressed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Trisomy no. 15 in murine thymomas induced by chemical carcinogens, X-irradiation, and an endogenous murine leukemia virus.

Chromosome banding techniques were used to examine the karyotype of tumor cells from thymic lymphomas induced by three different carcinogens (X-irradiation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and an endogenous leukemogenic virus) after injection into neonatal mice of 2 different inbred mouse strains (CFW/D and C57BL/Ka). A total of 89 tumors were studied, and of these 85.4% were characterized by a modal chromosome number of 41. The additional chromosome was the result of a specific abnormality identified as trisomy of chromosome no. 15. The results obtained were independent of the carcinogenic agents and the strain of mouse used. Of the 13 tumors found to have a normal chromosome complement, 4 were induced by X-irradiation and the remaining 9 by the chemical carcinogens. All 15 virus-induced tumors analyzed had a modal chromosome number of 41.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microwave radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in corneal epithelium of Chinese hamsters.

A microwave diathermy machine was used to irradiate the eyes of 5-month-old female Chinese hamsters. The right eye of each of seven animals was irradiated with 75 mW/cm2 radiation density for 10 minutes. After one month, slit-lamp examinations revealed lens opacities in the exposed eyes of two animals. Next, the right eye of each of 32 animals was irradiated with 100 mW/cm2 radiation density for 30, 20, 10, or 5 minutes. Epithelial cells of the cornea were collected to make chromosomal preparations. There were 0.1562, 0.0794, 0.0819, and 0.0488 chromosomal breaks per cell, respectively. No chromosomal breaks were observed in three sham-exposed animals. The percentage of abnormal cells and the number of chromosomal breaks per cell in animals that had exposures of 100 mW/cm2 radiation density for 30 minutes were higher than those in control animals. These results were statistically significant at the 5 percent level.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of single dose supervoltage whole brain radiation in Macaca mulatta.

Three groups of four Macaca mulatta were exposed respectively to a single dose of 1000, 1500, and 2000 rads of 20 MeV whole brain radiation with one animal from each group and a control scheduled for sacrifice at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. With 1000 rads there were no abnormalities. The characteristic lesions in the animals exposed to 1500 and 2000 rads were small foci of delayed radiation necrosis that in the acute phase were relatively large due to marked local accumulation of edema fluid and at later stages were decreased in volume and showed early mineralization. Correspondingly the monkeys frequently showed papilledema, evidently from brain swelling, as the initial clinical finding, and upon histological examination at later stages, brain atrophy and ventricular dilatation. After exposure to 1500 rads the necrotic process was primarily in the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere and progressed from a small number of lesions in this location at 6 months to confluent necrosis at 12 months. At 18 and 24 months, although there was no evidence of further necrosis, there was evidence of increasing gliosis and at 24 months the occurrence of three independent glioblastomas. With exposure to 2000 rads there was a profuse wide scatter of focal necrotic lesions with a predilection for the basis pontis and a clinical deficit inconsistent with survival past 6 months. Accumulation of minute mineral deposits and atherosclerotic plaques were also noted in these monkeys and appeared to be related to both dose and survival time.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Hereditary melanotic tumors of Drosophila. Determination of the tumorous transformation of larva hemocytes].

Two different phenomena contribute to the histogenesis of melanotic formations in tumoral strains of drosophila : an abnormal multiplication of certain blood cells and their encapsulation by normal hemocytes. The statistical distribution of melanotic tumors in populations of individuals submitted during precise periods of their life to the action of agents such as supraoptimal temperature or ionizing radiations, permits to suggest for the tumoral transformation of larval hemocytes in drosophila, the following mechanism : this transformation is caused by an event occuring in the cytoplasm and determined by the activity of a nuclear gene.

Animals↗