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PubMed1987

Luteal peptides and intercellular communication.

The variety of peptides synthesized by the corpus luteum (relaxin, vasopressin, oxytocin and oxytocin-related neurophysin) and their possible intracellular effects are reviewed. After luteinization of the granulosa cells and in response to LH and FSH, the output of oxytocin is increased. In addition, insulin-like growth factor is a very potent stimulus of oxytocin secretion. Although luteal cells respond to gonadotrophins by increased production of progesterone, there is no further secretion of oxytocin. Oxytocin is localized in large luteal cells which seem not to be under the direct control of gonadotrophins. Synthesis of luteal oxytocin seems to occur during the early luteal phase according to measurements of oxytocin mRNA. Highest tissue concentrations and secretion under in-vitro conditions were observed during the mid-luteal phase, and so synthesis, storage and secretion are unlikely to occur concomitantly. Under in-vitro conditions, oxytocin is secreted concomitantly with neurophysin and progesterone, and there appears to be some form of communication between small and large luteal cells for the secretion of progesterone and oxytocin under in-vivo conditions. Evidence has been obtained that oxytocin may have local effects in the ovary by inhibition of secretion (synthesis ?) of progesterone, especially during the early luteal phase. A mechanism can be suggested whereby, under physiological conditions, oxytocin may delay the increase of progesterone by inhibition of progesterone secretion and therefore delay down regulation of its own receptor. This would prolong the life-span of the CL and the oestrous cycle. Exogenous progesterone given on Days 1-4 shortens the cycle to about 12 days. The best evidence that oxytocin may be involved in controlling luteolysis comes from immunization experiments in ewes and goats, but there is no clear evidence of this type for cattle. Basal concentrations of oxytocin at the end of the luteal phase may interact with oxytocin receptors after the inhibitory effect of progesterone in the uterus is reduced, thus initiating synthesis of PGF-2 alpha.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Interleukins: factors of intercellular communication].

Immune response implies reactions between immunocompetent cells. These reactions are made by direct contact between cells and via soluble factors. Among the latter, the interleukins, protein molecules produced during antigenic and mitogenic stimulation by the immunocompetent cells, intervene as modulators of the immune response. Interleukin-1, a protein synthesized by the activated macrophages, participates in the induction of interleukin-2 production by stimulated T-lymphocytes. Interleukin-2, a glycoprotein molecule, is the growth factor of activated T-lymphocytes by enabling their proliferation and clonal propagation. Interleukin-3, or Multi-colony stimulating factor, controls the production and the differentiation of haemopoietic cells and thus probably plays an important role in resistance to infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Non-synaptic intercellular communication: presynaptic inhibition.

Synapse is the most common and generally accepted structural basis for the interaction between neurons. It provides a "one-to-one" communication system between neurons. However, there is another possibility for interneuronal communication: when one neuron communicates with many others without making synaptic contact. In the past few years neurochemical, morphological and pharmacological evidence has been obtained that some neurotransmitters may be released from non-synaptic sites, for diffusion to target cells more distant than those seen in conventional synaptic transmission. The non-synaptic interneuronal communication between neurons plays a physiological role in the presynaptic modulation of chemical neurotransmission. This would be a transitional form between the classical neurotransmission and the broadcasting of neuroendocrine secretion.

Acetylcholine↗