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PubMed1982

Effect of 13-cis-retinoic acid on sebum production and Propionibacterium acnes in severe nodulocystic acne.

Ten patients treated with 13-cis-retinoic acid demonstrated a 70% reduction in sebum excretion on the forehead and cheek. An average reduction of 66% occurred in the 1st month, slowly increased to 70% by the 3rd month, and then remained constant for the final 2 months of therapy. Concomitant with this sebum excretion reduction was a fall in the number of Propionibacterium acnes recovered from both sites. Pretreatment values of 10(4) P. acnes per square centimeter (cm2) fell to 10(3) per cm2 after 1 month and 10(2) after 9 months of therapy. P. acnes was not recovered from six of the ten subjects in the following 3 months and only at levels of 10(2) per cm2 in three subjects. One subject's P. acnes level was reduced to only 10(4) per cm2. Following discontinuation of therapy, sebum levels and P. acnes counts showed a trend to recover to pretreatment levels within 2 months.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2006

Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis to killing by MPO-halide system products. Implication for taurine bromamine as a new candidate for topical therapy in treating acne vulgaris.

INTRODUCTION: Taurine chloramine (TauCl) and taurine bromamine (TauBr) are the main haloamines produced by activated neutrophils. TauCl exerts both anti-inflammatory and microbicidal activities. Clinical studies showed that TauCl may be useful as an antimicrobial agent in the local treatment of infections. Much less is known about TauBr. Circumstantial evidence suggests that Propionibacterium acnes (PA) has a role in the inflammation of acne. Available topical therapies include antimicrobial agents which reduce total PA numbers and anti-inflammatory agents which suppress activity of the cells present in acne inflammatory lesions. In this study the bactericidal activities of TauBr and TauCl against PA and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE), as a control strain, were investigated. Moreover, the influence of these haloamines on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activated neutrophils was also tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TauBr and TauCl were prepared by reaction of taurine with HOBr and HOCl, respectively. The reaction was monitored by UV absorption spectra. The bactericidal activities of TauBr and TauCl were determined by the pourplate method. The generation of ROS by neutrophils was determined by luminol chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS: In our experimental set-up, TauBr showed stronger antibacterial activity than TauCl. Interestingly, PA was significantly more susceptible to TauBr than SE was. Moreover, TauBr at non-cytotoxic concentrations significantly reduced ROS generation by neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS: Since PA is considered to be an etiological agent in acne and ROS are closely correlated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases, the reported data suggest that TauBr may be a good candidate for the topical therapy for acne vulgaris.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1978

Cellular immunity to P. acnes in the normal population and patients with acne vulgaris.

Patients with varying degrees of acne, acne-free adult controls and samples of cord blood were investigated for cell mediated immunity to P. acnes using a leukocyte migration inhibition test. Despite the fact that the mean migration index tended to decrease with acne severity, only the patients with severe acne showed cell-mediated immunity. It is suggested that when cellular immunity arises it is a late event which may contribute to inflammation but is probably not a factor in its initiation.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1993

Detection of Propionibacterium acnes polypeptides which have stimulated an immune response in acne patients but not in normal individuals.

Patient and normal volunteer sera were used as probes in two-dimensional PAGE of P. acnes culture supernatant fluid and cell extracts to determine whether specific P. acnes polypeptides were associated with the immune reaction in acne. Eight polypeptides, M(r) 20 to 131 x 10(3), pI 4.7 to 6.5 in the cell extract, and 7 polypeptides M(r) 10 to 24 kD, pI 4.8 to 7.5 in the culture supernatant fluid were specifically highlighted by patient sera and not volunteer sera. These polypeptides were not related to described extracellular enzymes of P. acnes. It is possible that these polypeptides are involved in the induction of acne.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Different pro-inflammatory and immunogenic potentials of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis: implications for chronic inflammatory acne.

INTRODUCTION: Propionibacterium acnes (PA) and Staphyloccocus epidermidis (SE) are two major bacterial strains isolated from acne lesions. Nevertheless, only PA seems to be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Evidence for this, however, remains indirect and the precise role of PA in inflammatory acne is still a matter for conjecture. The aim of this study was to compare some pro-inflammatory and adjuvant properties of PA and SE. MATERIAL/METHODS: To determine some of the pathogenic, immunostimulatory, and pro-inflammatory proper of PA and SE, two experimental models of inflammation were used. In vivo; chronic inflammation was induced by intradermal injection of living bacteria into the ear. In vitro; peritoneal macrophages elicited by the bacteria were examined for their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and cytokines. RESULTS: PA, but not SE, evoked mild local inflammation of infected ears. Macrophages elicited with PA produced more tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin IL-12 than those induced with SE, while SE was a stronger inducer of IL-10 production. Both bacteria equally induced the generation of NO and ROS. In contrast, only PA showed adjuvant proper-ties. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these studies indicate that SE, in contrast to PA, does not exert pro-inflammatory properties. Thus it is unlikely that SE may be implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne vulgaris.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1976

Study of elastolytic activity Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermis in acne vulgaris and in normal skin.

Histopathological sections of anetoderma-like scars from 10 patients with acne vulgaris showed a selective absence of elastic fibers around pilosebaceous follicles. This finding is similar to the histologic changes of "perifollicular elastolysis" reported by Varadi. Bacteria isolated by anaerobic and aerobic cultures of swabs of the skin surface and pus of these 10 patients, 12 others with active acne vulgaris and 8 normal subjects were studied with particular attention to Staphylococcus epidermis and Propionibacterium acnes. These organisms were analysed for production of an elastolytic enzyme which might play a role in the observed selective loss of elastic fibers. No elastolytic activity was produced by S. epidermidis or P. acnes isolated from any of these individuals. Thus, we cannot attribute the perifollicular loss of elastic fibers in acne scarring to an elastase produced by organisms. The observed absence of elastic fibers might result from tissue necrosis produced by leukocytes during the inflammatory phase, followed by collagenous scar formation without regeneration of elastic fibers.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1981

Neuraminidase production by Propionibacterium acnes-strains isolated from patients with acne vulgaris, seborrheic eczema and healthy subjects.

Among cutaneous propionibacteria, synthesis of neuraminidase is highest in strains of the species P, acnes. In the present study, neuraminidase activity was discovered in 90.0% of P. acnes strains isolated from acne lesions compared with 72.7% of strains from normal human skin. Neuraminidase-positive strains from acne lesions, moreover, produced statistically significant higher amounts of the enzyme (X = 727 microunits/ml bacterial suspension) than isolates from normal skin (X - 392 microunits/ml). Whereas the moderate production of neuraminidase by strains from patients with seborrheic eczema is probably of no causative importance, the enzyme has to be discussed a potential etiologic factor in acne vulgaris.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2006

[Childhood acne. Clinical expression, etiology, and relationship to juvenile acne].

Childhood acne has different clinical expressions which may be present from birth or manifest within the first weeks of life or after the third to sixth month of life. The condition may occur as a physiological phenomenon or may be pathological and require endocrinologic evaluation and treatment. It may be induced by drugs or ointments or due to intoxication. Severe courses with a tendency to scarring in childhood may be observed. Childhood acne may persist and develop into juvenile acne. It is likely that childhood acne may represent a risk factor for the development of severe acne in puberty.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2005

The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of acne and acne scarring.

Evidence now supports a pivotal role for cellular inflammatory events at all stages of acne lesion development, from preclinical initiation to clinical presentation of active lesions through to resolution. The emphasis has moved from acne as a primarily hyperproliferative disorder of the sebaceous follicle to that of an inflammatory skin disorder. However, although the sequence of events leading to lesion formation has become clearer, the triggers for initiation remain speculative. The development of noninvasive techniques to detect preclinical "acne-prone" follicles is essential before triggers for initiation can be defined. Finally, the differences highlighted in the inflammatory profiles of inflamed lesions from patients who scar, as compared with other nonscarring acne patients reinforces the view that acne is a disorder, which embraces a number of pathologies.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2001

Psychosocial impact of acne vulgaris. evaluation of the relation between a change in clinical acne severity and psychosocial state.

BACKGROUND: Although knowledge concerning the impact of acne vulgaris on quality of life has increased in recent years, relatively few studies have assessed the effect of a change in clinical severity on psychosocial state. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of the effect of a change in clinical acne severity on psychosocial state. METHODS: This was investigated by means of questionnaires and clinical assessments by acne patients and dermatologists. Fifty females with mild to moderate facial acne were seen before and after a 9-month treatment with oral contraceptives. RESULTS: The results showed a great variability in psychosocial impairment between individuals. After 9 months, a significant reduction in clinical severity was seen overall which did not relate to the significant improvements in self-esteem, stability of self-esteem and acceptance of appearance. CONCLUSION: Perceived psychosocial impairment is individually based, is greater in women who subjectively overrate their acne and does not relate to clinical improvement.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1987

Seborrhoea in acne-prone and acne-free patients.

We have studied the relationship between seborrhoea and acne by using the Lipometre and Sebutape films. Seborrhoea is more intense in acne-prone than in acne-free patients. For a given overall amount of sebum excreted, the individual activity of sebaceous follicles differs in the two groups of individuals tested. Seborrhoea in acne-prone patients is due to the presence of some highly active follicles that are almost never encountered in acne-free patients.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1985

Acne-like chronic inflammatory activity of Propionibacterium acnes preparations in an animal model: correlation with ability to stimulate the reticuloendothelial system.

The ability of strains and fractions of killed propionibacteria suspensions to produce chronic rat ear inflammation after intradermal injection of 70-micrograms aliquots was highly correlated with production of splenomegaly in the mouse after i.p. injection of 1.4 mg Propionibacterium acnes strains CN 6134, VPI 0009, ATCC 11828, and UCLA SC and N1 produced a 2- to 3-fold increase in rat ear thickness and a 5- to 7-fold increase in mouse spleen weight 15 days post injection. In contrast P. granulosum CN 5888, P. acnes UCLA 6S and periodated, acetylated, or 12-h cultures of VPI 0009 were inactive or weakly active as stimulators of chronic ear inflammation and splenomegaly. Active strains produced in the rat ear a transepidermal elimination response characterized by follicular encapsulation and the formation of secondary comedones. These effects correlated with persistence of phagocytized bacteria within macrophages. Furthermore, when rats were first immunized and then challenged with active strains of P. acnes, an increased sensitivity to low doses of P. acnes and a chronic exacerbation of inflammation was observed.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2000

Heat shock proteins and inflammatory acne vulgaris: molecular cloning, overexpression and purification of a propionibacterium acnes GroEL and DnaK homologue.

Propionibacterium acnes is associated with inflammatory acne. The genes encoding two putative mediators of inflammation, the heat shock proteins GroEL and DnaK, were cloned from this organism and sequenced. groEL and dnaK encode proteins of 56.8 and 66.4 kDa, respectively, which show a high degree of homology (>75% similarity) to the GroEL and DnaK proteins of mycobacteria and streptomycetes. The promoter regions of both genes contain inverted repeat sequences believed to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of heat shock genes. Recombinant P. acnes GroEL and DnaK were overexpressed in Escherichia coli with C-terminal histidine tags. The recombinant proteins were purified from E. coli by metal affinity chromatography. These proteins will now be used in immunological investigations to determine their role in inflammatory acne.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1976

Topically applied antibiotics in acne vulgaris: clinical response and suppression of Corynebacterium acnes in open comedones.

Topical antibiotics were used on patients with acne vulgaris. Corynebacterium acnes organisms from open comedones were quantitated during treatment, and the progress of the disease was evaluated. Clindamycin lotion completely suppressed the growth of C acnes organisms, whereas erythromycin and tetracycline did not depress the C acnes counts. Taken as a group, these antibiotics gave a substantial improvement of the disease on the treated side as compared with paired untreated sides of the face and back.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1998

[The resistance of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis to cyclines. The Research and Study Group on Acne].

BACKGROUND: A rising percentage of tetracycline-resistant Propionibacterium acnes strains has been reported in the English literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied a population of 16 patients with acne who had been treated with oral tetracyclines during the preceding year. A bacteriological examination of a skin biopsy was obtained in all patients to determine aerobic and anaerobic flora as wells as resistance to tetracycline and minocycline. RESULTS: Staphylococcus epidermidis strains were frequently resistant to tetracycline (87.5%) as well as minocycline (30%). Tetracycline-resistant Propionibacterium acnes were also observed (7%). Inversely, we were unable to evidence any minocycline-resistant Propionibacterium acnes strains. CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the importance of determining whether therapeutic response is related or not to the presence of resistant strains.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1980

Antibodies against extractable components from Propionibacterium acnes in humans with and without acne vulgaris.

Acidic polysaccharides (AP) are released from Propionibacterium acnes I and II during growth. Similar antigens are released from two strains of P. avidum, but in a smaller amount. Furthermore, prostaglandin-like substances (PLS) have been isolated from the lipid fraction of P. acnes. The AP antigens give rise to a precipitation reaction against a large proportion of normal sera. However, significantly higher antibody titre levels towards the AP fraction were found in patients with severe acne vulgaris. No rise of antibodies was found towards PLS. These findings suggest that AP's may contribute to the inflammatory response in acne vulgaris as antigens, whereas PLS, as one of the potential mediators trigger development of the initial lesions.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1990

Incidence of acne vulgaris in patients with infantile acne.

A group of patients who attended dermatology clinics in Northern Ireland between 1960 and 1970 with a diagnosis of infantile acne was compared with a similar age-matched control group of 160 medical students. The severity of the acne was judged according to the form of treatment required--topical treatment, systemic antibiotics or isotretinoin. The statistical power of this study is limited but there appears to be a trend towards higher incidence and greater severity of acne vulgaris in teenage years in patients with a history of infantile acne compared to their peers.

Acne Vulgaris↗