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PubMed2005

ABA-hypersensitive germination3 encodes a protein phosphatase 2C (AtPP2CA) that strongly regulates abscisic acid signaling during germination among Arabidopsis protein phosphatase 2Cs.

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates physiologically important developmental processes and stress responses. Previously, we reported on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) L. Heynh. ahg mutants, which are hypersensitive to ABA during germination and early growth. Among them, ABA-hypersensitive germination3 (ahg3) showed the strongest ABA hypersensitivity. In this study, we found that the AHG3 gene is identical to AtPP2CA, which encodes a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C). Although AtPP2CA has been reported to be involved in the ABA response on the basis of results obtained by reverse-genetics approaches, its physiological relevance in the ABA response has not been clarified yet. We demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that the ahg3-1 missense mutation causes the loss of PP2C activity, providing concrete confirmation that this PP2C functions as a negative regulator in ABA signaling. Furthermore, we compared the effects of disruption mutations of eight structurally related PP2C genes of Arabidopsis, including ABI1, ABI2, HAB1, and HAB2, and found that the disruptant mutant of AHG3/AtPP2CA had the strongest ABA hypersensitivity during germination, but it did not display any significant phenotypes in adult plants. Northern-blot analysis clearly showed that AHG3/AtPP2CA is the most active among those PP2C genes in seeds. These results suggest that AHG3/AtPP2CA plays a major role among PP2Cs in the ABA response in seeds and that the functions of those PP2Cs overlap, but their unique tissue- or development-specific expression confers distinct and indispensable physiological functions in the ABA response.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed1976

Ethylene-induced Formation of ABA in Citrus Peel as Related to Chloroplast Transformations.

When mature green harvested Shamouti oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) were exposed to 35 mul/liter of ethylene, a 3-fold increase in free abscisic acid (ABA) of the flavedo could be detected after 12 hours and a 10-fold increase after 24 hours, while chlorophyll destruction did not exceed 20%. The increase in free ABA continued up to 24 hours and leveled off. Bound ABA accumulated strongly after 24 hours suggesting that excess of free ABA was being converted into the bound form. Similar increases in ABA upon exposure to ethylene occurred also in fully mature orange fruits which had already lost all of their chlorophyll, in white and green portions of the flavedo of variegated lemons, and in the colorless albedo of Eureka lemons.The synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine which retards chlorophyll breakdown delayed the ethylene-induced accumulation of free and bound ABA. GA(3) had no effect on endogenous ABA levels.Application of (14)C-2-mevalonolactone to fruits resulted in low but distinct labeling of R(F) zones corresponding to ABA markers, in both free and bound acid fractions. However, there were no significant differences in patterns of incorporation between ethylene-treated and control fruits.The results indicate that ABA accumulates in citrus peel upon exposure to ethylene irrespective of the type of plastids present in the tissue. The possible role of chloroplasts in ABA formation is discussed.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Abscisic Acid Control of Lectin Accumulation in Wheat Seedlings and Callus Cultures : Effects of Exogenous ABA and Fluridone.

Wheat germ agglutinin is found in wheat embryos and a similar lectin is present in the roots of older plants. We report here that 10 micromolar abscisic acid (ABA) produces an average two to three-fold enhancement in the amount of lectin in the shoot base and the terminal portion of the root system of hydroponically grown wheat seedlings. Although ABA stunts seedling growth, a similar growth inhibition produced by ancymidol is not accompanied by elevated lectin levels. To further clarify the role of ABA, wheat callus cultures were employed. Callus derived from immature embryos was grown on growth medium containing various combinations of ABA and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Those grown in the presence of 10 micromolar ABA exhibit the largest increases in lectin compared to material grown on other regimes. The involvement of ABA in lectin accumulation was further probed with fluridone, an inhibitor of carotenoid synthesis which has also been linked to depressed levels of endogenous ABA. Wheat seedlings grown in the presence of 1 or 10 milligrams per liter fluridone have few or no carotenoids, and wheat germ agglutinin levels in the shoot base and roots are lower compared to controls. The greatest effect (a 39% reduction in the shoot base) is produced at an herbicide concentration of 10 milligrams per liter. Exogenous 10 micromolar ABA greatly stimulates lectin accumulation in the presence of fluridone, but the levels are not as high as those produced by ABA alone. These results indicate that lectin synthesis is under ABA control in both wheat embryos and adult plants.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

ABA depolarizes guard cells in intact plants, through a transient activation of R- and S-type anion channels.

During drought, the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces rapid stomatal closure and in turn reduces transpiration. Stomatal closure is accompanied by large ion fluxes across the plasma membrane, carried by K+ and anion channels. We recorded changes in the activity of these channels induced by ABA, for guard cells of intact Vicia faba plants. Guard cells in their natural environment were impaled with double-barrelled electrodes, and ABA was applied via the leaf surface. In 45 out of 85 cells tested, ABA triggered a transient depolarization of the plasma membrane. In these cells, the membrane potential partially recovered in the presence of ABA; however, a full recovery of the membrane potentials was only observed after removal of ABA. Repetitive ABA responses could be evoked in single cells, but the magnitude of the response varied from one hormone application to the other. The transient depolarization correlated with the activation of anion channels, which peaked 5 min after introduction of the stimulus. In guard cells with a moderate increase in plasma membrane conductance (DeltaG < 5 nS), ABA predominantly activated voltage-independent (slow (S)-type) anion channels. During strong responses (DeltaG > 5 nS), however, ABA activated voltage-dependent (rapid (R)-type) in addition to S-type anion channels. We conclude that the combined activation of these two channel types leads to the transient depolarization of guard cells. The nature of this ABA response correlates with the transient extrusion of Cl- from guard cells and a rapid but confined reduction in stomatal aperture.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2026

Exogenous ABA enhances cold tolerance of Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense under subzero temperature: integrating physiology, transcriptome, and proteome.

Low temperature limits the growth and ornamental value of evergreen shrubs. Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense, an important ornamental shrub from Northeast China, frequently suffers freezing damage during winter. While exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) enhances cold tolerance in many plants, its molecular mechanisms at subzero temperatures remain poorly understood in non-model species lacking chromosome-level reference genomes. This study investigated the effects of exogenous ABA on freezing tolerance in R. yedoense var. poukhanense at -4 °C using an integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and proteomic approach. Cutting seedlings were subjected to four treatments: CK (22°C control), A (22°C + ABA), LT (-4°C), and ALT (-4°C + ABA). Photosynthetic pigments, osmotic regulation substances, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. Transcriptome sequencing and quantitative proteomics were performed, and transcriptome data were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) of 15 selected genes. ABA pretreatment reduced visible cold injury severity, partially preserved photosynthetic pigments, decreased MDA content by 28.7%, and promoted recovery of catalase (+43.6%), superoxide dismutase (+31.1%), and peroxidase (+20.0%) activities under freezing stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed 8, 444 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LT versus CK and 6, 481 DEGs in ALT versus CK, representing a 23% reduction in transcriptional reprogramming scope attributable to ABA priming. The ALT versus LT comparison identified only 1, 690 additional DEGs, indicating that most cold-responsive genes were pre-activated during the ABA priming phase. Proteome analysis identified 1, 461 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in ALT versus CK. Integrated analysis revealed extensive post-transcriptional regulation, with transcript-protein concordance of only 1.0-4.1%, and co-enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in both omics layers. qRT-PCR validation confirmed high reliability of the transcriptome data (R2 = 0.8500). These findings demonstrate that exogenous ABA enhances freezing tolerance through multi-layered molecular regulation encompassing transcriptional buffering, translational reprogramming, and functional reallocation from photosynthesis to stress protection. This study provides the first integrated physiology-transcriptome-proteome framework for ABA-mediated freezing tolerance in an evergreen ornamental shrub and offers theoretical support for ABA-based winter protection strategies.

Rhododendron yedoense var. Poukhanense↗

PubMed2000

Extracellular beta-glucosidase activity in barley involved in the hydrolysis of ABA glucose conjugate in leaves.

Abscisic acid conjugate concentrations increased in barley xylem sap under salinity, whereas it remained at a low level in the intercellular washing fluid (IWF) of barley primary leaves (Hordeum vulgare cv. Gerbel). Here it is shown that IWF contains beta-glucosidase activity which releases abscisic acid (ABA) from the physiologically inactive ABA-glucose conjugate pool in the leaf apoplast. The following data support this conclusion and give the first biochemical and physiological characterization of the extracellular glucosidase activity in barley. Free ABA was released by the incubation of ABA glucose ester with IWF. The product exhibited the retention time of authentic ABA upon separation by thin layer chromatography and was identified by ABA-ELISA. p-Nitrophenol-beta-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) was used as the substrate for beta-glucosidases. The K(M)(pNPG) was 1.8 mmol l(-1). The activity was affected by ABA glucopyranoside in a competitive type of inhibition with a K(I) of 400 micromol l(-1). Various hormone conjugates were compared with respect to their inhibitory effect on beta-glucosidase activity. Inhibition was highest for the ABA glucopyranoside and the zeatin riboside, but insignificant for ABA methyl ester and zeatin-9-beta-D-glucoside. The specific activity of the beta-glucosidase was 16-fold greater in IWF as compared to crude leaf extracts confirming its extracellular compartmentation. The activity of beta-glucosidase was strongly increased after growth in hydroponic medium supplemented with NaCl. The data support the hypothesis that the glucose conjugate is a long-distance transport form of ABA.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2000

[Accumulation of ABA and ODAP in Lathyrus sativus under water stress].

The roots of fifteen days old Lathyrus sativus seedlings were treated by PEG, PEG + ABA and ABA, and their leaves were sampled to determine the contents of endogenic ABA, ODAP, MDA and H2O2 and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The results showed that after treated, the contents of ABA and ODAP in leaves increased markedly. The addition of exogenous ABA decreased the increment of MDA and H2O2 contents and retarded the attenuation of CAT activity, which were induced by PEG stress, and enhanced the GR activity. In addition, when materials were treated with exogenous ABA in a long time, the ABA content in leaves was increased markedly, and ODAP was then accumulated. There was no significant effect on metabolism of active oxygen in the early days(0-3 days) of ABA treatment, but the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and GR decreased, and the contents of MDA and H2O2 increased in leaves of Lathyrus sativus with the duration of ABA treatment(7-15 days). The results indicated that ABA could promote the accumulation of ODAP in leaves of Lathyrus sativus.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2005

[NO may function in the downstream of H2O2 in ABA-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba L].

It is usually suggested that either H(2)O(2) or NO function as a signal molecule in mediating the ABA-induced stomatal closure of guard cells, but there has been no report on the relationship between H(2)O(2) and NO in ABA signal transduction pathway. Here, using stomatal analysis and laser scanning cofocal microscope techniques, we show firstly that NO functions as a downstream intermediate of H(2)O(2) signaling to mediate ABA-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba L. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) and H(2)O(2) can mimic the effects of ABA on stomatal closure. Carboxy-PTIO (c-PTIO, a specific scavenger of NO) partly reverse the stomatal closure induced by ABA or H(2)O(2), while catalase (CAT), a H(2)O(2) scavenger, failed to reverse the NO-induced aperture reduction in Vicia faba guard cells. Monitoring the changes in both NO and H(2)O(2) generation in guard cells by using fluorescent probe of NO or H(2)O(2), DAF-2DA or H2DCFDA, respectively, we found that the generating rate of H(2)O(2) in guard cells was faster than that of NO after being treated with ABA 10 micromol/L. CAT almost completely inhibited the increase in DAF fluorescence induced by ABA. Similar to ABA, exogenous H(2)O(2) provoked the production of NO. c-PTIO slightly enhanced the fluorescent intensity of DCF stimulated by ABA, while exogenous SNP did not increase DCF fluorescence in guard cells. Taken together, these results suggest that H(2)O(2) could probably act as upstream component of NO signaling and NO negatively regulate H(2)O(2) generation during ABA-induced stomatal closure in guard cells.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2026

OsICL-associated metabolic reprogramming during dehydration in rice is regulated by ABA and modulated by ACC and its metabolites.

Drought coordinates hormonal, transcriptional, and metabolic reprogramming, but how abscisic acid (ABA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) jointly shape cereal dehydration responses remains unclear. We integrated hormone profiling, transcriptome and promoter analyses, synthetic promoter assays, and metabolite profiling in rice. ABA and ACC contents increased markedly in rice shoots under moderate soil water deficit. Combined ABA + ACC treatment showed larger absolute overlaps with dehydration-responsive genes than either ABA or ACC treatment alone in shoots; in roots, this pattern was observed for induced but not repressed genes. Promoters of dehydration- and ABA-inducible genes were enriched in ACGT-core motifs, including a CGTACG core preferentially embedded in ACGTACGT, designated the eXtended ACGT box (Xbox). Multimerised Xbox conferred transcriptional induction under soil water deficit and in response to ABA. OsICL was induced under soil water deficit and by ABA or ACC; in shoots, combined ABA + ACC treatment produced the highest mean transcript accumulation. OsICL overexpression and knockout lines showed altered organic-acid, sugar, and amino-acid profiles, particularly under soil water deficit, but several metabolites changed in the same direction in both line classes. These findings support an ABA-centred, ACC-modulated model of dehydration-responsive transcription and associate OsICL regulation with broader, condition-dependent changes in primary metabolism.

Oryza sativa↗

PubMed2005

Rapid degradation of starch in chloroplasts and concomitant accumulation of soluble sugars associated with ABA-induced freezing tolerance in the moss Physcomitrella patens.

Abscisic acid (ABA) has been postulated to play a role in the development of freezing tolerance during the cold acclimation process in higher plants, but its role in cold tolerance in tower land plants has not been elucidated. The moss Physcomitrella patens rapidly developed freezing tolerance when its protonemata were grown in a medium containing ABA, with dramatic changes in the LT50 value from -2 degrees C to over -10 degrees C. We examined physiological and morphological alterations in protonema cells caused by ABA treatment to elucidate early cellular events responsible for rapid enhancement of freezing tolerance. Microscopic observations revealed that ABA treatment for 1 day resulted in a dramatic alteration in the appearance of intracellular organelles. ABA-treated cells had slender chloroplasts, with a reduced amount of starch grains, in comparison with those of non-treated cells. The ABA-treated cells also had several segmented vacuoles while many of non-treated cells had one central vacuole. When frozen to -4 degrees C, freezing injury-associated ultrastructural changes such as formation of aparticulate domains and fracture-jump lesions were frequently observed in the plasma membrane of non-treated protonema cells but not in that of ABA-treated cells. The ABA treatment increased the osmotic concentration of the protonema cells, in correlation with accumulation of free soluble sugars. These results suggest that ABA-induced accumulation of soluble sugars, associated with morphological changes in organelles, mitigated freezing-induced structural damage in the plasma membrane, eventually leading to enhancement of freezing tolerance in the protonema cells.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2006

Identification of quantitative trait loci for ABA sensitivity at seed germination and seedling stages in rice.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the important plant hormones, which plays a critical role in seed development and adaptation to abiotic stresses. The sensitivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to exogenous ABA at seed germination and seedling stages was investigated in the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between irrigated rice Zhenshan 97 and upland rice IRAT109, using relative germination vigor (RGV), relative germination rate (RGR) and leaf rolling scores of spraying (LRS) or culturing (LRC) with ABA as sensitivity indexes. The phenotypic correlation analysis revealed that only RGV at germination stage was positively correlated to ABA sensitivity at seedling stage. QTL detection using composite interval mapping (CIM) and mixed linear model was conducted to dissect the genetic basis of ABA sensitivity, and the single-locus QTLs detected by both methods are in good agreement with each other. Five single QTLs and six pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected for ABA sensitivity at germination stage. Eight single QTLs and five pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected for ABA sensitivity at seedling stage. Two QTLs were common between LRS and LRC; and one common QTL was detected for RGV, LRS and LRC simultaneously. These results indicated that both single and epistatic loci were involved in the ABA sensitivity in rice, and the genetic basis of ABA sensitivity at seed germination and seedling stage was largely different.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2000

Cis-elements and trans-factors that regulate expression of the maize Cat1 antioxidant gene in response to ABA and osmotic stress: H2O2 is the likely intermediary signaling molecule for the response.

The mechanisms by which the maize antioxidant Cat1 gene responds to abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress have been investigated. Results show that during late embryogenesis, Cat1 expression in vivo is independent of endogenous ABA levels. However, exogenously applied ABA significantly enhances Cat1 expression. Transient assays using particle bombardment show that the proximal ABRE2 element on the Cat1 promoter is responsible for the induction of Cat1 expression by ABA. We further show that ABA induces the expression of Cat1 via the interaction between ABRE2 and one of its binding proteins, CBF1 (Cat1 binding factor 1). Using ABA-deficient mutant embryos, we show that osmotic stress induces Cat1 expression through two alternate signal transduction pathways: an ABA signaling pathway leading to the interaction between the ABRE2 motif and CBF1, and a pathway via the interaction of ABRE2 and CBF2 (Cat1 binding factor 2) that is independent of ABA. The data presented clearly suggest that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an important intermediary role in the ABA signal transduction pathway leading to the induction of the Cat1 gene.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2004

Comparative studies on the Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase (AAO) gene family revealed a major role of AAO3 in ABA biosynthesis in seeds.

The Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase 3 (AAO3) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of ABA biosynthesis. AAO3 has been shown to be the major AAO involved in ABA biosynthesis in leaves under stress conditions. On the other hand, less severe phenotypes of the aao3 seeds suggested that other AAO(s) might also be involved in ABA biosynthesis in seeds. Among four AAOs (AAO1-AAO4), AAO1 and AAO4 were the AAO expressed most abundantly in dry seeds and developing siliques, respectively. Unlike aao3, single loss-of-function mutants for AAO1 and AAO4 (aao1 and aao4), failed to show significant changes in endogenous ABA levels in seeds when compared with wild type. While aao3 seed germination was resistant to the gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, uniconazole, aao1 and aao4 showed no resistance and were similar to wild type. These results indicate that AAO3, but not AAO1 or AAO4, plays an important role in ABA biosynthesis in seeds. Mutations of AAO1 or AAO4 in the aao3 mutant background enhanced ABA deficiency in seeds, demonstrating that both gene products contribute partially to ABA biosynthesis in the aao3 mutant background. However, considering the enzymatic characters of AAO1 and AAO4, their involvement in ABA biosynthesis in wild-type seeds may be negligible. We have concluded that AAO3 is the AAO that plays a major role in ABA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seeds as well as in leaves.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2005

Indirect ABA-dependent regulation of seed storage protein genes by FUSCA3 transcription factor in Arabidopsis.

The key transcription factors that control seed maturation, ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) and FUSCA3 (FUS3), share homologous DNA-binding domains. Regulation of seed storage protein genes At2S3 and CRC by ABI3 and FUS3 was investigated using transgenic plants in which ABI3 and FUS3 could be ectopically induced by steroid hormones. Like ABI3, the presence of FUS3 led to expression of At2S3 and CRC in vegetative tissues. FUS3-mediated induction of CRC was completely dependent on exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), while At2S3 was weakly induced without ABA but strongly enhanced with ABA. This ABA dependency of FUS3-induced CRC and At2S3 expression was similar to that observed for ABI3. However, kinetic analysis revealed distinctions between the mechanisms of ABA-dependent CRC regulation by FUS3 or ABI3, and between target genes. While At2S3 activation by FUS3 was rapid, CRC induction by FUS3 in the presence of ABA, and by ABA followed by the presence of FUS3, took a significantly longer time (24-36 h). This suggested the involvement of an indirect mechanism requiring the ABA- and FUS3-dependent synthesis of intermediate regulatory factor(s). A chimeric protein composed of the FUS3 B3 domain, and a heterologous activation domain and nuclear localization signal exhibited a tight coupling with ABA regulation as observed for wild-type FUS3. Simultaneous induction of FUS3 and ABI3 did not result in the synergistic activation of CRC and At2S3. Based on these results, similarities and differences in the mechanisms of seed storage protein gene regulation by FUS3 and ABI3 are discussed.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed2002

Canopy stomatal conductance and xylem sap abscisic acid (ABA) in mature Scots pine during a gradually imposed drought.

We investigated the effect of drought on canopy stomatal conductance (g(c)), and examined the hypothesis that g(c) is controlled by the chemical messenger abscisic acid (ABA) produced in roots. Beginning in November 1994, we subjected a mature stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) to an imposed 11-month drought. Control plots were maintained at average-season soil water content. Xylem sap was extracted from shoots at regular intervals from April to November 1995. Soil water, sap flow and leaf water potentials (predawn to dusk) were recorded at the same time. Canopy stomatal conductance was calculated from sap flow data and xylem sap ABA concentrations ([ABA(xyl)]) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mean [ABA(xyl)] in control trees was 250 micromol m(-3). No diurnal variation in [ABA(xyl)] was detected. With soil drying, [ABA(xyl)] increased to a maximum in summer (600 micromol m(-3)), but decreased again toward autumn; however, no significant increase in ABA flux to the leaves occurred. A decline in g(c) was detected when volumetric soil water content declined below 0.12. The decline in g(c) could not have been mediated by increasing [ABA(xyl)] because stomatal closure appeared to precede any increase in [ABA(xyl)]. Peak sap flow velocity data were used to estimate delivery times for root-to-shoot signals in 15-m tall trees. Under normal field conditions, a signal would take 12 days to travel from the site of production (roots) to the presumed site of action (shoots). However, under drought conditions it may take a chemical signal in excess of 6 weeks. We conclude that a feedforward model of short-term stomatal response to soil drying, based solely on the action of a chemical messenger from the roots, is not applicable in mature conifer trees because signal transmission is too slow.

Abscisic Acid↗

PubMed1998

Wound signaling in tomato plants. Evidence that aba is not a primary signal for defense gene activation

The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on the accumulation of proteinase inhibitors I (Inh I) and II (Inh II) in young, excised tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants were investigated. When supplied to excised plants through the cut stems, 100 &mgr;m ABA induced the activation of the ABA-responsive le4 gene. However, under the same conditions of assay, ABA at concentrations of up to 100 &mgr;m induced only low levels of proteinase-inhibitor proteins or mRNAs, compared with levels induced by systemin or jasmonic acid over the 24 h following treatment. In addition, ABA only weakly induced the accumulation of mRNAs of several other wound-response proteins. Assays of the ABA concentrations in leaves following wounding indicated that the ABA levels increased preferentially near the wound site, suggesting that ABA may have accumulated because of desiccation. The evidence suggests that ABA is not a component of the wound-inducible signal transduction pathway leading to defense gene activation but is likely involved in the general maintenance of a healthy plant physiology that facilitates a normal wound response.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

Regulation by ABA of beta-Conglycinin Expression in Cultured Developing Soybean Cotyledons.

The regulation of cotyledon-specific gene expression by exogenously applied abscisic acid (ABA) was studied in developing cultured cotyledons of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Provar). When immature cotyledons were cultured in modified Thompson's medium, the addition of ABA resulted in an increased concentration of the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin, one of the major storage proteins of soybean seeds. The amount of the alpha'-and alpha-subunits of beta-conglycinin was relatively unaffected by the ABA treatment. When fluridone, an inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis that has been shown to decrease ABA levels in plant tissues, was added to the medium the level of ABA and the beta-subunit decreased in the cotyledons. Increasing the concentration of sucrose in the culture medium caused an increase in the concentration of ABA and beta-subunit in the cotyledons. When in vitro translation products from RNA isolated from cotyledons cultured with ABA were immunoprecipitated with antiserum against beta-conglycinin, there was an increased amount of pre-beta-subunit polypetide compared to the translation products from RNA isolated from control cotyledons. The pre-beta-subunit polypeptide was not detected in translation products from RNA isolated from fluridone-treated cotyledons. Nucleic acid hybridization reactions showed that the level of beta-subunit mRNA was higher in ABA-treated cotyledons compared to the control, and was lower in the fluridone-treated cotyledons. We have shown that exogenous ABA is able to modulate the accumulation of the beta-subunit of beta-conglycinin in developing cultured soybean cotyledons.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1987

Effect on Root Growth of Endogenous and Applied IAA and ABA: A Critical Reexamination.

Applications of indole-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were done on two-day-old intact maize (cv LG 11) roots. The effect of the treatment on the root growth depends on their initial elongation rate. The slow growing roots were all inhibited by exogenous IAA and ABA at any concentrations used whereas for the fast growing roots their elongation was promoted by these two hormones at low concentrations. Quantitative analyses of endogenous IAA and ABA were performed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. Detection and quantification of endogenous IAA and ABA were done on the zone of the root implicated in elongation. These techniques were achieved by electron impact on the IAA-Me-heptafluorobutyryl derivative and by negative ion chemical ionization with NH(3) on the ABA-Me ester derivative. A negative correlation between the growth and the endogenous content of these two hormones was obtained. ABA presented a larger range of endogenous level than IAA on the whole population of roots tested. When using applied IAA and ABA at different concentrations the same differentiating effect on the growth was observed. This allowed us to conclude that for identical concentrations, IAA has a more powerful effect on root elongation than ABA. Present results are discussed in relation to previous data related to the role of IAA and ABA in the growth and gravireaction of maize roots.

Journal Article↗