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PubMed1978

Survey of the incidence of anaplasmosis among Nigerian Zebu trade cattle.

Sera samples from 573 Nigerian Zebu trade cattle were evaluated by the rapid card agglutination test for antibodies to Anaplasma marginale between May and July 1977. The results showed 34 per cent reactors as against 66 per cent negatives. The above results showed a significant level of exposure to the infection among the Fulani cattle managed under a husbandry system in which there is no provision for tick control. The significance of this level of exposure to Anaplasma marginale in relation to the livestock industry of the country and the need for a nation-wide anaplasmosis survey are discussed.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1990

Tick-borne diseases of cattle in Paraguay. II. Immunisation against anaplasmosis and babesiosis.

A total of 102 susceptible adult Holstein Friesian cattle imported into an area of Paraguay where anaplasmosis and babesiosis are endemic were immunised by infection with Anaplasma centrale and attenuated forms of Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis obtained from Uruguay. The results indicated that the attenuated forms of both Babesia species protected cattle against heterologous field challenge whereas A. centrale did not invariably confer sufficient protection against a field challenge of A. marginale.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in Zimbabwe. II. Anaplasmosis.

A survey on the incidence of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale in one- to three-year-old cattle was carried out in Zimbabwe using the capillary tube agglutination test. Antibodies were detected in all but one of 118 batches of sera collected from different localities throughout the country. There was no clear relationship between the frequency of occurrence of positive serological reactors, which was similar in both commercial and communal farming areas, and the incidence of clinical anaplasmosis. However, the highest numbers of cattle exhibiting positive reactions were generally recorded from the areas that were most heavily tick infested. There was evidence that wild ungulates may serve as reservoirs of infection as antibodies to A. marginale were detected in sera from buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and impala (Aepyceros melampus).

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1990

Tick-borne diseases of cattle in Paraguay. I. Seroepidemiological studies on anaplasmosis and babesiosis.

A serological survey was carried out in Paraguay to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis. The results suggest that the parasites are widely distributed throughout the country with prevalence rates of 92% for A. marginale, 79% for B. bigemina and 71% for B. bovis. Epidemiological studies on calves demonstrated that initial infection with the three blood parasites occurs in most animals within the first nine months of life. It is likely therefore that most of the country can be considered as being enzootically stable with respect to anaplasmosis and babesiosis.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1986

Field observations on adult zebu bulls immunised against anaplasmosis by infection and treatment plus integrated tick control.

Fourteen adult zebu bulls which were negative for Anaplasma marginale infection both serologically and on blood smear examinations were infected with a virulent Nigerian isolate of A. marginale. Forty days following the immunising infection when clinical reactions were established groups of seven animals were treated with either two doses of imidocarb dipropionate (2 X 5 mg/kg given intramuscularly 14 days apart) or a single intramuscular dose of long-acting oxytetracycline (5 mg/kg). Following clinical recovery, two weeks after the first treatment the immunised animals and seven susceptible controls were then introduced into a tick-infested area and held there for 15 months with regular tick control. There were significant differences between the mean weight gains of surviving animals in the oxytetracycline group and the controls and surviving animals in the imidocarb group and control cattle. The protective effect of tick control alone was inferior to that of integrated tick control plus anaplasmosis control by either method of immunisation. Losses occurred in all groups due mainly to the effects of other tick-borne diseases, babesiosis and heartwater.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Slovenia.

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) has been recently recognized as an emerging tick-borne disease. Several reports indicate the presence of infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Europe. Between January 1996 and December 2004, 24 adult patients with proven HGA were identified in a prospective study conducted at the Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Slovenia, on the etiology of febrile illnesses occurring within 30 days after a tick bite. The diagnosis of acute HGA was established from seroconversion in 18 (75%) patients or at least a four-fold increase in antibody titers to A. phagocytophilum antigens in six (25%) patients and molecular identification of ehrlichial organisms in 15 (62.5%) patients. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were similar to those reported from the other European countries. All the patients had an acute febrile illness with headache, malaise, myalgia and/or arthralgia. Leukopenia was found in 16 (66.7%) patients, thrombocytopenia in 20 (83.3%), abnormal liver function test results in 23 (95.8%), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates in 18 (75%), and elevated concentration of C-reactive protein in 23 (95.8%). The disease course was relatively mild; none of the patients died and no long-term sequelae were found during a follow-up of one year even though only 15 (62.5%) were treated with doxycycline. At the examination one year after the first visit, 16/24 (66.7%) patients tested seropositive (> or =1 : 256) for A. phagocytophilum antibody, and two years after the first visit positive titers were still present in 10/18 (55.6%) patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Clinical and serological evidence of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in St. Lucia.

One hundred fifty-nine Holstein calves were imported into St. Lucia from the U.S.A. An outbreak of babesiosis occurred 17 days post-arrival, and an outbreak of anaplasmosis occurred 5 months after importation. Sera obtained 3, 6, and 12 months post-importation revealed a high prevalence of IFA titres to Babesia bovis and B. Bigemina 3 months after arrival and an increase in titres to Anaplasma marginale 6 months after arrival. Sera obtained from native cattle from several places on the island indicated infection rates of 80, 65 and 64% with A. marginale, B. bigemina and B. bovis, respectively. The rapid card test only indicated a 25% prevalence of infection of native cattle by A. marginale. This low prevalence was probably due to deterioration of serological activity during shipment.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1983

Observations on anaplasmosis following field exposure to heavy and light infestations with Boophilus microplus.

Two groups of Normandy calves were exposed to heavy (mean half body count = greater than 300) or light (mean half body count = 9) natural infestations with Boophilus microplus. All of the calves became infected with Anaplasma marginale. Despite the difference in tick challenge level, there was no significant difference in the incubation period, increase in body temperature, level or duration of Anaplasma parasitemia, decrease in packed cell volume, or complement-fixing antibody response, between the heavily and lightly infected calves. Neither the incubation period nor the clinical severity of anaplasmosis was significantly influenced by the number of infested tick vectors.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1989

Enzymes of oxidant defence system of leucocytes and erythrocytes in bovine anaplasmosis.

The glutathione oxidant defence system in leucocytes and erythrocytes of six Anaplasma marginale-infected calves was examined by assaying glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R), reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, GSH-S-transferase and arginase levels were measured in leucocytes. There was a significant decline in the activities of leucocyte GSH-px, GSSG-R and SOD in the post-patent period; whereas arginase activity rose significantly following the patent period of anaplasmosis. The activity of erythrocyte SOD declined in the post-patent stage. The infection also caused a decline in red cell GSH (P less than 0.05). The results suggest that the glutathione oxidant defence system of peripheral blood cells is significantly influenced by the Anaplasma infection.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1995

Recent developments in elucidating tick vector relationships for anaplasmosis and equine piroplasmosis.

This brief review focuses first on several epidemiologically relevant aspects of anaplasmosis, including: (1) the role of male ticks as intrastadial, biological vectors of Anaplasma through interhost transfer; (2) the application of molecular diagnostic assays in assessing tick vector competence and evaluating the role of chronically infected carrier cattle as sources of Anaplasma marginale infection in vector ticks; (3) opportunities provided by a recently developed in vitro tick feeding system in quantitating studies of tick-hemoparasite-host interactions. Lastly, current knowledge of the status of New World ticks as experimental and/or natural vectors of equine piroplasms is discussed.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1995

Molecular basis for vaccine development against anaplasmosis and babesiosis.

Immunization of livestock against the erythroparasitic pathogens Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia bovis with safe and effective killed vaccines is not yet feasible on a practical basis. However, the immune protection afforded by recovery from natural infection and premunition indicates that microbial epitopes capable of inducing immunity exist and that the bovine immune system can be primed appropriately. Induction of protection by immunization with killed parasite fractions, enriched for polypeptides with surface exposed epitopes, supports a focus on surface epitopes, including apical complex organellar epitopes in Babesia, for vaccine development. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of genes encoding these key surface polypeptides has allowed examination of polypeptide function and detailed analysis of epitope conservation in light of genetic polymorphism. In this paper, the characterization of these polypeptides at the epitope level and their roles in inducing protective immunity are reviewed. Definition of these epitopes, in combination with improved understanding of immune mechanisms, provides the basis for development of effective recombinant vaccines against anaplasmosis and babesiosis.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1995

Development of conventional subunit vaccines for anaplasmosis and babesiosis.

Tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases of cattle continue to impact the beef industry throughout a large portion of the world. A substantial amount of research is currently focused on development of improved vaccines. The two main approaches being followed are: (1) use of conventional inactivated or native protein subunit vaccines, and (2) development of recombinant DNA technology for expression of selected immunogens. Recombinant or synthetic peptide based vaccines hold promise owing to the exquisitely defined nature of the product. However, the development is long-term, and will require extensive testing and risk assessment before field trials can be considered. Until then, more conventional subunit immunogens may offer an attractive alternative, and can be defined immunologically better than before. This paper reviews progress in the development of improved vaccines for anaplasmosis and babesiosis with an emphasis on the characterization of culture-derived babesial exoantigens. Both in vitro and in vivo information is presented.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2006

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis in Austria: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings in five consecutive patients from Tyrol, Austria.

We report five consecutive cases of Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum infection (the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)) from western Austria. All infections were acquired between June and August in 2003 and 2004 in the Inn valley (Tyrol, Austria). Four patients required hospitalisation, one patient was treated as an outpatient. During the acute stage of illness, laboratory findings included thrombocytopenia (5/5), elevated C-reactive protein (5/5), elevated neopterin (5/5), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (4/5), and elevation of liver enzymes (4/5). Leukopenia (3/5) and elevated procalcitonin (2/5) were less frequently observed. All patients were treated with tetracyclines, which led to prompt improvement of the clinical conditions. Anti-platelet antibodies were observed in one of four patients, but remained unchanged after complete covalescence.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Nucleic acid levels in Anaplasma marginale during experimentally induced bovine anaplasmosis.

The DNA and RNA concentrations in uninfected and Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes were determined. Bovine anaplasmosis was experimentally induced and the nucleic acid levels were followed during the development of the A. marginale infection. Two distinct growth stages were found, the "multiplication" stage and the "transfer" stage. Based on this hypothetycal developmental cycle, the amount of DNA and RNA per Anaplasma initial body was estimated as 73.1 x 10(-3) pg and 45.7 x 10(-3) pg respectively.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed2000

Risk of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in different ecological zones of Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia.

A cross-sectional study was done of seroprevalence of Babesia bigemina, B.bovis, and Anaplasma marginale in cattle from eastern Bolivia, to characterise the risk of tick-borne disease in three ecological zones. Nineteen farms were sampled in the subtropical humid zone, 13 in the dry subtropical zone and nine in the lower western valleys of the Andean massif. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used. All three pathogens were widespread. For B. bovis, seroprevalences were high (75-78%) in the two subtropical zones which thus had low risk of disease from this infection; but the western valleys were endemically unstable with higher risk. For B. bigemina, seroprevalences were lower (24-57%) in the two subtropical zones and thus these areas were endemically unstable for disease from this infection. However, the seroprevalence of B. bigemina in the western valleys was too low (13%) for risk of disease in susceptible cattle to be considered high. For A. marginale, the seroprevalences in the two subtropical zones were low (19-32%) and very low (6%) in the western valleys suggesting all these zones were endemically unstable for anaplasmosis. Data for individual farms were analysed for risk of both forms of babesiosis; this showed low risk of disease in the subtropical humid zone, higher risk in the dry subtropical zone and variable risk in the western valleys.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Genetic diversity of anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development.

The genus Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) includes several pathogens of veterinary and human medical importance. An understanding of the diversity of Anaplasma major surface proteins (MSPs), including those MSPs that modulate infection, development of persistent infections, and transmission of pathogens by ticks, is derived in part, by characterization and phylogenetic analyses of geographic strains. Information concerning the genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. MSPs will likely influence the development of serodiagnostic assays and vaccine strategies for the control of anaplasmosis.

Anaplasma marginale↗
PubMed1990

Present and future possibilities for the control of cowdriosis and anaplasmosis.

Cowdriosis and anaplasmosis are most important tick-borne rickettsial diseases of ruminants. After a short introduction, in particular of their aetiology, epidemiology and diagnosis, present methods and future prospects for their control are briefly reviewed. The value and disadvantages of the four possible approaches, chemotherapy, tick control, the utilisation of inverse age-resistance in order to attain endemic stability, and artificial immunisation, are reviewed. Promising future developments in the field of immunisation are indicated.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2006

The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (formerly known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and babesiosis were prepared by an expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace the previous treatment guidelines published in 2000 (Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31[Suppl 1]:1-14). The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them. For each of these Ixodes tickborne infections, information is provided about prevention, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Tables list the doses and durations of antimicrobial therapy recommended for treatment and prevention of Lyme disease and provide a partial list of therapies to be avoided. A definition of post-Lyme disease syndrome is proposed.

Anaplasmosis↗