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At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Prior arm exercise speeds the VO2 kinetics during arm exercise above the heart level.

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that the initial O2 uptake kinetics during exercise where the rise in blood flow (and, by implication, O2 delivery) to the working muscles during an abrupt increase in exercise intensity is reduced (i.e., arm exercise performed above the level of the heart) would be faster when preceded by a bout of high-intensity exercise. METHODS: Eleven physically active males completed two protocols, each consisting of two consecutive bouts of 6 min of high-intensity arm crank exercise separated by 6 min of recovery. In one protocol, the arm crank exercise was performed with the arms below the level of the heart ( HL). RESULTS: In the HL protocol, the amplitudes of the VO2 fast and slow component were unaffected by prior exercise, whereas the VO2 fast component time constant was significantly reduced in the second bout (49.8+/-22.1 vs 40.7+/-13.2 s; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that prior high-intensity exercise caused a significant speeding of the VO2 fast component response during subsequent high-intensity arm crank exercise performed above, and not below, the level of the heart.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The importance of the measurement of the circumference of arm, arm muscle area and skinfold thickness during puberty.

Several methods are available to study lean and adipose tissue component of the upper arm, but the use of a specific technique is mostly determined by time and financial expense. Besides, anthropometric techniques (arm muscle area, mid-arm circumference and the triceps skinfold thickness), which are the most practical, simple, inexpensive and noninvasive, x-ray, ultrasound scanning, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance images (MRI) are also used to determine separate measures of muscles, adipose tissue, and bone area. These radiographic methods are expensive and suitable only for research studies. This short review will try to stress the importance of the measurement of the circumference of arm, arm muscle area and skinfold thickness during puberty and adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Assessment of recovery of arm control in hemiplegic stroke patients. 2. Comparison of arm function tests and pursuit tracking in relation to clinical recovery.

In a preliminary study, return of arm function in hemiplegic patients has been assessed for periods up to 64 weeks after stroke using two methods of testing. The first method concerns the performance of simple motor tasks involving the arm and hand. The second method is a pursuit tracking task using elbow movements. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether they scored above 80% (Group I) or below 80% (Group II) on the first method at 16 weeks after stroke. When the two arm assessment methods were compared with clinical assessments for all the patients, general agreement was shown. Among Group I patients there was also significant agreement between the assessments; among Group II patients the agreement was poor. The two arm assessment methods, however, showed mutual agreement. In conclusion, both arm assessments provide a general prediction of the recovery of movement control of patients following stroke.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

The influence of arm ischaemia and arm hyperaemia on subclavian and vertebral artery blood flow in patients with occlusive disease of the subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk. A peroperative study.

A peroperative study of blood flow and flow direction was performed in series of patients with occlusive disease of the subclavian artery. Particular attention was focused on the flow variations caused by arm ischaemia and postischaemic hyperaemia and on the effect of injection of a vasodilator into the distal subclavian artery. The effect on blood flow and flow direction was measured with the aid of an electromagnetic flowmeter. During arm ischaemia induced by an inflated cuff on the arm, the subclavian flow diminished, as did the vertebral artery flow when it was retrograde. If the vertebral artery flow was anterograde, it increased during arm ischaemia. The postischaemic hyperaemia caused an increase of the subclavian flow and of reversed vertebral flow. If the vertebral flow was anterograde, it diminished during the postischaemic hyperaemia. Similar findings were obtained with intra-arterial injection of a vasodilator. The large amount of blood flow passing through the vertebral artery, as well as the flow variations caused by reactive arm hyperaemia, emphasize the role of this artery as a collateral vessel to the upper limb in cases of the subclavian steal phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding and treating arm movement impairment after chronic brain injury: progress with the ARM guide.

Significant potential exists for enhancing physical rehabilitation following neurologic injury through the use of robotic and mechatronic devices (or "rehabilitators"). We review the development of a rehabilitator (the "ARM Guide") to diagnose and treat arm movement impairment following stroke and other brain injuries. As a diagnostic tool, the ARM Guide provides a basis for evaluation of several key motor impairments, including abnormal tone, incoordination, and weakness. As a therapeutic tool, the device provides a means to implement and evaluate active assist therapy for the arm. Initial results with three stroke subjects demonstrate that such therapy can produce quantifiable benefits in the chronic hemiparetic arm. Directions for future research regarding the efficacy and practicality of rehabilitators are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of gentle arm exercise and deep breathing on secondary arm lymphedema.

The aim of this study was to explore the benefits of gentle arm exercise combined with deep breathing for secondary arm lymphedema. 38 women participated in 10 minutes of standardized arm exercise and deep breathing and were measured every 10 minutes for 1 hour, then 24 hours and 1 week post regime. A smaller cohort of 24 women continued the 10 minute exercise regime morning and evening for 1 month, with measurements being repeated at the end of this time. Directly after performing the regime, there was a reduction in arm volume of 52 mls (5.8%), with the reduction being sustained at 30 minutes (50 mls, 5.3%). Even though participants were told not to further do the exercise, at 24 hours the volume reduction was 46 mls (4.3%) and at 1 week, 33 mls (3.5%). At the one month follow-up, the reduction was 101 mls (9.0%). All reductions were statistically significant. Reported arm heaviness and tightness also statistically significantly decreased directly after the regime with the reduction in tightness being sustained at 24 hours. The reduction in heaviness was sustained at 24 hours, 1 week, and even one month after the program. Perceived limb size was significantly reduced at 1 week and at the 1 month follow-up. There was also a significant improvement in the anterior thorax tonometry reading at the 1 month follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Nondominant arm restraint and dominant arm function in a child with athetoid cerebral palsy: electromyographic and functional evaluation.

This single case study was designed to determine the effect of restraining the nondominant arm on the function of the dominant arm of a child with athetoid cerebral palsy. Performance time of shoulder horizontal adduction was computed with and without the restraint. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of selected muscles was simultaneously monitored by surface electrodes. Performance time was less when the arm restraint was applied. Generally, tonic and phasic EMG activity decreased in all muscles monitored. The results show that upper extremity motor function improved in the dominant arm when the nondominant arm was restrained and that myoelectric activity was not adversely affected when the restraint was applied.

Arm↗
PubMed1986

Mutational analysis of integrase arm-type binding sites of bacteriophage lambda. Integration and excision involve distinct interactions of integrase with arm-type sites.

Integrative recombination between specific attachment (att) regions of the bacteriophage lambda genome (attP) and the Escherichia coli genome (attB) results in a prophage flanked by the hybrid recombinant sites attL and attR. Each att site contains sequences to which proteins involved in recombination bind. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have constructed a related set of point mutations within each of the five Int "arm-type" binding sites located within attP, attL and attR. Footprint analyses of binding demonstrate that mutating the arm-type sites significantly disrupts the binding of Int. Recombination analyses of mutant att sites in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that only three wild-type arm-type sites within attP are required for efficient integrative recombination. Similar analyses demonstrate that efficient excision can occur with two other different sets of wild-type arm-type sites in attL and attR. These results demonstrate that integrative and excisive recombination may involve interactions of Int with distinct and different subsets of arm-type sites.

Attachment Sites, Microbiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reciprocal translocation between Y chromosome long arm euchromatin and the short arm of chromosome 1.

A case with an apparently balanced reciprocal translocation between the long arm of the Y chromosome and the short arm of chromosome 1 t(Y;1)(q11.2;p34.3) is described. The translocation was found in a phenotypically normal male ascertained by infertility and presenting for intra-cytoplasmatic sperm injection treatment. Histological examination of testicular biopsies revealed spermatogenic failure. Chromosome painting with probes for chromosome 1 and for the euchromatic part of the Y chromsome confirmed the translocation of euchromatic Y chromosomal material onto the short arm of chromosome 1 and of a substantial part of the short arm of chromosome 1 onto the Y chromosome. Among the Y/autosome translocations, the rearrangements involving long arm euchromatin of the Y chromosome are relatively rare and mostly associated with infertility. Microdeletion screening at the azoospermia locus revealed no deletions, suggesting another mechanism causing infertility in this translocation carrier.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Keeping the arm in the limelight: advanced visual control of arm movements in neonates.

To test whether newborn babies have voluntary control over their limbs, spontaneous arm-waving movements were measured in the dark while the baby lay supine with its head turned to one side. A narrow beam of light was shone over the baby's nose or chest in such a way that the arm the baby was facing was only visible when the hand encountered the, otherwise, invisible beam of light. The results showed the babies were capable of precisely controlling the position, velocity, and deceleration of their arms so as to keep the hand visible in the light. The findings indicate that newborns can purposely control their arm movements to meet external demands and that the development of visual control of arm movement is underway soon after birth.

Attention↗
PubMed2003

DC3, the 21-kDa subunit of the outer dynein arm-docking complex (ODA-DC), is a novel EF-hand protein important for assembly of both the outer arm and the ODA-DC.

The outer dynein arm-docking complex (ODA-DC) is a microtubule-associated structure that targets the outer dynein arm to its binding site on the flagellar axoneme (Takada et al. 2002. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 1015-1029). The ODA-DC of Chlamydomonas contains three proteins, referred to as DC1, DC2, and DC3. We here report the isolation and sequencing of genomic and full-length cDNA clones encoding DC3. The sequence predicts a 21,341 Da protein with four EF-hands that is a member of the CTER (calmodulin, troponin C, essential and regulatory myosin light chains) group and is most closely related to a predicted protein from Plasmodium. The DC3 gene, termed ODA14, is intronless. Chlamydomonas mutants that lack DC3 exhibit slow, jerky swimming because of loss of some but not all outer dynein arms. Some outer doublet microtubules without arms had a "partial" docking complex, indicating that DC1 and DC2 can assemble in the absence of DC3. In contrast, DC3 cannot assemble in the absence of DC1 or DC2. Transformation of a DC3-deletion strain with the wild-type DC3 gene rescued both the motility phenotype and the structural defect, whereas a mutated DC3 gene was incompetent to rescue. The results indicate that DC3 is important for both outer arm and ODA-DC assembly.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Three-headed outer arm dynein from Chlamydomonas that can functionally combine with outer-arm-missing axonemes.

A procedure was developed for isolating Chlamydomonas outer-arm dynein that can functionally combine with the axoneme of an outer-arm-missing mutant, oda1. Previous studies showed that the outer-arm dynein of this organism, containing three heavy chains (alpha, beta, gamma), dissociates upon extraction with a high-salt-concentration buffer solution into an 18-S particle containing the alpha and beta heavy chains and a 12-S particle containing the gamma heavy chain. It was found, however, that the three heavy chains did not dissociate if the high-salt extract was centrifuged in the presence of Mg2+; the three chains constituted a single species (23-S dynein) sedimenting at about 23 S and displayed a three-headed bouquet configuration in electron micrographs. Furthermore, the 23-S dynein had the activity to bind to the axonemes of oda1 and increase the reactivated motility of detergent-extracted cell models; its addition increased the beat frequency from 28 Hz to 53 Hz, a frequency comparable to that of wild-type axoneme. The 18-S and 12-S dyneins, on the other hand, were unable to increase the motility of oda1 axonemes even when added together. The new protocol thus enables purification of outer-arm dynein that retains its functional activity. It will provide a useful experimental system with which to study the mechanism of outer-arm function.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The high-affinity binding of laminin to cells. Assignation of a major cell-binding site to the long arm of laminin and of a latent cell-binding site to its short arms.

The laminin proteolytic fragments 1 (derived from the intersection of the short arms of the cruciform laminin molecule) and 8 (derived from the laminin long arm) bind to distinct receptors on HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells; both fragments are shown here to inhibit the high-affinity binding of laminin to these cells. Inhibition of binding between fragment 8 and laminin was competitive, whereas that between fragment 1 and laminin was noncompetitive. This indicates that laminin and fragment 8 most probably share the same cellular receptors, whereas laminin and fragment 1 bind to distinct receptors, inhibition being due to steric hindrance. Surprisingly, fragment 1-4 (corresponding to the complete short arms of laminin) neither bound to HT-1080 cells nor inhibited the binding of laminin or fragment 1. After treatment of fragment 1-4 with pepsin, however, the smaller subfragment 1 was liberated, which could then bind to the cells, and so was shown to block the binding of laminin and fragment 1. We conclude that native laminin bound to HT-1080 cells via the fragment-8-binding site near the end of its long arm. Although these cells also have distinct receptors for the short arm fragment 1, this receptor-binding site was not used as it appeared to be latent within the native laminin molecule.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1989

Dissection of laminin by cathepsin G into its long-arm and short-arm structures and localization of regions involved in calcium dependent stabilization and self-association.

Native laminin-nidogen complex isolated from mouse Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor was treated with purified cathepsin G or leucocyte elastase, two neutral serine proteases which play a role in inflammatory processes accompanied by degradation of basement membranes. Both enzymes were found to be more active than porcine pancreatic elastase. In the absence of Ca2+, laminin fragments produced by leucocyte elastase resembled those formed by the pancreatic enzyme but at physiological concentrations of Ca2+ cleavage by cathepsin G was much more selective. Initially laminin (900 kDa) was cleaved at two major sites only with similar rates leading to three fragments. Fragment C1-4 (about 550 kDa) comprises the intact three short arms of the molecule and fragment C8-9 (about 350 kDa) contains the entire triple-coiled region by which its three chains are assembled and the major part of the terminal globular domain of the long arm. The remaining C-terminal region of this domain was recovered as fragment C3 of about 50 kDa. Stabilization against proteolytic attack was restricted to the region of fragment C1-4 and only this fragment exhibited strong Ca2+ dependent self-association similar to that of intact laminin or of its complex with nidogen. The associative properties of fragment C1-4 were dramatically diminished upon removal of the tip of one of the short arms comprising fragment 4. In addition, this provides a clear assignment of the important laminin function to a distinct domain in one of its short arms. The new fragment C8-9 may be employed for exploring the properties and possible functions of the upper long-arm region which so far has not been available as a fragment.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Association of a 66 kDa homolog of Chlamydomonas DC2, a subunit of the outer arm docking complex, with outer arm dynein of sperm flagella in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis.

We previously identified a 66 kDa axonemal protein (Ci-Axp66.0) in sperm of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Here we found that Ci-Axp66.0 shows sequence similarity to the DC2 subunit of the Chlamydomonas outer arm docking complex. Analysis of secondary structure of Ci-Axp66.0 suggested that the N-terminal two-thirds of the molecule is rich in coiled coil structure, as in Chlamydomonas DC2. Immunogold localization revealed that it is located in the vicinity of outer arm dynein. Ci-Axp66.0 was partly extracted from the axonemes by a high salt solution and co-purified with outer arm dynein. This co-purification was not affected by the absence of Mg(2+) in isolation buffer, indicating that Ci-Axp66.0 is associated with outer arm dynein. These results suggest that Ci-Axp66.0 is a component of the outer arm dynein docking complex in the axonemes of Ciona sperm.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

[Longitudinal data of physical growth of healthy children. Lengths of trunk, hand, forearm, upper arm, whole arm, lower leg, thigh and whole leg of children aged 2,5 to 15 years. (author's transl)].

From 1968-78 a longitudinal study was performed concerning development of lengths of trunk, hand, forearm, upper arm, whole arm, lower leg, thigh and whole leg in 709 healthy boys and 711 girls aged 2,5 to 15 years. In boys the mean increase in lengths of trunk amounted to 17.7 cm, of hand to 8.1 cm, of forearm to 12.2 cm, of upper arm to 16.1 cm, of whole arm to 36.8 cm of lower leg to 21.5 cm, of thigh to 27.3 cm, and of whole leg to 54.0 cm. The corresponding lengths in girls amounted in 16.9 cm, 7.2 cm, 11.0 cm, 14.0 cm, 32.6 cm, 18.7 cm, 24.5 cm, and 46.4 cm. Lengths investigated increase almost linearly between 3 and 11 years of age both in boys and girls. Beginning with 12 years boys have an increased development of all lengths when compared with girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Arterial blood pressure and carotid baroreflex function during arm and combined arm and leg exercise in humans.

AIM: During arm cranking (A) blood pressure is higher than during combined arm and leg exercise (A + L), while the carotid baroreflex (CBR) is suggested to reset to control a higher blood pressure in direct relation to work intensity and the engaged muscle mass. METHOD: This study evaluated the function of the CBR by using neck pressure and neck suction during upright A, L and A + L in 12 subjects and, in order to evaluate a potential influence of the central blood volume on the CBR, also during supine A in five subjects. Exercise intensities for A and L were planned to elicit a heart rate response of c. 100 and 120 beats min(-1), respectively, in the upright position and both workloads were maintained during A + L and supine A. RESULTS: The CBR operating point, corresponding to the pre-stimulus blood pressure, was 88 +/- 6 mmHg (mean +/- SE) at rest. During upright A, L and A + L and supine A it increased to 109 +/- 9, 95 +/- 7, 103 +/- 7 and 104 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively, and it was thus higher during upright A than during A + L and supine A (P < 0.05). In addition, the CBR threshold and saturation pressures, corresponding to the minimum and maximum carotid sinus pressure, respectively, were higher during upright A than during supine A, A + L, L and at rest (P < 0.05) with no significant change in the maximal reflex gain. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that during combined arm and leg and exercise in the upright position the CBR resets to a lower blood pressure than during arm cranking likely because the central blood volume is enhanced by the muscle pump of the legs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of the role of proprioceptive information during arm movements using a model of the human arm.

Using a model for the neuromuscular control of human arm movements, the possible roles of different proprioceptive signals are analyzed. The control model is represented by a neural network and includes both feedback and feedforward control modes. After a learning process, the controller regulates a wide range of arm movements. Evaluation of the roles of different afferent signals shows that sensed muscle forces are important to achieve accurate control of fast movements. For a moderately high look delay (50 ms), velocity feedback is not essential, but for small look delays (0 to 25 ms) an increased performance is attained by feedback of velocity. Position sense is essential to prevent steady-state errors. The arm impedance is affected considerably by the delay in the control loop and by the configuration of the motor control system. The achieved relation between muscle length and force is similar to the invariant characteristics laying at the basis of the equilibrium-point (EP) hypothesis. However, control of fast movements on the basis of EP along is not feasible, but required feedforward control. During training in a velocity-dependent force field, the impedance of the arm increases at first, due to enhanced cocontraction. Subsequently, both impedance and movement errors decrease, indicating a successful representation of the changed inverse dynamics.

Arm↗