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PubMed1995

Acculturation and psychiatric morbidity among Cambodian refugees in New Zealand.

A community survey examining the relationship between acculturation and minor psychiatric morbidity among 223 Cambodians living in Dunedin, New Zealand was conducted. Most subjects would like to retain their parent culture but would also like to assimilate into the host culture, indicating a preference for an integrated mode of acculturation. Those who were older, widowed, less educated, had shorter duration of stay in New Zealand, and of lower socioeconomic status, were less acculturated. Overall, the least acculturated were found to have the highest rate of psychiatric morbidity. When age and sex were controlled, the association between acculturation and psychiatric morbidity remained significant only for women aged 31 to 50. Overall, the associations between psychiatric morbidity and acculturation held true for marital status, duration of stay in N.Z., educational level, and socioeconomic status. The relevant conceptual and methodological issues in acculturation studies were discussed.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2005

Acculturation and reported intimate partner violence among Latinas in Los Angeles.

This study sought to understand the relationship between acculturation and reporting intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latinas. A cross-sectional interviewer-administered survey was conducted at public health care clinics throughout Los Angeles County. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of acculturation on reporting IPV. An increasing trend of reporting IPV was observed among Latinas who were more acculturated (chi-square = 41.02, p = .0006). Highly acculturated Latinas were more likely to report IPV compared with least acculturated Latinas (prevalence odds ration = 2.18, 95% confidence level = 0.98, 4.89) and moderately acculturated Latinas were more likely to report IPV compared with least acculturated Latinas (prevalence odds ration = 1.29, 95% confidence level = 0.69, 2.43). Culturally competent IPV prevention programs may be the key to significantly reducing the number of women exposed to this serious public health problem.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Acculturation in Mexican immigrants: a concept analysis.

The concept of acculturation in Mexican immigrants was analyzed using the concept analysis technique developed by Walker and Avant. The related concepts for acculturation are assimilation, separation, and marginalization. The defining attributes identified for acculturation are original cultural identity, exposure to a culture different from one's own, and changes in the behavioral, affective, and/or cognitive domains of one's functioning after exposure to a new culture. An antecedent for acculturation is that identification with one's culture of origin must be well established. Another antecedent is the willingness to modify one's original cultural identity. Transition is identified as a consequence of acculturation. Acculturation is a complex, multifaceted concept and cannot be adequately captured by measures that use language preference alone. Other factors such as social class, employment, education, and income should also be considered when acculturation is a factor in nursing practice and research.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2005

Acculturation and cancer screening among Latinas: results from the National Health Interview Survey.

BACKGROUND: Although early detection of breast and cervical cancer is one of the most effective means of assuring timely treatment and survival, the cultural hypothesis proposes that traditional norms, values, and beliefs deter Latinas from being screened. PURPOSE: We assessed whether acculturation is associated with Latinas' receipt of a recent mammogram, clinical breast examination (CBE), and Papanicolaou (Pap) test, and the contribution of acculturation to screening after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. METHODS: We used data from the Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement of the 1991 National Health Interview Survey. The sample for analyses of Pap test utilization included 1,370 Latinas age 18 and over, and for mammography and CBE, 525 Latina women age 40 and over. RESULTS: Acculturation was associated with a higher likelihood of having had a recent mammogram, but this effect was not significant when controlling for sociodemographic factors. In both adjusted and unadjusted analyses, acculturation did not predict recent Pap smears. Acculturation was associated with greater likelihood of recent CBE, controlling for sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The association between acculturation and cancer screening is inconsistent. Theoretical models are needed to explain the mechanisms involved in the association (or lack thereof) between acculturation and screening.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

Asian-American men's acculturation and gender-role conflict.

There is limited research on Asian-Americans' acculturation and conflicts with contemporary gender roles. This research assessed three samples of Asian-American men's acculturation and gender-role conflict. Differences between Chinese-American, Japanese-American, and Korean-American men's acculturation and the four patterns of gender-role conflict were analyzed. The relationship of demographic and acculturation variables to gender-role conflict was also calculated. Subjects (N = 125) were administered a demographic questionnaire, the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-identity Acculturation Scale, and the Gender-role Conflict Scale. Multivariate analysis of variance showed no differences between the Asian-American groups on acculturation and the four patterns of gender-role conflict. A canonical correlation analysis indicated one significant variate connecting acculturation with two patterns of issues of gender-role conflict: success, power, and competition and restrictive emotionality. Methodological limitations and research are mentioned.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2006

Affective and attributional features of acculturative stress among ethnic minority college students.

Little is known about the affective features of acculturative stress or its relation to attributional styles for negative events. The authors examined associations among acculturative stress, attributional style, and positive and negative affect among 96 ethnic minority college students. They hypothesized that acculturative stress would be characterized by elevated negative affect and global and stable attributions for negative events. Consistent with prediction, acculturative stress was significantly associated with negative affect and global attributions, even when controlling for other relevant predictors. Attributional style did not account for the association between negative affect and acculturative stress. Positive affect and stable and internal attributional styles were not related to acculturative stress. The authors discuss implications for reducing stress associated with acculturation.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1999

Determinants of birth-weight outcomes among Mexican-American women: examining conflicting results about acculturation.

In this article, we describe a comprehensive model for exploring the determinants of birth-weight outcomes among Mexican-American women from the Arizona Perinatal Acculturation Project. Data for this article came from a longitudinal study consisting of two phases. In phase one, a detailed prenatal survey was administered to 500 pregnant women. Phase two consisted of a postnatal survey administered to the women at least three months after they delivered (N = 269). Subjects who provided data were recruited from two health care agencies. Separate model building processes were conducted for a continuous measure of birth weight, and a dichotomous indicator of low-moderate birth weight (<2900 grams) using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses, respectively. The potential predictor variables for the models were divided into twelve predictor sets. The results showed that both final models included a combination of biological/behavioral factors, as well as protective sociocultural factor indicators. Acculturation status, one of the primary variables of interest in the study was found to be important for predicting birth weight and low-moderate birth weight. This result did not change when low birth weight (<2500 grams) infants were removed from the analyses. Low acculturation status was found to be associated with better birth-weight outcomes than high acculturation status. Surprisingly, length of US residence had an opposite effect in predicting both birth-weight indicators when compared to acculturation status. These results suggest that the relationships between acculturation and birth outcomes should be redefined to take into account the complexity of the phenomenon of acculturation in addition to the measurement of an array of family and sociocultural factors.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2001

Mental and physical health and acculturation among Hispanic Vietnam Veterans.

This study tested the associations between acculturation and mental and physical health among Hispanic Vietnam veterans. Secondary data analyses of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Survey, an epidemiological study of a representative sample of veterans who served during the Vietnam era (N = 1,195), were conducted. An acculturation index was constructed using standard acculturation measures (range, 0-13), and its predictive validity was tested using nine outcome measures of physical health and eight measures of mental health. Among Puerto Rican and Mexican-American veterans, the scores on the acculturation index ranged from 0 to 12. Hispanic veterans were distributed across the acculturation continuum as follows: 0 to 3 (24%), 4 to 7 (59%), 8 to 12 (17%). The acculturation scores were not associated with mental or physical health risks for Hispanic veterans. Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans did not differ in mental or physical health risk compared with non-Hispanic whites. The association between acculturation and mental and physical health among Hispanics may not be generalized to Hispanic veterans. Hispanics who have been through an intensive assimilating experience, such as being in the military, appear to have health outcomes similar to whites.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1993

Acculturation and compliance with medical therapy.

Lack of compliance with medical therapy is a major clinical problem. We undertook a study to determine whether degree of acculturation to mainland U.S. culture was predictive of compliance in Puerto Rican families having a child with asthma. A questionnaire was administered to parents of Puerto Rican asthmatic children attending an asthma clinic and taking oral theophylline as part of their medical management. The questionnaire included items concerning medical, socioeconomic, and cultural variables, as well as a standardized instrument devised to measure degree of acculturation. Compliance was measured by a serum theophylline level obtained at the time of the visit. Families were divided into compliant (n = 15) and noncompliant (n = 13) groups based on their child's serum theophylline determination. There was a significant difference in mean acculturation scores between compliant and noncompliant groups (p = .008). Those in the complaint group had scores indicative of a style of acculturation that integrated aspects of both "Anglo" and Puerto Rican lifestyles. Those in the noncompliant group had scores indicative of a less acculturated lifestyle. The findings of this study show that degree of acculturation is a predictor of compliance with medical therapy in mainland Puerto Ricans. Additional studies with other cultural groups are needed, as well as other studies incorporating acculturation into a multivariate model of compliance.

Acculturation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking, acculturation, and pregnancy outcome among Mexican Americans.

The authors present an evaluation of the role of acculturation in smoking practices and pregnancy outcome (N = 767 births) in a national sample of Mexican American women. Data employed are from the 1982-1984 Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence rates of smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight (< or = 2500 g), and preterm delivery (> or = 3 weeks prior to the expected date) are higher among more acculturated women compared with less acculturated women. Among the more acculturated women, the prevalence of smoking and poor birth outcomes did not increase linearly with increasing American orientation. Rather, women in the third quartile of acculturation scores, i.e., those with a moderate American orientation, experienced significantly poorer birth outcomes than women with either a stronger American orientation or a Mexican orientation. Women at this moderate level of acculturation appear to have the greatest need for public health services rather than women with the lowest level of acculturation (non-English speaking, lowest income) as a means of improving their pregnancy outcomes.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1999

Perfection as acculturation: psychological correlates of eating problems in Chinese male and female students living in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between acculturation, self-esteem, depression, and characteristics associated with eating disorders among Chinese university students in the United States. METHOD: A self-report questionnaire which included an acculturation scale (SL-ASIA), Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression (CES-D), Index of Self Esteem (ISE), and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) was administered to 197 Chinese university students in the United States (93 females and 104 males). RESULTS: Highly acculturated females reported significantly higher EDI total scores, more maturity fears, and a greater sense of ineffectiveness. Males who were less acculturated also reported high ineffectiveness while high male scores on acculturation were associated with greater perfectionism. Overall, females reported more body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, and respondents with high acculturation reported more perfectionism and interoceptive awareness. DISCUSSION: The impact of perfecting onself or one's body as a means of acculturating is discussed along with potential gender differences in perceived efficacy in a new culture.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Acculturation and blood pressure in a community-based sample of Chaldean-American women.

With the steady increase of non-European, non-English speaking immigrants to the United States, the relationship between acculturation and risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an issue of growing importance to researchers interested in the health of new immigrant populations. The influence of acculturation processes on adverse changes in blood pressure (BP), a major risk factor for CVD, has been examined in Hispanic-Americans and Asian-Americans. Published studies on this relationship in Arab-Americans are lacking, however, despite their growing numbers. With a specific focus on Chaldean-Americans, a major subgroup of the large Arab-American population located in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, the current study investigates the influence of level of acculturation on BP in a community probability sample of 130 Chaldean-American women. Study participants were interviewed in their homes (92% response rate). Physical measurements included BP, body mass index (BMI), and waist-hip ratio. Demographic and acculturation data were obtained through a standardized questionnaire. The crude hypertension prevalence in the sample was 16%. Three dimensions of acculturation were identified through content and factor analysis: English language preference, parental school involvement, and ethnic identity. In unadjusted analyses, both English language preference and Chaldean-American ethnic identity were associated (p < 0.01) with lower mean BP, but these differences became nonsignificant when age, BMI, and waist-hip ratio were statistically controlled. Parental school involvement was not associated with BP in any analyses. In this study, the strongest predictors of BP were BMI and waist-hip ratio, both of which were inversely correlated with age, education, English language preference, employment outside the home, and parental school involvement. Future studies of acculturation and BP in Chaldean-Americans (and other Arab-American populations) should use improved measures of acculturation, broader assessments of behavioral and socioeconomic status, and larger samples that includes both genders.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

The role of acculturative stress and body dissatisfaction in predicting bulimic symptomatology across ethnic groups.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the interactive effects of acculturative stress and body dissatisfaction in prediction of bulimic symptoms, particularly in non-White females. METHOD: We administered questionnaires to White, Black, and Hispanic females on acculturative stress, body dissatisfaction, and bulimic symptoms. RESULTS: Our results show that among minority women who report low levels of acculturative stress, body dissatisfaction and bulimia were not correlated. However, among minority women who reported high levels of acculturative stress, body dissatisfaction and bulimia were highly and significantly correlated. DISCUSSION: The combination of acculturative stress and body dissatisfaction may render minority women more vulnerable to bulimic symptoms; the absence of acculturative stress among minority women may buffer them against bulimic symptoms, even in the presence of body dissatisfaction.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

Acculturation and cigarette smoking among African American adults.

The relationship between acculturation and cigarette smoking among African Americans was examined with 444 adults. Results revealed that African American smokers were more traditional (less acculturated) than their nonsmoking counterparts, irrespective of gender, and that acculturation was a better predictor of smoking than status variables such as income and education. The prevalence of smoking among traditional African Americans was 33.6% and similar to the national data (33.2%), whereas the prevalence of smoking among acculturated African Americans was 15.3%; 68.49% of African American smokers were highly traditional. These findings suggest that acculturation is a factor in smoking among African Americans and highlight the need for further exploration of the role of acculturation in African American health and health-related behavior.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2005

Acculturation, income, education, safety belt use, and fatal motor vehicle crashes in California.

This paper investigates the role that acculturation, income, and education play in safety belt nonuse among Californian drivers involved in fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes (MVCs). To achieve this goal, measures of acculturation, income, and education were stochastically incorporated into the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Using the 1990 California Tobacco Survey and U.S. Census data, we estimated the combination of zip-code-based measures that most accurately predicts an individual, language-based acculturation index for Hispanics and Asians. Logistic regression was used to investigate the role of these variables in safety belt nonuse in fatal MVCs. We found that acculturation has a positive direct effect on safety belt use among Hispanics. We hypothesize that this positive direct effect is caused by Hispanic immigrants learning the benefits of wearing safety belts. However, our study also suggests an indirect negative effect of acculturation on safety belt use through drinking and driving. Prevention programs aimed at increasing the safety of Hispanic drivers not only need to take acculturation differences into account, but also need to be comprehensive in their message, simultaneously targeting both seat belt nonuse and drinking-and-driving problems.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1990

Adverse effects of acculturation: psychological distress among Mexican American young adults.

We examined the relationship between acculturation and psychological distress in young (20-30), middle aged (31-50), and older adult (51-74) Mexican Americans (n = 3084). The data were from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Acculturation was measured with items on spoken and written language and ethnic identification. Psychological distress was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We found that as acculturation increased, distress significantly increased in young adults but tended to decrease in older adults. This general pattern held for males and females and was consistent for the CES-D total score and caseness rates. The effects of acculturation were independent of the effects of income and education. We discuss that alienation and discrimination may be two intervening events producing the psychological distress of the highly acculturated young adults. Further, our findings tentatively suggest a longitudinal process whereby acculturated younger Mexican Americans attempting to advance themselves economically and socially in the dominant society strip themselves of traditional resources and ethnically-based social support. Through the years, however, they may re-establish ties to their native culture which contributes to relatively positive mental health.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2004

Acculturation and health risk behaviors among Californians of Korean descent.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effects of acculturation on health behaviors among Korean-Americans in California compared to Koreans in Seoul. METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted with 2,830 Korean-American adults in California (completion rate exceeding 86%) and 500 Korean adults in Seoul (completion of about 50%). RESULTS: Among Korean-Americans, acculturated women were more likely to smoke and drink while acculturated men were more likely to become obese. All Korean-American men reported significantly decreased rates of smoking and drinking compared to Koreans in Seoul. Among both men and women in California, acculturation was associated with high consumption of American foods, and low consumption of traditional Korean foods. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that more acculturated Korean-Americans were exposed to greater health risk than those who were less acculturated.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1999

Acculturation and dietary practices among Korean Americans.

OBJECTIVE: Examine variation in dietary practices and nutritional intakes of Korean Americans at different acculturation levels. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mail survey. SUBJECTS/SETTING: US national sample of 348 Korean Americans (46% of the Korean American sample to whom questionnaires were delivered). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED: Analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, Spearman rank correlation, chi 2 test, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Korean Americans who were more acculturated consumed more American food and less Korean food. American foods such as oranges, low-fat milk, bagels, tomatoes, and bread were consumed regularly by Korean Americans; Korean foods such as rice, kimchi, garlic, green onions, and Korean soup were also consumed regularly. American foods were adopted the most at breakfast and the least at dinner. Bicultural people regularly incorporated more different types of foods into their diet. Despite significant differences in dietary practices, dietary quality did not vary by acculturation status. APPLICATION/CONCLUSIONS: Acculturation was influential in the dietary patterns of Korean Americans. Specific information about Korean diet related to acculturation status can be used by dietitians who work with Korean Americans. Dietitians can benefit from gathering and applying specific information about Korean diets and diets of other ethnic groups; they also need to recognize the changing nature of dietary patterns as acculturation occurs.

Acculturation↗