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PubMed1998

Cellulose materials modified by antiseptics and their antimicrobial properties.

Adsorption properties of dressing cellulose materials with respect to surfactant antiseptics were studied. These antiseptics are a complex of the copolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone and crotonic acid with dimethylbenzylalkylammonium chloride (a synthetic polymer with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial effect) and its low molecular weight analogue (dimethylbenzylalkylammonium chloride). It was established that cellulose materials reversibly adsorb mentioned surfactant antiseptics depending on their concentration in the initial solutions. Maximum release of surfactant antiseptics is achieved at solutions at pH = 7.0. Microbiological tests of cellulose materials modified by antiseptics have shown that they exhibit antimicrobial activity. These results can be used in medical practice in clinics for imparting antimicrobial properties to dressing materials.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2004

[Evaluation of selected alcoholic antiseptics activity against clinical bacterial strains].

The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of selected alcoholic antiseptics against clinical strains, which possessed in majority a high level of drug resistance: MRSA (7), MSSA (3), E. coli: (9): strains producing ESBL (4), P. aeruginosa: (4), E. cloacae: (3), K. pneumoniae: (3). These strains were defined by MIC value, using antibiotic agar dilution method according to NCCLS. Fourteen alcoholic antiseptics were used in this study. Beside alcohol, they contained other active substances like iodine, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine. Some additional agents were included for easier application, such as: gelling, moisturizing, aromatic or coloring substances. The objective of this study was also to determine the dependence of bactericidal activity on preparations (concentration). Product undiluted and diluted two and four times in water was analyzed according to prEN 12054 standard; 30 seconds and 1 minute contact time was used. The obtained data indicate that all tested undiluted antiseptics possessed bactericidal activity described by producers. However antiseptics (dilution leads to decrease and even loss of bactericidal activity. Two-times dilution of gel almost completely inactivated the product. Antimicrobial activity after 30 seconds of contact time was not affected by presence of additional agents in the tested antiseptics.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1989

[An index of the activity of antiseptics].

A new parameter is suggested: the antiseptic activity index (AAI), representing a ratio of the antiseptic concentration recommended for practice to its minimal suppressing concentration (MSC) for a certain bacterial strain or X + 2S MSC (the mean arithmetic value with two sigmas) for a population, species, or group of closely related species. This index has been determined in extrahospital and hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus (342 strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (277 strains), and Enterobacteriaceae (500 strains). AAI gives a quantitative characterization of the antiseptic activity and of bacterial sensitivity to antiseptics, it is recommended for practical therapeutic and prophylactic antiseptics.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1987

[Value of a standard exudate in the in vitro study of antiseptics].

Bactericidal activity of antiseptics is generally determined in France according the AFNOR norms the principles of which have recently been reconsidered by the Pharmacopoeias. These norms preconize the use of either hard water (12 Ca++ milliequivalents) or a mixture of proteins (albumin-yeast extract) to appreciate any loss of activity by interference. However these two interfering substances are very different from exudates on wounds or burns. This is why we have prepared a standard exudate composed of dried bovine albumin (Cohn fraction V for bacteriology) 4% m/V; Ca++ 0.01% m/V and Mg++ 0.003% m/V. These protein and ion concentrations correspond to the percentage of these elements in plasma. A first sequence of assays on two antiseptics, one with a chlorhexidine base, the second with a iodine polyvidon base allowed us to study individually the interference of proteins, of ions, and that of the standard exudate. The first results showed that for the iodine polyvidon the effect of ions was slight compared with the effect of proteins whereas for chlorhexidine the effect of ions was a strong as that of proteins. Therefore we have used this standard exudate in the study of other antiseptics according to the protocol of the norms NF T 72-170. Results showed that the standard exudate strongly inhibits the bactericidal activity of antiseptics. We propose that its use be generalised in the in vitro study of antiseptics destined for cutaneous or mucous lesions.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1986

[Application of a micromethod to the study of the bactericidal activity of 2 antiseptics based on chlorhexidine gluconate].

Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of two antiseptics containing chlorhexidine digluconate (5% for the A solution, 1.5% for the B solution) were determined using a microdilution method. This method is a miniaturization of the Afnor T 72150 standard for antiseptics and disinfectants. 133 hospital isolates were studied, including 68 Enterobacteriaceae, 11 Acinetobacter, 18 Pseudomonas, 1 Achromobacter, 23 Staphylococcus, and 12 S. faecalis. Each microplate was seeded with eleven of these strains and one reference strain (E. coli CIP 54127, P. aeruginosa CIP A22, S. aureus CIP 53154, and S. faecium CIP 5855). Ten microliter of a standardized inoculum (2 to 3 10(8) bacteria/ml) were added to 90 microliters of a solution containing the antiseptic. Each antiseptic was tested in various concentrations (1.95 to 125 mg/l for A and 1.17 to 75 mg/l for B). After five minutes contact at 21 degrees C, 1.5 microliter from each well was seeded on a neutralizing agar plate (letheen agar + 3% tween 80 + 0.3% lecithin + 3% saponin + 0.1% histidine). The neutralizing effectiveness of this plate on the antiseptics in the concentrations used had been ascertained previously. The Afnor T 72150 standard was established for each reference strain. MBCs 90 (in mg/l) found were as follows: 31.2 (A) and 18.8 (B) for Enterobacteriaceae, 15.6 (A) and 9.4 (B) for Acinetobacter, 31.2 (A) and 18.8 (B) for Pseudomonas, 62.5 (A) and 37.7 (B) for Staphylococcus and 125 (A) and 37.5 (B) for S. faecalis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1996

The status, future, and problems of oral antiseptics.

Caries and periodontal disease, the most widespread oral diseases, are commonly treated with various oral antiseptics. These antiseptics are derived from different chemical categories and have different mechanisms of action. Even though the properties of an ideal oral antiseptic have been identified, its formulation has proven elusive. Recent studies with chlorhexidine, triclosan, an amine and stannous fluoride rinse, and essential oil rinse, and others are discussed. Development of novel antiseptic products continues. The hope for the future is that now antiseptic products will treat oral disease better and oral health will improve.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed2006

Polymeric nanocapsules containing an antiseptic agent obtained by controlled nanoprecipitation onto water-in-oil miniemulsion droplets.

The modified nanoprecipitation of polymers onto stable nanodroplets has been successfully applied to prepare well-defined nanocapsules whose core is composing of an antiseptic agent, i.e., chlorhexidine digluconate aqueous solution. The stable nanodroplets were obtained by inverse miniemulsions with an aqueous antiseptic solution dispersed in an organic medium of solvent/nonsolvent mixture containing an oil-soluble surfactant and the polymer for the shell formation. The change of gradient of the solvent/nonsolvent mixture of dichloromethane/cyclohexane, obtained by heating at 50 degrees C, led to the precipitation of the polymer in the organic continuous phase and deposition onto the large interface of the aqueous miniemulsion droplets. The monodisperse polymer nanocapsules with the size range of 240-80 nm were achieved as a function of the amount of surfactant. Using various polymer contents, molecular weights and types, an encapsulation efficiency of 20-100% was obtained as detected by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR) measurements. The nanocapsules could be easily transferred into water as continuous phase resulting in aqueous dispersions with nanocapsules containing an aqueous core with the antiseptic agent. The encapsulated amount of the antiseptic agent was evaluated to indicate the durability of the nanocapsule's wall. In addition, the use of different types of polymers having glass transition temperatures (T(g)) ranging from 10 to 100 degrees C in this process has been also successful.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1993

Prevention of catheter-related infections by antiseptic bonding.

A novel catheter pretreated with the antiseptics chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine, designed to reduce catheter-related colonization and infection, was tested in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro experiments demonstrated the long-lasting antibacterial properties of this catheter. For the in vivo study a total of 40 rats divided into different experimental groups were used. Colonization rates of both antiseptic bonded (AS) and control (C) catheters were assessed either three (-3) or seven (-7) days after implantation and local challenge using live Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 with 10(7) colony-forming units (cfu) per inoculum. At the time of removal, catheters, organ specimens, and blood samples were taken for cultivation. Significant reductions in the magnitude of colonization of the antiseptic catheters by the test organism were observed in all groups. The average number of cfu colonizing control segments exceeded those found on the treated catheter segments by log 3 (C3/AS3) and log 5 (C7/AS7), respectively (C3: 1.2 x 10(6) +/- 4.1 x 10(5) cfu/segment and AS3: 1.8 x 10(3) +/- 6.6 x 10(2); C7: 2.7 x 10(5) +/- 8.6 x 10(4) and AS7: 1.1 +/- 0.7; mean +/- standard error of the mean, all differences between matching groups statistically significant, Wilcoxon rank sum test, P < 0.0001). These data suggest that antiseptic catheters may substantially decrease the magnitude of catheter-related microbial colonization and subsequent catheter-related infections and may offer a more effective alternative to current methods.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

A critical study of Lister's work on antiseptic surgery.

The work of Pasteur on alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation demonstrated that minute organisms (germs) caused these fermentative changes. Lister applied these basic findings in the introduction of his antiseptic system. Its principles were based on the destruction of germs by antiseptics (carbolic acid) to prevent their entering the wound or spreading after surgery. Lister's work on antisepsis was therefore based on the germ theory of disease. The believers of the germ theory defended Lister's theories whereas the nonbelievers of the germ theory created an atmosphere of resistance to Listerism. The work of Koch in 1878 on the etiology of traumatic infective diseases contributed greatly to the acceptance of Lister's antiseptic principles. By the mid 1880s there was a rapid increase in the use of antiseptic technics, soon followed by the introduction of aseptic methods and rapid progress in surgery.

Antisepsis↗

PubMed2005

Effect of selected wound antiseptics on adult articular cartilage (bovine sesamoid bone) in the presence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

After removing an inoculum of 10(8)-10(9) cfu of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) effectively within 2 h from bovine sesamoid bones (bsb) using the iodophore Betaisodona [0.5 and 1.0% (v/v) PVP-I], the biguanide polihexanide (PHMB) [0.005 and 0.01% (v/v)], and the bispyridinamine Octenidine (Oct) [0.005 and 0.01% (v/v)] the metabolic effect on proteoglycans (PG) in bsb was investigated by subsequent culture of bsb for 7 d and biosynthetically labeling with (35)S-sulfate for a period of 24 h. The treatment with the iodophore stimulates the incorporation of (35)S-sulfate into PG, whereas that of Oct was toxic. The PHMB treatment was both tolerated and effective only when it was used at low concentrations (0.005%). The antiseptic treatment did not result in an increase of catabolism of PG. This in vitro study clearly demonstrates that irrigation of cartilage with an antiseptic should be limited to an effective concentration and treatment time compatible with antiseptic function. Iodophores have no negative feedback on cartilage metabolism, moreover, they stimulate chondrocytes in vitro. Cationic antiseptics are not suited as irrigating solutions.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants.

BACKGROUND: There have been a number of reports on microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants. At present, however, the necessity of measures to prevent contamination do not seem to be fully appreciated. We investigated microbial contamination of antiseptics and disinfectants that are used in our hospital. METHODS: Fifty-one samples of benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate that were being used in the hospital were examined. Viability of the contaminants detected in these samples was also tested in the agents. Then we examined measures to prevent contamination of these agents. RESULTS: Microbial contamination was detected at 10(2) to 10(7) CFU/ml in the following samples: 6 of 23 samples of cotton balls soaked in 0.02% benzalkonium chloride kept in a canister for antisepsis and disinfection (26.1%); 7 of 13 samples of 0.02%, benzalkonium chloride or 0.02% chlorhexidine gluconate in an irrigation apparatus kept at 37 degrees C for vaginal douching (53.8%); and 9 of 15 samples of 0.02% benzalkonium chloride or 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate for storage of suction catheters in a plastic bottle (60%). The major contaminants were Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The first two organisms examined grew in the agents. After improvements in the handling of the antiseptics and disinfectants, no microbial contamination was observed. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to check microbial contamination of diluted benzalkonium chloride and diluted chlorhexidine gluconate that are in use. Such products are not recommended as antiseptics.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1998

Clinical efficacy of a chlorous acid preoperative skin antiseptic.

BACKGROUND: Among the ways to reduce the incidence of iatrogenic infectious disease is the use of efficacious preoperative antiseptics. Iodophors and chlorhexidines, the chief presurgical disinfectants today, have various problems with practicality. A new preoperative skin antiseptic has been developed (Alcide Corporation, Redmond, Wash) that involves the mixture of a 0.1% sodium chlorite formulation and an activating preparation of 0.5% mandelic acid to produce chlorous acid and other antimicrobial degradation products. METHODS: Under clinical conditions, the antimicrobial effectiveness of this blended preparation was compared with a chlorhexidine gluconate scrub solution. Using a Latin-square randomization scheme, we treated 2 contralateral abdominal sites and 2 contralateral inguinal sites of healthy male and female volunteers with these antiseptics or the controls of vehicle or activator alone. Microorganisms were harvested and quantified by a standard cylinder-scrub technique. RESULTS: Of 85 volunteers (170 possible sites per test region) screened to meet the USA Food and Drug Administration baseline criteria on population densities of normal flora, 61 abnormal sites and 107 inguinal sites provided suitable data. Against chlorhexidine, the chlorous acid presurgical skin preparation produced superior but statistically equivalent reductions (P > .05) of each volunteer's normal flora at 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 6 hours after treatment. As many as 4 log reductions were achieved, and activity persisted as long as 6 hours. Compared with chlorhexidine, the chlorous acid product has the practical advantages of a shorter scrub time, less foam, air drying (instead of wiping), and no perceivable residue. CONCLUSIONS: An activated chlorous acid product statistically matched the performance of chlorhexidine gluconate in reducing populations of resident flora on treated skin sites. With an easier and shorter application procedure and strong, long-term antimicrobial activity, the new halogenated antiseptic seems to be a useful and possible efficacious preoperative skin disinfectant.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Detergents compared with each other and with antiseptics as skin 'degerming' agents.

Three detergent preparations (bar soap, 'Hibiscrub' base and 'LIC 76'), TWO ANTISEPTic preparations (0.5% chlorhexidine in 95% ethyl alcohol and an alcohol jelly, 'Alcogel'), and one antiseptic-detergent solution (4% chlorhexidine gluconate in a detergent base, 'Hibiscrub') were compared for their effectiveness, on a single use, in reducing the yield of bacteria from the hands of volunteers. The antiseptic and antiseptic--detergent preparations were more effective than the detergents, with a mean reduction in yield of skin bacteria of 96.0% after use of alcoholic chlorhexidine and of 81.2% after use of Hibiscrub. One of the detergents, LIC 76, appeared more effective than the others, causing a mean reduction in the yield of skin bacteria of 41.5%, compared with reductions of 4.6% by the Hibiscrub detergent base and an increase of 3.2% with bar soap; unlike the other detergents, LIC 76 was found to have appreciable bacteristatic and bactericidal properties.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1984

Serratia marcescens contamination of antiseptic soap containing triclosan: implications for nosocomial infection.

During a recent investigation in our surgical intensive care unit, we found that several bottles of the antiseptic handwashing soap, OR Scrub, were contaminated with Serratia marcescens. OR Scrub contains 1% triclosan, lanolin, and detergents. The antimicrobial efficacy of OR Scrub was examined in vitro using serial two-fold dilutions of soap inoculated with various concentrations of different nosocomial pathogens. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of OR Scrub against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and several strains of S. marcescens was less than or equal to 1:2. By comparison, a non-antiseptic soap from the same manufacturer (Wash) and 4% chlorhexidine (Hibiclens) had MBCs for all strains tested of at least 1:64. Time-kill curves confirmed the findings of the initial experiments. This is the first report of extrinsic contamination of antiseptic soap containing triclosan. No infections could be attributed to the contaminated soap, but sporadic outbreaks of Serratia have occurred in the intensive care unit with no identifiable source. Although there have been few studies on the impact of antiseptic soap in reducing nosocomial infection, we question whether a soap with the limitations of OR Scrub should be used in intensive care units or operating rooms.

Candida↗

PubMed1998

Effects of copper and zinc ions on the germicidal properties of two popular pharmaceutical antiseptic agents cetylpyridinium chloride and povidone-iodine.

The effects of copper and zinc ions on the rate of killing of Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and fungal yeast Candida albicans by antiseptic agents cetylpyridinium chloride and povidone-iodine (Betadine) were investigated. In the 48 test cases copper and zinc ions clearly potentiated the antiseptic agents in 28 (58.3%) cases and exhibited an improved (not clear potentiation) activity in 15 (31.3%) cases. In five (10.4%) cases there was no change in the antiseptics' antimicrobial activity. In general zinc potentiated the antiseptic agents more than copper. If an 'improved activity' was the only criterion for this study, then a more rapid antimicrobial effect was observed in 43 out of the 48 test cases, i.e., 90%.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMed1999

An evaluation of the suitability of the European suspension test to reflect in vitro activity of antiseptics against clinically significant organisms.

The effectiveness of four antiseptics representing soluble phenolics (Dettol), Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC) (Dettol Hospital Concentrate: DHC), mixed QAC/chlorhexidine (Hibicet Hospital Concentrate: HHC) and povidone iodine (Betadine) was assessed using the proposed phase 2 step 1 European Suspension test. The in vitro activity of the antiseptics against two of the proposed challenge strains, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was compared with that of 14 problematic clinical isolates of bacteria from a range of genera, including some multiple antibiotic resistant strains, and a clinical isolate of Candida albicans. In addition to the 5 min contact time recommended in the European test, a 1 min time was included. All four products, at their recommended use dilutions and a contact time of 5 min, achieved a Microbicidal Effect (ME) log reduction of at least 5 against the majority of organisms. Differences in activity between products were more pronounced and therefore the tests more discriminatory, when the contact time was reduced to 1 min. The clinical strains were not overtly more resistant to antiseptics than the standard test strains, suggesting that the CEN test strains mimic the antiseptic susceptibility of clinical isolates.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Tissue toxicity of antiseptics].

AIM: Local antiseptics are used for desinfection of skin and for lavage of wounds. The aim of this study was to determine the tissue toxicity of different antiseptics and to measure the irritation score (IS) and the irritation threshold (IT) for each substance. METHOD: The tissue compatibilities of Dibromol, Kodan, Jodobac, Octenisept, Lavasept 0.2 %, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidindigluconate 0.5 % and 2-propanol 60 % were evaluated in the in vivo hens eggs chorion-allantoic membrane test (HET-CAM). RESULTS: We found the most severe tissue toxicity for chlorhexidin digluconate 0.5 % (IS 20) and Kodan (IS 18). Irritating values were found for Dibromol (IS 14), Octenisept (IS 14) and 2-propanol 60 % (IS 13). Moderate vascular injuries were caused by Jodobac (IS 2). In the HET-CAM test Lavasept 0.2 % (IS 0) and hydrogen peroxide (IS 0) showed no tissue toxicity. CONCLUSION: Our results show that some of the tested antiseptics might cause severe vascular injuries as a sign of tissue toxicity. The tissue compatibility of Lavasept 0.2 % and hydrogen peroxide is much better than the compatibility of the other tested substances. With focus on the literature and our results, Lavasept 0.2 % can be recommended as the local antiseptic of choice.

Allantois↗

PubMed2001

Water or antiseptic for periurethral cleaning before urinary catheterization: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite a lack of empiric data to support the practice, traditionally, antiseptic solutions have been used to clean the periurethral area before inserting an indwelling catheter. The purpose of this study was to compare urinary colonization rates of subjects whose periurethral area was cleaned with water versus chlorhexidine 0.1% before the insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter. METHODS: Obstetric patients who required urinary catheterization as part of their routine care were randomly assigned to either the "water" or "chlorhexidine" group with a sealed envelope. A sterile specimen of urine was collected 24 hours after insertion of the catheter. RESULTS: Of the 436 patients (86.2%) with complete data (water group, 219; antiseptic group, 217), 38 (8.7%) had urinary tract bacteriuria >10(6) cfu/L. Rates of urinary tract infection were similar in each group (water group, 8.2%; antiseptic group, 9.2%; odds ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval 0.58-2.21). CONCLUSION: The practice of periurethral cleaning with an antiseptic did not decrease the rates of bacteriuria in this population and is probably not useful.

Adult↗