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PubMed2001

Interpersonal behavior and resting blood pressure in college women: a daily monitoring study.

UNLABELLED: Psychological factors have long been implicated in the development of hypertension. Most studies exploring this relationship employed questionnaires administered on only one occasion. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the relation between blood pressure and social behavior in the natural environment over an extended period of time. METHOD: 40 healthy young adult women at varying risk for hypertension were asked to record their behavior and affect following social interactions, three times a day for 32 days. Behaviors were representative of the interpersonal circumplex: dominance, submissiveness, agreeableness, and quarrelsomeness. RESULTS: Casual blood pressure was significantly correlated with submissive behavior (r=.45, P<.05) and inversely correlated with agreeable behavior (r=-.35, P<.05). ANOVAs confirmed these findings and further revealed that offspring of hypertensives with relatively elevated blood pressure were most quarrelsome. CONCLUSION: These results concur with the literature on the relationship between hostility and blood pressure but also suggest the importance of submissiveness in college women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of feeding space on the inter-cow distance, aggression, and feeding behavior of free-stall housed lactating dairy cows.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether doubling the amount of feeding space from 0.5 to 1.0 m per cow leads to increased spacing between cows at the feeder, fewer aggressive social interactions among cows, and ultimately increased feeding activity. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were provided with 0.5 and 1.0 m of feeding space per cow in a 2 x 2 crossover design replicated over time. Time-lapse video was used to quantify the inter-cow distance and incidence of aggressive displacements at the feed alley. An electronic feed alley monitoring system was used to monitor the feeding behavior of the cows. When animals had access to 1.0 m per cow, there was at least 60% more space between animals and 57% fewer aggressive interactions while feeding than with access to 0.5 m of feeding space. These changes in spacing and aggressive behavior in turn allowed cows to increase feeding activity throughout the day, especially during the 90 min after providing fresh feed (an increase of 24%). This increase in feeding activity was particularly evident for subordinate cows. These results indicate that increasing space allowance at the feeder increases feeding activity and reduces competition among lactating dairy cows.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Self-derogations and the interpersonal theory.

The interpersonal theory of personality has been applied to explain depressed people's dilemma: The depressed person's submissive behavior invites dominating reactions from other people, and those reactions sustain the depressed person's depression. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that self-derogations connote submissiveness but are generally judged to be neutral in affiliation. Experiment 3 tested implications for the behavior of dysphoric and nondysphoric Ss as they interacted with a self-derogating, other-derogating, or nonderogating confederate partner. Ss selected a topic from a list and talked about it for 1 min: the confederate's script was fixed. The S's judgments of the confederate, choice of topics, satisfaction with the interaction, and actual responses were analyzed. Self-derogators were judged to be submissive, elicited dominating reactions, and selected more topics with negative content.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of problem solving and communication skills of persons with schizophrenia.

Although much research has shown positive outcomes of teaching problem solving and communication skills to persons with schizophrenia, the amount of research on the assessment of these two sets of skills has been modest. The current study demonstrates an effective model for their assessment and includes a previously neglected procedure to determine if subjects attended to the skill prompts. It replicates and expands prior findings on problem solving and communication skills. Results indicated that persons with schizophrenia were generally deficit in problem solving skills. Persons without schizophrenia seemed to use more behavioral information when deciding if a problem existed and they were better able to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate solutions to problems. Persons with schizophrenia were found to be deficit in communication skills that facilitate interaction and showed a style that subordinated their wants to those of others.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hypercortisolism associated with social subordinance or social isolation among wild baboons.

BACKGROUND: The phenomena of basal hypercortisolism and of dexamethasone resistance have long intrigued biological psychiatrists, and much is still unknown as to the causes and consequences of such adrenocortical hyperactivity in various neuropsychiatric disorders. We have analyzed basal cortisol concentrations and adrenocortical responsiveness to dexamethasone in a population of wild baboons living in a national park in Kenya. We tested whether social subordinance in a primate is associated with dexamethasone resistance. Furthermore, we examined whether individual differences in adrenocortical measurements were predicted by the extent of social affiliation in these animals. METHODS: Seventy yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were anesthetized and injected with 5 mg of dexamethasone; the cortisol response was monitored for 6 hours. The animals were of both sexes in a range of ages and had known ranks in the dominance hierarchies within their troops. Extensive behavioral data were available for a subset of 12 adult males who were anesthetized under circumstances that also allowed for the determination of basal cortisol concentrations. RESULTS: The socially subordinate baboons were less responsive to dexamethasone than were the dominant ones; as one manifestation of this, postdexamethasone cortisol values were more than 3 times higher in the dozen lowest-ranking animals compared with the dozen highest. In addition, socially isolated males had elevated basal cortisol concentrations and showed a trend toward relative dexamethasone resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that social status and degree of social affilitation can influence adrenocortical profiles; specifically, social subordinance or social isolation were associated in our study with hypercortisolism or feedback resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Gender inequalities of health in the Third World.

This paper examines gender inequalities of health in Third World Countries. Health hazards are present at every stage of a woman's life cycle. Health problems which pose the greatest hardship to women in these countries include: reproductive health problems, excess female mortality in childhood, violence against girls and women, occupational and environmental hazards, and cervical and breast cancer. Many of these lead to maternal mortality which was the most focussed upon indicator of women's health in the literature. Gender inequalities of health originate in the traditional society where definitions of health status and traditional medical practices all reflect the subordinate social status of women. Gender inequalities in health are manifested in traditional medical practices which attribute women's illnesses to behavioral lapses by women; differential access to and utilization of modern healthcare services by women and girls, including maternal care, general healthcare, family planning and safe abortion services. Reasons for gender inequalities in health include--emphasis on women's childbearing roles resulting in early and excessive childbearing; sex preference manifested in discrimination against female children in health and general care; women's workloads which not only expose them to health hazards but also make it difficult for them to take time off for healthcare; lack of autonomy by women leading to lack of decision-making power and access to independent income; early marriage which exposes women to the complications of early and excessive childbearing. Gender inequality in health is one of the social dimensions in which gender inequality is manifested in Third World societies. Strategies to eradicate gender inequalities in health must therefore involve efforts to improve the status of women.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed2006

Escalated conflict in a social hierarchy.

Animals that live in cooperative societies form hierarchies in which dominant individuals reap disproportionate benefits from group cooperation. The stability of these societies requires subordinates to accept their inferior status rather than engage in escalated conflict with dominants over rank. Applying the logic of animal contests to these cases predicts that escalated conflict is more likely where subordinates are reproductively suppressed, where group productivity is high, relatedness is low, and where subordinates are relatively strong. We tested these four predictions in the field on co-foundress associations of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus by inducing contests over dominance rank experimentally. Subordinates with lower levels of ovarian development, and those in larger, more productive groups, were more likely to escalate in conflict with their dominant, as predicted. Neither genetic relatedness nor relative body size had significant effects on the probability of escalation. The original dominant emerged as the winner in all except one escalated contest. The results provide the first evidence that reproductive suppression of subordinates increases the threat of escalated conflict, and hence that reproductive sharing can promote stability of the dominant-subordinate relationship.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Heat and social stress effects on pig immune measures.

Forty-eight domestic pigs were used to evaluate the effects of heat and social stress on immune indices. Pigs were brought together in groups of three per pen and video-taped for the first 72 h. Video tapes were viewed to determine time spent in aggressive and submissive behaviors. Social status of each pig was determined from outcomes of agonistic interactions. Pens of pigs were housed in either a thermoneural (control, 24 degrees C) or heat-stress (33 degrees C) air temperature. Immune measures were determined from blood samples obtained on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after grouping. Social status had an effect (P < .05) on lymphocyte proliferation in response to pokeweed mitogen: socially intermediate pigs had a higher proliferative response than socially dominant or subordinate pigs. Many immune measures showed a significant interaction between heat and social stress over days of the study. Generally, socially dominant or submissive pigs had alterations in immune function (elevated numbers of neutrophils, decreased antibody production) compared with socially intermediate pigs. In conclusion, heat and social stress interact in their effect on the pig's immune system. Although one might have predicted immunosuppression among submissive pigs, there also seemed to be immunological costs to dominant pigs as well. These data also have implications in design of stressor research in that social behavior should be measured or controlled.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed1992

[3H]Rauwolscine binding sites in the brains of male tree shrews are related to social status.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of social status on central nervous alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Using the specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist [3H]rauwolscine, binding sites in the brains of dominant and subordinate male tree shrews were quantified by in vitro autoradiography. In 5 of the 14 brain structures investigated, subordinates had significantly lower numbers of binding sites than dominants. These structures were the solitary tract nucleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the periaqueductal gray, the perifornical region of the hypothalamus and the medial nucleus of the amygdala. These brain areas are all intimately involved in the regulation of autonomic functions and of emotional behavior. Also the affinities for [3H]rauwolscine differed between the groups. In 3 nuclei, the solitary tract nucleus, the periaqueductal gray and the medial nucleus of the amygdala, dominants had significantly higher Kd-values than subordinates. This demonstrates the presence of low affinity binding sites in dominants which do not exist in subordinates. It is suggested that the low number of [3H]rauwolscine binding sites in subordinates results from down-regulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors by high levels of noradrenaline and/or adrenaline. The disappearance of low affinity [3H]rauwolscine binding sites may play an important role in the etiology of psychosocial stress.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Behavioral and neuroendocrine response to psychosocial stress in male rats: the effects of the 5-HT 1A agonist ipsapirone.

The effect of the 5-HT 1A agonist ipsapirone on the behavior, plasma catecholamine, and corticosterone levels was studied in male Wistar rats during the psychosocial stress of confrontation with a confined dominant opponent 24 hr after defeat. The effect of the drug was also studied during a predefeat confrontation with the confined (would-be dominant) rat. Blood samples were withdrawn via a permanent heart catheter. The drug (5 mg/kg, ip) or vehicle was given 30 min before transportation to the experimental room. Ipsapirone had no major effects on the plasma hormone concentrations and had no influence upon the behavioral response to the confined rat. At the postdefeat test ipsapirone led to a significant increase of immobility, whereas both rearing and time spent sniffing the cage were diminished. Postdefeat psychosocial stress resulted in an increase of the hormone, particularly catecholamine levels. These responses were further elevated by the drug. The presence of high corticosterone levels in the home cage after postdefeat ipsapirone treatment leads to the hypothesis that postsynaptic 5-HT 1A receptor hypersensitivity develops after the social stress of defeat.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Colony structure and parentage in wild colonies of co-operatively breeding Damaraland mole-rats suggest incest avoidance alone may not maintain reproductive skew.

Colonies of co-operatively breeding African mole-rats have traditionally been thought to be composed of a single breeding female, one or two breeding males, and their offspring. In the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), the occurrence of facultative inbreeding means incest avoidance cannot prevent reproduction in subordinate group members, and physiological suppression of reproductive function by the breeding female occurs in both sexes. In contrast, previous studies of captive colonies of the Damaraland mole-rat (Cryptomys damarensis) suggest that breeding within a colony is restricted to a single breeding pair, simply because all other colony members are highly related (first- or second-order relatives) and this species is an obligate outbreeder. Using microsatellite markers, we investigated parentage and colony composition in 18 wild Damaraland mole-rat colonies to determine whether inbreeding avoidance alone can explain the high levels of reproductive skew in this species. Multiple and unidentified paternity was widespread within colonies and immigrants of both sexes were regularly identified. Unrelated, opposite-sex nonbreeders were found coexisting in two colonies. These results suggest that, in the wild, conditions exist where nonreproductive females can come into contact with unrelated males, even when they do not disperse from their natal colony. Inbreeding avoidance alone is therefore insufficient to maintain the high levels of reproductive skew identified in this species suggesting that the breeding female somehow suppresses the reproductive function in nonbreeding females.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The knight as patient of the squire.

Many types of non-professional, non-credentialed relationships are seen by laypersons as analogous to those occuring in psychotherapy. This paper takes a leap backwards several centuries and describes two examples of one such type of interaction as portrayed in artistic masterpieces. In Miguel de Cervantes' novel, "Don Quixote," an elderly, depressed man pursues a restitutive and grandiose delusion of being a heroic knight errant. In Ingmar Bergman's film, "The Seventh Seal," a disillusioned knight returns from the Crusades to face the lethal bubonic plague, and he uses obsessional means in an attempt to outwit death. Both men are accompanied by squires who try, with varying degrees of success, to help their masters relinquish their infantile needs for omniscience and omnipotence, accept their human limitations, and deal more appropriately with their surrounding realities. The powerful and inspiring insights of both works have much to teach contemporary therapists whose patients wear more metaphorical suits of armor.

Aspirations, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Valuing our differences. How to manage a culturally diverse work force.

How can we become aware of cultural blind spots that keep us from understanding one another? To adequately prepare for the new work force, healthcare organizations must establish work force diversity goals. Of course, goals by themselves will not empower minority workers. And if goals are perceived as "window dressing," resentment builds. Most organizations claim their hiring practices are not biased. One way to ensure that your hiring practices are unbiased is to ask important questions: Does the ethnic makeup of our work force resemble that of the community? If not, what can be done to strengthen our affirmative action programs? In a multicultural work force, misunderstandings are bound to arise because human behavior is conditioned by cultural factors. One way for an organization to identify problems that are culturally based is for supervisors and subordinates to meet informally to ensure that the organization is maximizing the minority worker's talents. Climate surveys and exit interviews are two other frequently used methods. Cultural diversity training programs can also make a difference in an organization. Some training programs help participants learn how culture influences the way we communicate. Knowledge of the cultural basis of how we interact is one factor in building bridges of understanding.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

[The effect of chronic experience of victories or defeats in social conflicts upon sexual motivation in male mice].

The relevance of using the social contact test "Peregorodka" for investigation into sexual motivation in male mice, was checked and confirmed. A positive correlation was found between behavioural patterns manifested by the males near a transparent septum with holes separating them from receptive females and the males' subsequent sexual behaviour. Experience of victories as well as defeats in social conflicts was found not to interfere with occurrence of sexual motivation of the same intensity as in control animals. In the latter, however, sexual motivation was stable in time whereas in the model males its gradual decrease occurred within the 30-min test period. The findings suggest fast exhaustion of the sexual motivation in mice under conditions of prolonged social conflicts irrespective of either victories or defeats.

Aggression↗