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PubMed1992

Intelligence and educational level in relation to body mass index of adult males.

In this study we explore the relationships between intelligence test score, educational level, and degree of body fatness. We collected data on intelligence test score, educational level, height, and weight from a sample of 26,274 young Danish men and computed body mass index (weight/height2) as a measure of fatness. Both intelligence test score and educational level had maximum values below the median for body mass index and declined monotonically thereafter. The decline was equal for test score and educational level and above 32 kg/m2 corresponded to almost half a standard deviation. These results are not readily explained by stigmatization of frank obesity, and other mechanisms, possibly genetic, may be responsible.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Security architecture for health grid using ambient intelligence.

OBJECTIVES: To propose a novel approach of incorporating ambient intelligence in the health grid security architecture. METHODS: Security concerns are severely impeding the grid community effort in spreading its wings in health applications. In this paper, we have proposed a high level approach to incorporate ambient intelligence for health grid security architecture and have argued that this will significantly improve the current state of the grid security paradigm with an enhanced user-friendly environment. We believe that the time is right to shift the onus of traditional security mechanisms onto the new technologies. The incorporation of ambient intelligence in the security architecture of a grid will not only render a security paradigm robust but also provide an attractive vision for the future of computing by bringing the two worlds together. RESULTS: In this article we propose an evolutionary approach of utilizing smart devices for grid security architecture. We argue that such an infrastructure will impart unique features to the existing grid security paradigms by offering fortified and relentless monitoring. This new security architecture will be comprehensive in nature but will not be cumbersome for the users due to its typical characteristics of not prying into their lives and adapting to their needs. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified a new paradigm of the security architecture for a health grid that will not only render a security mechanism robust but will also provide the high levels of user-friendliness. As our approach is a first contribution to this problem, a number of other issues for future research remain open. However, the prospects are fascinating.

Access to Information↗
PubMed2005

[Study on the effect of promoting intelligence development and preventing hypoxia/reoxygenation injury of selenium-banqiao-Codonopsis pilosula-overground part in mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study on the effect of promoting intelligence development and preventing Hypoxia/Reoxygenation injury of Selenium-Banqiao-Codonopsis pilosula-overground part in mice. METHODS: Promoting Intelligence Development experiment was induced by PIA; Hypoxia/reoxygenation ingury model was established to observe the activity of ROS, SOD, MOD and CAT in blood. RESULTS: Selenium-Banqiao-Codonopsis pilosula-overground part could enhance the learning and memory ability of old mice and obviously extend the swimming time of mice. It could also decrease the quality of ROS and MDA, increase the activity of SOD, but no significant effect on CAT. CONCLUSION: Selenium-Banqiao-Codonopsis pilosula-overground part has effect on promoting intelligence development and preventing hypoxia/reoxygenation injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Depression and intelligence in patients with Parkinson's disease and deep-brain stimulation.

The goal of this study is to examine the association of depression with intelligence and education in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation (STN-DBS). The literature has been contradictory concerning depression in Parkinson's disease patients. Some studies have shown less depression in Parkinson's disease patients with more education not treated with STN-DBS. Other recently published studies indicate that STN-DBS improves the depression associated with Parkinson's disease. No studies have examined the correlation of these factors with depression in Parkinson's disease patients treated with STN-DBS. We administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) pre- and postoperatively to 21 Parkinson's disease patients (seven women, 14 men, ages 49-75) who underwent STN-DBS. The postoperative scores of the lower 50th percentile (n=8) of the Verbal Comprehensive Index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) decreased significantly (P=0.036), while the upper 50th percentile (n=13) remained nearly constant (P=0.802). Furthermore, as the education increased from highschool to graduate level, patients demonstrated less improvement in depressive symptoms postoperatively. These findings suggest that Parkinson's disease patients with lower intelligence test scores and less education benefit more with regards to depressive symptomatology after STN-DBS than patients with higher scores and education.

Deep Brain Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

The level of intelligence and heart rate variability in men after myocardial infarction.

Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects periodic changes taking place in heart rhythm, which are controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and external factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between HRV and the level of intelligence using the Raven Advanced Matrices Test in 95 men (mean age 41.6 +/-3.7 SD yr) who experienced myocardial infarction during two years preceding the psychophysiological examination. HRV was analyzed from the EEG signal recordings in the time and spectral domains. It was found that post-myocardial infarct men of the higher than average intelligence had significantly increased HRV; the finding was reflected in the analysis of both time and frequency domains. Although both sympathetic and parasympathetic components showed an increase in the frequency domain, the former did disproportionately more, achieving substantial predominance. The results indicate that active mental processes and attitude, linked to a higher intelligence level, might be a beneficial prognostic marker, as is higher HRV, for the overall post-infarction cardiac mortality and for return of such subjects back to normal life. The corollary is that the assessment of IQ in post-infarction patients seems a simple screening method that may help presage the health and social course the patient takes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Revolution of paradigm in clinical diagnosis--from the mechanization to the intelligent being].

The medical advancements, during the 20th century symbolize the industrialization of medical technologies, i.e., many clinical tests are carried out by the highly advanced automated machines. Also, the concept of intelligent processing of clinical diagnosis seems to have been established in the practice. However, it may be an illusion caused from the term artificial intelligence (AI) which attracts the attention of not only specialists of computer science but also clinicians. The essential nature of AI, especially of expert consultation systems is the same as the existing theories, such as Bayes' theorem, Boolean algebra, multivariate statistical analysis, and Fussy theorem, i.e., the evaluation of a weighted sum of multiple parameters. The weak point of these theories is the lack of time parameter. Therefore, the models using a time parameter including physiological simulation, dynamics model, Weibull model and Markov process are important to realize the revolution of clinical diagnosis from the standpoint of intelligent science and technology.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1990

Intellectual and adaptive functioning: some tables for interpreting the Vineland in combination with intelligence tests.

A set of tables was provided with the differences necessary for statistical significance between the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th ed.), and all current Wechsler intelligence scales. This information may be beneficial in determining whether discrepancies in the Vineland and measures of intelligence can be attributed to chance alone or whether they represent real differences. In light of normative sampling diversity, regression effects, and procedural factors, which result in varying and indeterminate error in the tables, the tables can only augment clinical decision, not replace it.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

[A comparative study of the intelligence of younger children in Guizhou city, the countryside and areas of Miao].

This essay sums up the experience of China-wechsler young child scale of intelligence (C-WYCST) to test the intelligence of the normal younger children living in Guizhou city, the countryside (Han and Miao). Primarily, we make clear the general information concerning the mental development by testing 1057 aged from 3 and 10 months to 6 and 10 months among them. The essay also demonstrates the importance of cultivating the younger children intelligence, especially to further the cultivation of the countries and the minority nationalities younger children in our prorinee.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Speech intelligibility considerations in specifying characteristics of a programmable hearing aid.

With the use of sophisticated speech processing techniques in auditory prosthetic devices, it will be possible to convert the speech signal to maximal satisfaction for the user. However, the user's satisfaction is a multidimensional percept that may include speech naturalness, intelligibility, pleasantness, etc. This paper discusses the place of speech intelligibility considerations in the ensemble of criteria that could be associated with these perceptual attributes. It also discusses some of the problems that may be responsible for the relative inadequacy of the available speech intelligibility prediction procedures for use in digital hearing aids.

Female↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of an ever-young pill on decreased intelligence and symptoms associated with aging].

A test was carried out to evaluate the effect of Ever-Young Pill (EYP) on decreased fluid intelligence and symptoms associated with aging. Nootropil and placebo were used as control drugs. Random, single-blind and self-control observation methods were applied. 90 days were spent for the clinical study. 154 older persons were divided into three groups (EYP 63, nootropil 60, placebo 31). The method of measuring intelligence was talking between man and computer. The computerized program was worked out by our department. The measure included eight parameters. A semi-quantitative method was used to evaluate the symptoms of aging. The main results were as follows: In the group of EYP, there were significant differences (P less than 0.01) in speed of calculation (SC, 5.92 +/- 2.5, 5.1 +/- 2.1), speed of digits and pictures (SDP, 24.2 +/- 6.2, 21.7 +/- 6.7), two digits span (2.8 +/- 1.0, 3.2 +/- 0.8) and other two parameters before and after treatment. In the group of nootropil, SDP and SC were also improved significantly. In the normal control's there was not any evident change. In the early declined health group treated with EYP and nootropil separately, four parameters were improved in each group. The best effect of EYP obtained was on Kidney Yang deficiency and Kidney and Heart Qi Yang deficiency Syndromes. In other syndromes, the results were less satisfactory. By using EYP for treating symptoms of aging the total effective rate was 96.8%, nootropil 71.7% and placebo 44.2%. There were noticeable differences in three groups. Those results suggested that EYP was one of the effective therapies for decreased fluid intelligence with aging.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

The effect of stapedectomy on speech intelligibility in noise.

Speech intelligibility in noise was tested pre- and postoperatively after 27 stapedectomy cases and 10 cases of reexploration after previous stapes surgery. We did not find a postoperative threshold shift (signal-to-noise ratio) for the intelligibility of sentences presented in noise. This finding corresponds well with the absence of postoperative high-frequency sensorineural loss in these patients. Using two types of prostheses we found a significant amelioration of speech intelligibility in quiet for the Schuknecht minihole prosthesis as compared to the House wire loop.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Intelligence : individual differences, genetic factors, environmental factors and interaction between the genotype and the environment (author's transl)].

The authors undertook a review of published work on the sources of variation in individual differences in intelligence. They should : 1) that methods of quantitative genetics concerning intelligence are not applicable to human populations ; 2) that the results of studies on adoptions and on twins do not permit one to estimate the respective roles of environment and heredity ; 3) that this division of variance had no heuristic value in the study of human intelligence.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Psychometric intelligence correlates with interindividual different rates of lipid peroxidation.

The review outlines a theory concerning the neurochemical basis of interindividual differences in human intelligence. From the work of Lehrl and Frank it can be concluded that Spearman's general factor of intelligence is a phenomenon of short-term memory capacity, i.e. a phenomenon of reversible short-term changes in synaptic membrane permeability. The empirical correlations between glutathione peroxidase activity, a genetically polymorphous enzyme, and IQ, and between the relative lipofuscin content of the brain and the ontogenetic development of fluid intelligence, have the background that peroxidation of phospholipids and its cleavage products are the regulating factors of membrane permeability. Furthermore, the glutathione status plays via lipid peroxidation, activating adenylate cyclase and inhibiting the sodium pump and acetylcholinesterase, an essential role in the regulation of energy supply and reducing power of cortical cells. In inbred strains of mice inherited learning speed, serum peroxide levels, and the parameters of the acetylcholine system are closely correlated.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Speech intelligibility at high helium-oxygen pressures.

Word-list intelligibility scores of unprocessed speech (mean of 4 subjects) were recorded in helium-oxygen atmospheres at stable pressures equivalent to 1600, 1400, 1200, 1000, 860, 690, 560, 392, and 200 fsw daring Predictive Studies IV-1975 by wide-bandwidth condenser microphones (frequency responses not degraded by increased gas density). Intelligibility scores were substantially lower in helium-oxygen a 200 fsw than in air at l ATA, but there was little difference between 200 fsw and 1600 fsw. A previously documented prominent decrease in intelligibility of speech between 200 or 600 fsw because of helium and pressure was probably due to degradation of microphone frequency response by high gas density.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Correlates of intelligence test results in treated phenylketonuric children.

The Collaborative Study of Children Treated for Phenylketonuria was initiated in 1967. The data presented are based on findings in 132 children treated from near birth to 6 years of age. Two treatment groups were randomly formed. The target for blood phenylalanine was 1.0 to 5.4 mg/100 ml for group 1 and 5.5 to 9.9 mg/100 ml for group 2. Although mean blood phenylalanine levels for both groups initially fell within the prescribed ranges, a steady increase over time resulted in mean six year levels of 11.4 mg/100 ml and 13.0 mg/100 ml for the two groups, respectively. Because it was not possible to maintain the prescribed differences in blood phenylalanine levels between the two groups, they were combined for further analyses. The mean IQ of the total sample at age 6 years was 98 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Multiple regression analysis showed that, among selected treatment and psychosocial factors, the most important predictors of IQ for 6-year-old children were: (1) mothers' intellectual ability (as measured on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale); (2) age at which the subjects were first treated; and (3) how well the subjects adhered to the phenylalanine-restricted diet. It was concluded that optimal early treatment will result in normal levels of intelligence at 6 years of age.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

[Assessment for intelligence on patients with Pick's disease].

In contrast to Alzheimer's disease, it is unclear whether the MMS (Mini-Mental State) or the RCPM (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices) is clinically useful as a mental test battery in patients with Pick's disease, and it has not been fully evaluated whether intelligence of these patients really deteriorate along with the staging of dementia. The present study aimed to make these problems clear. We administered the MMS and the RCPM to 17 cases of Pick's disease, including 7 cases with predominantly frontal lobe atrophy and 10 cases with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy, which were all classified into 3 groups according to the staging of dementia by using the NM scale (New Clinical Scale for Rating of Mental States). We also investigated whether these patients had "Denkfaulheit" (laziness of thinking) and/or "gogi" aphasia (word meaning aphasia), which may affect performances on the mental test batteries. Two cases with predominantly frontal lobe atrophy and 5 cases with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy were assessed by the same examinations several years later. In cases with predominantly frontal lobe atrophy, all the patients presented with "Denkfaulheit". However, the mean RCPM score was normal in the mildly damaged patients, suggesting that their intelligence were relatively preserved. In the moderately and severely damaged groups, their intelligence could not be assessed owing to their severe "Denkfaulheit". In cases with predominantly temporal lobe atrophy, all the patients had "gogi" aphasia and 3 cases of the severely damaged groups presented with "Denkfaulheit".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Relative intelligibility of CID spondees for normal and hearing-impaired listeners.

The relative intelligibility of the 36 CID spondees presented via tape recording was found on Ss with normal hearing, and on Ss with flat and with sloping sensorineural losses (N: 15 in each group). The spondees as a group were found not to be homogeneous in intelligibility for each group and across groups. Ss with a sloping loss identified the spondees at a significantly (p less than 0.05) higher sensation level (SL) compared with the other groups. A list of 14 spondees was derived encompassing relative intelligibility within a 5-db range for clinical use with such Ss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[The intelligence structure of autistic persons].

In a research project on the genetics of autistic disorders 115 subjects were examined. An autistic disorder was diagnosed in 102 of the subjects using the standardized Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI; Le Couteur et al., 1989/ADI-R; Lord et al., 1994). The WAIS-R or WISC-R could be administered to 42 of the subjects. The mean full-scale IQ was 84.4, slightly below the range of normal intelligence. The mean verbal IQ (89.3) was considerably higher than the performance IQ (78.9). Analysis of the subtest patterns showed the highest scores to be in those subtests measuring knowledge of dates and facts and visuospatial abilities. The lowest scores were on subtests requiring an understanding of social relations and the ability to understand concrete social actions. This subtest pattern confirms results of other studies on the intelligence of individuals with autism and was independent of gender and level of intelligence. The subtest pattern appears to be specific for autistic disorder; it has been interpreted with reference to the theory of "weak central coherence" (Frith, 1989; Shah & Frith, 1993), which postulates that in autistic individuals stimulus perception and processing occurs independently of the general context. The results suggest that the differentiation between different types of autistic disorders should be abandoned in favor of a continuum of autistic disorders with differing degrees of severity.

Adolescent↗