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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Advances in the management of medial elbow pain in baseball pitchers.

Overhead-throwing athletes, particularly baseball pitchers, subject their elbows to tremendous amounts of valgus stress during the throwing motion. As a result of this stress, baseball pitchers are at considerable risk for injury. The proper functioning and stability of the elbow depends upon the bony articulations and soft tissue structures. The stresses placed across the elbow joint with repetitive throwing can lead to injury. Although the majority of injuries encountered are overuse injuries, acute injuries can also occur. Proper and timely diagnosis and treatment of these throwers is critical, to allow for the athlete's successful return to competition.

Baseball↗
PubMed2004

Upper-body strength and power assessment in women using a chest pass.

Finding assessment methods that are reliable, valid, and easy to administer is important, especially when assessing large numbers of athletes. The purpose of this research therefore was to investigate whether assessment of the upper body using the chest pass throw was significantly related to strength and power as measured using the bench press. The chest pass distance of 12 experienced netball players was measured; thereafter, their bench press 1 repetition maximum and various kinematic and kinetic variables were calculated from a 10-kg bench press throw performed on an instrumented Smith machine. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to establish the relationship between the strength/power variables and the chest pass. Of the kinematic and kinetic variables calculated from the bench press throws, impulse and power were the variables most highly correlated to chest pass distance (r = 0.775-0.810), whereas the measures of initial force production (F30ms and F100ms) were the lowest (r = 0.082-0.105). Four variables had a greater than 50% (R2) shared variance with the netball chest pass-impulse, peak power, mean power and maximal strength. Power and impulse are strong predictors of chest pass performance; however, the value of the chest pass as an assessment tool to map strength and power changes in an athlete needs to be investigated using a training study approach.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Force-velocity analysis of strength-training techniques and load: implications for training strategy and research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the force-velocity response of the neuromuscular system to a variety of concentric only, stretch-shorten cycle, and ballistic bench press movements. Twenty-seven men of an athletic background (21.9 +/- 3.1 years, 89.0 +/- 12.5 kg, 86.3 +/- 13.6 kg 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) performed 4 types of bench presses, concentric only, concentric throw, rebound, and rebound throw, across loads of 30-80% 1RM. Average force output was unaffected by the technique used across all loads. Greater force output was recorded using higher loading intensities. The use of rebound was found to produce greater average velocities (12.3% higher mean across loads) and peak forces (14.1% higher mean across loads). Throw or ballistic training generated greater velocities across all loads (4.4% higher average velocity and 6.7% higher peak velocity), and acceleration-deceleration profiles provided greater movement pattern specificity. However, the movement velocities (0.69-1.68 m.s(-1)) associated with the loads used in this study did not approach actual movement velocities associated with functional performance. Suggestions were made as to how these findings may be applied to improve strength, power, and functional performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Anthropometric and strength correlates of fast bowling speed in junior and senior cricketers.

The aim of this study was to characterize relationships between anthropometric and isoinertial strength characteristics and bowling speed in junior and senior cricket fast bowlers. Subjects were first-class senior (n = 24; mean +/- SD age = 23.9 +/- 4.8 years, height = 187.4 +/- 4.8 cm, mass = 87.8 +/- 8.4 kg) and junior representative (n = 48; mean +/- SD age = 14.8 +/- 1.3 years, height = 175.7 +/- 9.8 cm, mass = 65.8 +/- 12.9 kg) male fast bowlers. A full anthropometric profile, upper- and lower-body isoinertial strength tests, and peak bowling speed (Vpeak) were assessed on the same day. The senior bowlers had a substantially faster Vpeak (126.7 km.h(-1)) than the juniors (99.6 km.h(-1)), a larger estimated muscle mass (seniors 40.0 +/- 3.9 kg, juniors 28.3 +/- 5.6 kg), and a greater bench press throw and deltoid throw (all p < 0.01). The best multiple predictors of Vpeak for the junior bowlers were the static jump, bench throw, body mass, percentage muscle mass, and height (multiple-correlation r = 0.86). For the senior bowlers, static jump and arm length correlated positively with Vpeak (multiple-correlation r = 0.74). The 1-legged countermovement jump was negatively correlated with Vpeak in both groups. We conclude that differences in Vpeak between junior and senior bowlers relate primarily to body mass and upper-body strength. However, lower body strength is a more important contributor to Vpeak in senior bowlers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A kinetic and kinematic analysis of the Harai-goshi judo technique.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the kinetic and kinematic characteristics of the throwing technique, Harai-goshi of novice and advanced judo competitors. A heterogeneous group of 28 male and female judo competitors participated in this study. Each subject was required to perform three successful trials. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected by utilizing the Kistler Instrument Corporation Multicomponent Force Measuring Platform System and the Peak Technologies Motion Video Analysis System. Data were collected in order to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the horizontal and vertical forces of the support leg, and the horizontal and vertical velocities of the sweeping leg during execution of the throwing technique, Harai-goshi (hip sweep). The study revealed a significant difference in horizontal force application, between novice and advanced judo competitors. In addition, we found numerous significant relationships among mean horizontal ground reaction force application and horizontal leg sweep velocity in 19 of the 28 participants when analyzed individually. The results suggest (1) leg sweep velocity is a function of ground reaction force application; and (2) horizontal leg sweep velocity plays a primary role in good technical execution of the Harai-goshi throw.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Partial posteromedial olecranon resection: a kinematic study.

BACKGROUND: The posteromedial aspect of the olecranon process is a site of impingement and subsequent osteophyte development in throwing athletes. Treatment with débridement, with resection of osteophytes and varying amounts of normal olecranon bone, is common. We found no reports in the literature concerning the effects of resecting different amounts of normal bone from the posteromedial aspect of the olecranon. We hypothesized that excessive resection would increasingly alter elbow kinematics and that an optimum amount of olecranon resection could be identified. METHODS: We investigated the kinematic effects of increasing valgus and varus torques and posteromedial olecranon resections, in twelve cadaveric elbows, with use of an electromagnetic tracking device. Two valgus and two varus torques were applied, and three sequential resections were performed in 3-mm steps from 0 mm to 9 mm. Statistical analyses included paired t tests, 95% confidence intervals, a one-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures, and a post hoc test when significance was established. RESULTS: Sequential partial resection of the posteromedial aspect of the olecranon resulted in stepwise increases in valgus angulation with valgus torque. Clear differences were seen at each level of resection. A pattern of increased valgus angulation also was seen in association with increased valgus torque. Increased valgus torque resulted in a trend toward increased axial internal rotation of the ulna, whereas increased osseous resection resulted in a decrease in the absolute degree of internal rotation or, in some specimens, increased external rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Although no single critical amount of olecranon resection was identified, valgus angulation of the elbow increased in association with all resections, with a marked increase occurring in association with a 9-mm resection. Our findings challenge the rationale of removing any amount of normal olecranon bone in throwing athletes as doing so may increase strain on the medial collateral ligament. The implications for the professional throwing athlete are important, and we recommend that bone removal from the olecranon be limited to osteophytes, without the removal of normal bone.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Vascular changes of the hand in professional baseball players with emphasis on digital ischemia in catchers.

BACKGROUND: Repetitive trauma to the hand is a concern for baseball players. The present study investigated the effects of repetitive trauma and the prevalence of microvascular pathological changes in the hands of minor league professional baseball players. In contrast to previous investigators, we documented the presence of abnormalities in younger, asymptomatic individuals. METHODS: Thirty-six baseball players on active minor league rosters underwent a history and physical examination of both hands as well as additional specialized tests, including Doppler ultrasound, a timed Allen test, determination of digital brachial pressure indices, and ring sizing of fingers. Data were compared between gloved hands and throwing hands, hitters and nonhitters, and players at four different positions (catcher [nine subjects], outfielder [seven subjects], infielder [five subjects], and pitcher [fifteen subjects]). RESULTS: Digital brachial indices in the ring fingers of the gloved (p < 0.05) and throwing hands (p < 0.02) of catchers were significantly diminished compared with those in all other players. Doppler testing showed a significantly greater prevalence of abnormal flow in the ulnar artery at Guyon's canal when catchers were compared with other position players (p < 0.01). Doppler abnormalities were significantly more common in the gloved hand compared with the throwing hand (p < 0.05). Seven of nine catchers (and only catchers) were found to have index finger hypertrophy (average change, two ring sizes; p < 0.01); the hypertrophy occurred at the proximal phalanx and the proximal interphalangeal joint of the gloved hand. Catchers had a significantly higher prevalence of subjective hand symptoms (specifically, weakness in the gloved hand) compared with pitchers and infielders/outfielders (44% compared with 7% and 17%, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Microvascular changes are present in the hands of otherwise healthy professional baseball players in all positions, with a significantly higher prevalence in catchers, prior to the development of clinically important ischemia. Repetitive trauma resulting from the impact of the baseball also leads to digital hypertrophy in the index finger of the gloved hand of catchers. Gloves currently used by professional catchers do not adequately protect the hand from repetitive trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effect of instructional units on the analysis of related and unrelated skills.

84 majors in elementary education were divided into three groups, one control group and two experimental groups. The control group received no instruction in skill analysis while the experimental groups were instructed via videotape in either the instep kick in soccer or in throwing, catching, and striking skills. All three groups were given a skill-analysis test composed of throwing, catching, and striking skills. Statistical analysis yielded significant effect for those who viewed the throwing, catching, and striking videotape. No effect was found for the control group or the group who viewed the soccer-instep videotape. The results suggest specificity may be as important in skill analysis as in acquisition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Gender differences in motor performance of 50- to 79-year-old adults.

This study was conducted to assess gender and age differences among 73 men and women (50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 yr.) on five motor tasks (balance, standing long jump, sit and reach, hand grip, and softball throw). Differences between men and women on the standing long jump, hand grip, and the softball throw favored men. The men had better performance scores than the women on each of these tasks. An interaction of gender by age was noted on the balance task. Women 50-59 yr. old balanced significantly longer than the men of that age group. Age differences were found for the standing long jump, hand grip, and softball throw. The 50-59 age group performed significantly better than the 60-69 and the 70-79 age groups. Performance decreased on each task across age groups. These findings suggest gender differences in motor performance of older adults as has been noted for children.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

An exploratory study of perceptual-motor abilities of women: novice and skilled players of team handball.

Comparisons of ability between skilled performers and novices have been made for activities such as basketball, volleyball, tennis, squash, and badminton, but there is little work on team-handball which is not a well-recognized sport in North America. To examine a variety of perceptual, e.g., anticipation time, reaction time, and motor, e.g., throwing tasks, abilities of skilled and novice female team-handball players 13 First Division (skilled) and 10 recreational (novice) players (M age = 25.3 yr.) performed 2 laboratory activities (for measurement of anticipation time, reaction time and movement time) and 3 field tasks (for measurement of accuracy and speed of throwing abilities) in random order. Reaction time and movement time were collected during a unique team-handball motor activity. Analyses of variance with repeated measures on trial blocks indicated high mean proficiency for the skilled participants in reaction time and all field-throwing tests compared with the novice participants. These reliable differences in team-handball activities further support superiority in sport settings gained by physical achievements and psychomotor excellence. In other words, skilled female team-handball players threw faster and more accurately and responded more rapidly than novice players.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Upper and lower body strength in relation to underhand pitching speed by experienced and inexperienced pitchers.

The relation of legs, arms, shoulders, and grip strength with underhand pitching speed of experienced and inexperienced female pitchers was investigated. For 16 experienced female underhand pitchers and 16 inexperienced women with no softball experience (control group) leg and arm strength were measured using a Hydrafitness exercise machine. Grip strength was measured with a handgrip dynamometer. Underhand throwing speed was measured with a radar gun. Regression analysis showed arm and grip strength correlated with throwing speed (p < or = .05) for the experienced group. For the inexperienced control group, the only correlate of throwing speed was arm strength (p < or = .05). There was a significant difference between the two groups on all measures of strength and ball speed in favor of the experienced group (p < or = .05).

Acceleration↗
PubMed1993

Stretch-shortening drills for the upper extremities: theory and clinical application.

Enhanced athletic performance emphasizes the muscle's ability to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time. Exaggerated maximal muscular force develops due to athletic movements producing a repeated series of stretch-shortening cycles. The stretch-shortening cycle occurs when elastic loading, through an eccentric muscular contraction, is followed by a burst of concentric muscular contraction. A form of exercise called plyometrics employs a quick, powerful movement involving a prestretch of the muscle, followed by a shortening, concentric muscular contraction, thus utilizing the stretch-shortening muscular cycle. The literature contains numerous references to plyometric training for the lower extremity, but there is a lack of information on the upper extremity plyometric program. Overhead activities, such as throwing, necessitate elastic loading to produce maximal, explosive, concentric muscular contractions. Plyometric exercise employs the concept of the stretch-shortening muscular cycle. The rehabilitation concept of specificity of training suggests plyometric exercise drills should be performed by the throwing athlete. This paper discusses the basic neurophysiological science and theoretical basis for plyometric exercise, and it describes an upper extremity stretch-shortening exercise program for the throwing athlete.

Arm↗
PubMed1996

The effects of isokinetic vs. plyometric training on the shoulder internal rotators.

Plyometric training has become a popular training and rehabilitation tool. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of plyometric and isokinetic concentric/eccentric training of the shoulder internal rotators. Female subjects (N = 78) were randomly assigned to three groups: control, isokinetic training, and plyometric training. Pre-/posttesting measurements included: 1) concentric/eccentric isokinetic power measurements of the shoulder internal rotators at 60 degrees/sec, 180 degrees/sec, and 240 degrees/sec; 2) kinesthetic measurements of shoulder internal rotation, external rotation < 45 degrees, and external rotation > 45 degrees; and 3) a softball distance test. Both groups trained twice a week for 8 weeks. Power and kinesthetic data were analyzed using multiple analyses of variance with repeated measures. A one-way analysis of variance was performed on the softball throw data. No significant (p < .05) pre-/posttest differences were found with kinesthetic testing or the softball throw. Pre-/postpower differences were significantly greater for the isokinetic group at 60 degrees/sec eccentric, 120 degrees/sec concentric and eccentric, and 240 degrees/sec concentric and eccentric. Isokinetic training of the shoulder internal rotators increases isokinetic power, but neither isokinetic nor plyometric training resulted in a functional improvement with the softball throw.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Biomechanical and clinical performance of a new synthetic monofilament absorbable suture.

The clinical and mechanical performance of a new, monofilament, synthetic absorbable suture (Biosyn) was evaluated and compared to that of a braided synthetic absorbable suture (Vicryl). The monofilament synthetic absorbable suture was significantly stronger than the braided synthetic absorbable suture over the 4 weeks of implantation. In addition, the monofilament suture potentiated less bacterial infection than did the braided suture. The handling characteristics of the monofilament suture were superior to the braided suture because the monofilament suture required fewer throws to achieve knot security, encountered lower drag forces in fascia and colon, and had a greater double-wrapped first-throw knot security. Evaluated independently in clinical settings, the monofilament sutures were found to have excellent strength, first-throw hold, knot security, passage through tissue, knot repositioning, and ease of handling.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1999

Recurrent fracture of the humerus in a softball player.

Fracture of a normal humerus can occur during the act of throwing an object. We present the case of a young woman who sustained a spiral fracture of the distal humeral shaft with concomitant radial nerve palsy while throwing a softball and who, after clinical and radiographic evidence of bony healing, suffered a repeat humerus fracture, also while throwing a softball.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

System of the performance evaluation criteria weighted per positions in the basketball game.

Based upon the expertise performed by ten basketball professional relative importance coefficients with regard to positions in the game were determined for nineteen performance evaluation criteria. High degree of interobservers agreement was obtained concerning all positions (from 0.91 to 0.98). In concordance with the obtained results the particular play positions were explicitly described, as well as similarities and differences between them were determined from the aspect of the single criteria importance. The following criteria had an above average importance for the: Position 1--levels of defensive pressure, transition defense efficiency, the ball control, passing skills, dribble penetration, outside shots, and transition offence efficiency; Position 2--level of defensive pressure, transition defense efficiency, outside shots, dribble penetration, offence without the ball, and transition offence efficiency; Position 3--transition defense efficiency, outside shots, dribble penetration, offense without the ball, free throws, and transition offence efficiency; Position 4--defensive and offensive rebounding efficiency, inside shots, dribble penetration, efficiency of screening, and free throws; Position 5--defensive and offensive rebounding efficiency, inside shots, dribble penetration, efficiency of screening, drawing fouls and three-point plays, and free throws. The research results could be usefully applied by the basketball practitioners to selecting and following-up players, the teching-learning process directing and improving, the training process programming and the transformational effects controlling.

Basketball↗
PubMed2002

Limb dominance as a potential etiologic factor in noncontact anterior cruciate ligament tears.

A retrospective case series analysis of 80 patients (44 males and 36 females) who presented with acute, unilateral, noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears was performed. The role of limb dominance as a possible etiologic factor in noncontact ACL tears was investigated and the gender-specific relationship was determined. Patients were questioned about the nature of their injury and asked to list their preferred upper and lower extremities for writing, throwing, and kicking-activities previously used to define upper and lower extremity dominance. The relationships between limb dominance, side of injury, and gender were assessed. Mean patient age was 27.8 years. The left knee was involved in 54% of patients and the right knee in 46%. Eighty-nine percent of the study group identified themselves as right-hand dominant for writing, 91% were right-hand dominant for throwing, and 89% were right-leg dominant for kicking. Overall, there was no significant correlation between the side of injury and dominant limb for writing (P=.84), throwing (P=.68), or kicking (P=.99). There also was no significant gender effect on the relationship between limb dominance and side of injury (P=.65). Limited numbers precluded an analysis of specific limb-dominant sports activities as potential risk factors. The results of this pilot study suggest limb dominance is not a significant etiologic factor for noncontact ACL tears.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A functional fatiguing protocol and deceleration time of the shoulder from an internal rotation perturbation.

CONTEXT: Muscular fatigue impedes sensorimotor function and may increase the risk of shoulder injury during activity. The effects of fatigue on the sensorimotor system of the shoulder have been studied with various results. Deceleration times have been used to study neuromuscular control of the shoulder; however, no studies involving the effects of fatigue on deceleration times have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To compare shoulder deceleration times after a shoulder internal rotation perturbation before and after a repetitive throwing exercise protocol. DESIGN: A 2 x 2 repeated-measures design. SETTING: Exercise and sport injury laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Twenty healthy, recreationally active men (age = 24.76 +/- 4.03 years, height = 178.41 +/- 8.36 cm, mass = 80.16 +/- 15.20 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. To ensure familiarity with the overhead motion, all subjects chosen had previously participated in an overhead throwing sport. INTERVENTION(S): The independent variables were time (preintervention and postintervention) and session (experimental and control). The intervention consisted of continuous overhead throwing. The subjects were considered fatigued when a 10% decrease in velocity was noted on 3 consecutive pitches. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Time necessary to decelerate from an internal rotation perturbation. RESULTS: Deceleration time was significantly increased by the fatiguing intervention ( P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The decreased ability to decelerate may be an adaptive response by the subjects to dissipate a lower percentage of force per second.

Journal Article↗