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PubMed1995

Children's perceptual responses to ingesting drinks of different compositions during and following exercise in the heat.

Twelve 9- to 12-year-old children performed four exercise-in-the-heat trials (35 degrees C, 45% RH), which differed in the fluids consumed. In each trial, subjects were kept euhydrated while cycling one 20-min and two 15-min bouts at 50% peak VO2 followed by a 90% peak VO2 bout until exhaustion. Thereafter, they could drink ab libitum while resting. One drink was water, and the other three drinks had 6% CHO with different Na+: 0, 8.8, and 18.5 mEq.L-1. All drinks had the same grape flavor. The perceived thirst was similar among trials and it did not increase while subjects were exercising. On average, subjects felt their stomach "somewhat full" with no difference among drinks. Thermal sensations, RPE, and overall comfort were similar among trials. During a 30-min recovery, volume intake was similar among drinks (201 +/- 27 ml). In conclusion, the drink composition did not affect perceptual responses to drinking while euhydrated children exercised in the heat, nor did it affect drinking behavior during recovery.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Is water out of vogue? A survey of the drinking habits of 2-7 year olds.

OBJECTIVE: To survey the drinking habits of young children with reference to the consumption of plain water, and to estimate the proportion of a child's recommended energy intake contributed by drinks. DESIGN: A prospective survey. SETTING: Health centres, mother and toddler groups, and infant schools in and around Southampton. SUBJECTS: 39 preschool and 66 infant schoolchildren. INTERVENTIONS: Parents kept a diary of all drinks consumed by the child over 48 hours. Parents were interviewed with a questionnaire about the drinking habits of their child. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The type of drinks and volume of fluid consumed over 48 hours; the proportion of a child's recommended energy intake consumed through drinks. RESULTS: 72.5% of the preschool group and 50% of the infant school group never drank plain water. Squash was by far the most frequently consumed drink. 15% of the preschool group consumed just under 50% of their recommended daily energy intake in drinks. CONCLUSIONS: Young children consume large quantities of squash which constitutes a substantial energy supply. It is possible that they are conditioned at an early age to the sweet taste of drinks that may be no nutritional benefit to them.

Beverages↗
PubMed1995

Increased serum pancreatitis associated protein (PAP) concentration after longterm alcohol consumption: further evidence for regular subclinical pancreatic damage after heavy drinking?

It has been shown recently that longterm but not short term heavy drinking of alcohol frequently results in increased serum activities of pancreatic enzymes suggesting subclinical pancreatic injury. Serum pancreatitis associated protein (PAP) is a novel protein, whose synthesis in the acinar cells and release into serum is specifically induced by acute pancreatic damage. This study was performed to further characterise the alcohol induced subclinical pancreatic injury by using serum PAP measurements. Three groups were studied: (1) control group (n = 25), (2) short term drinking group (n = 20), who consumed 2.0 g of ethanol per kg body weight during four hours, and (3) longterm drinking group (n = 32), who were admitted to withdrawal clinic after a median 30 months heavy drinking period. Serum PAP concentration was low in the control group (8 (5 to 12) micrograms/l, geometric mean (95% confidence intervals)). In the short term drinking group serum PAP was in the range of the control group values during 56 hours after drinking. Longterm drinking induced at least a 10-fold increase in serum PAP, the highest concentrations being seen on day 2 after drinking had ended (106 (61 to 184) micrograms/l). The patients did not develop abdominal symptoms, increased blood white cell count, or increased serum C reactive protein concentration. These results further support the suggestion that heavy longterm drinking often induces subclinical pancreatic damage, but not clinical pancreatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Drinking and natriuresis during volume expansion and intracranial angiotensin or carbachol.

Two methods of sodium loading were used to counteract the body fluid dilution resulting from natriuresis and water drinking during sustained lateral ventricular infusions of carbachol (CBC) or angiotensin II (ANG II) in rats. It was expected that preventing dilution would also prevent the precipitous decline of both drinking and natriuresis during the later hours of CBC infusion. In the first study, rats having isotonic saline as the sole drinking fluid during CBC infusions drank less fluid and had only slightly higher plasma osmolality and sodium concentration than rats drinking water, which showed extreme dilution. In the second study, rats with only water to drink were given intravenous infusions of 0.15, 0.45, or 1.00 M NaCl solutions at 1.8 ml/h concurrently with the intraventricular infusions. Significant dilution of plasma was found at the two lower rates but not at 1.00 M NaCl in CBC-infused rats. Only the latter group showed both persistent drinking and natriuresis throughout the 4-h infusion period, and this was not because of elevated plasma osmolality. Infusions of ANG II generated less severe body fluid dilution and more persistent drinking in both experiments. The study demonstrates that body fluid dilution may control the offset of both drinking and natriuresis during sustained infusions of CBC and that the more persistent drinking to ANG II vs. CBC probably occurs because of a lesser natriuresis and consequent fluid dilution.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Osmoregulation during high salt intake: relative importance of drinking and vasopressin secretion.

Studies determined the relative contribution of drinking vs. vasopressin secretion in the regulation of extracellular osmolality in response to changes of Na intake. Daily Na intake was increased from 30 to 200 meq in dogs maintained under three conditions: normal dogs with ad libitum drinking, normal dogs with "fixed drinking," and neurohypophysectomized dogs with "fixed drinking" and vasopressin replaced by continuous infusion. (Drinking was fixed to that amount consumed during the normal Na control period.) The mechanisms of osmoregulation were highly nonlinear. As daily Na intake increased from 30 to 100 meq, renal natriuretic mechanisms predominated with only small contributions from either the thirst or vasopressin systems. At high levels of Na intake (200 meq/day), both drinking and vasopressin release contributed significantly to osmoregulation. The studies also determined that, in the absence of excess vasopressin secretion and increased drinking, plasma osmolality rose to nearly twice the levels as those observed in normal dogs that increased vasopressin secretion. We conclude that vasopressin-related renal conservation of water contributes to buffering the rise of osmolality when Na intake is increased without increased drinking. The studies also confirm that with available water to drink, the thirst mechanism together with renal Na excretory mechanisms are the predominant controllers of osmolality in situations of high sodium intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Plasma angiotensin II levels at moment of drinking during angiotensin II intravenous infusion.

Angiotensin II (ANG II) was infused intravenously within an apparent physiological dose range of 10-200 ng.kg-1.min-1 to induce a drinking response in rats. To determine the plasma ANG II level at the moment of drinking, blood samples were collected from the femoral artery at the onset of the drinking response. Control blood samples were obtained in a similar way before infusion. The lowest dose of ANG II did not evoke drinking. Variable water intake in response to 25, 50, and 75 ng ANG II.kg-1.min-1 after a relatively long latency to drink (40-65 min) was observed. All animals showed a drinking response when 100 ng ANG II.kg-1.min-1 or higher doses of ANG II were infused. The latencies to drink were inversely correlated to the dose of ANG II and were as short as 8 min with 200 ng ANG II.kg-1.min-1. Measurement of ANG II in the plasma of drinking rats showed that all concentrations were similar with an average of 458 +/- 58.1 pg/ml. This dipsogenic plasma ANG II level is equivalent to plasma ANG II after 48 h of dehydration. The results show that drinking in response to exogenous intravenous ANG II requires a threshold level to be reached that is equivalent to levels produced by the endogenous renin-angiotensin system when dehydration is prolonged. This suggests that intravenous ANG II is not involved in moment-to-moment fluid homeostasis but operates only when dehydration is severe.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1999

A rapid feedback signal is not always necessary for termination of a drinking bout.

When a pig is deprived of drinking water, a deficit of body water develops that is corrected when the pig drinks to satiation. If food is available during the deprivation, the stimulus to drinking is plasma hyperosmolality. Because of the delay in correction of plasma hyperosmolality as ingested water is slowly absorbed, it has been thought that a rapid inhibitory signal from the digestive tract is necessary to prevent overdrinking. This concept was tested by measuring changes in plasma osmolality before and during drinking after such deprivation and also after infusion of hypertonic saline. As drinking began, there was a rapid fall of plasma osmolality to levels insufficient to drive drinking by the time drinking ended. This fall of plasma hyperosmolality to subthreshold levels while the pig is drinking seems to make a rapid inhibitory control signal from the digestive tract unnecessary to terminate the drinking bout under these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Drinking and its burden in a global perspective: policy considerations and options.

AIMS: To identify the policy implications of the magnitude and characteristics of alcohol consumption and problems, viewed globally, and to summarize conclusions on the effectiveness of the strategies available to policymakers concerned with reducing rates of alcohol problems. DESIGN/METHODS/SETTING: This summative article draws on the findings of the articles preceding it and of reviews of the literature. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Overall volume of consumption is the major factor in the prevalence of harms from drinking. Since consumption and associated problems tend to increase with economic development, policymakers in developing economies should be especially aware of the need to develop policies to minimize overall increases in alcohol consumption. Unrecorded consumption is also an important consideration for policy in many parts of the world, and poses difficulties for alcohol control policies. Drinking pattern is also an important contributing factor toward alcohol-related harm. Although some drinking patterns have been shown to produce beneficial health effects, because the net effect of alcohol on coronary disease is negative in most parts of the world, policies that promote abstinence or lower drinking overall may be the safest options. Moreover, sporadic intoxication is common in many parts of the world, and policies are unlikely to change this drinking pattern at least in the short to medium term. At the same time, because injuries comprise a large proportion of the burden of alcohol, it is appropriate to enhance these policies with targeted harm reduction strategies such as drinking and driving countermeasures and interventions focused on reducing alcohol-related violence in specific high-risk settings. Alcohol consumption is a major factor for the global burden of disease and should be considered a public health priority globally, regionally, and nationally for the vast majority of countries in the world. The need for alcohol policy is even stronger when it is taken into consideration that the burden of alcohol estimated in the WHO Global Burden of Disease project includes primarily health problems related to drinking. From the limited evidence available, however, social problems related to drinking seem to impose at least as much burden. Moreover, the burden for both social and health harms fall not only on the drinker, but also on others. There is a broad literature on policy interventions to reduce alcohol problems. Effective strategies include controls over distribution and sale, taxation, drinking-driving countermeasures, brief interventions by health workers or counselors, and selected harm reduction measures. There is a need to develop the growing literature on comparative evaluations of cost-effectiveness of such strategies. In addition, international agreements are needed to support the effectiveness of national strategies.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase, self-reported alcohol drinking, and the risk of stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is still conflicting evidence regarding a link between alcohol drinking and the risk of stroke. In most prospective studies, the assessment of the alcohol drinking has been based on self-reporting, which may be unreliable. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between stroke and both the self-reported alcohol drinking and the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentration, which was regarded as a biological marker of alcohol drinking. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 14 874 Finnish men and women aged 25 to 64 years who participated in a cardiovascular risk-factor survey in 1982 or 1987. The following risk factors, determined at baseline, were included in data analyses: self-reported alcohol drinking, GGT, smoking, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and body mass index. The cohorts were followed until the end of 1994. Stroke events were identified through the national death registry and hospital discharge registry by computerized record linkage. RESULTS: Serum GGT concentration was associated with the risk of total and ischemic stroke in both genders. There was also a significant association among men between GGT and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and among women between GGT and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The relationships remained statistically significant also after adjustment for other risk factors. Self-reported alcohol drinking did not associate with any type of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that excessive alcohol drinking is related to an increased risk of stroke. Biological markers of alcohol drinking, such as serum GGT level, are useful for the assessment of risks related to alcohol drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Time-related facilitation and suppression of drinking by muscarinic anticholinergic drugs in water non-deprived rats.

Effects of tertiary anticholinergic drugs, atropine (1.3, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) and scopolamine (0.13, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, s.c.), and a quaternary anticholinergic drug, methylatropine (1.3, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.), on the drinking behavior were investigated in water non-deprived rats that were housed in a 12-hr light-dark situation (light period: 6:00-18:00) with a free access to food. Atropine, 5 mg/kg, and scopolamine, 0.13 and 0.25 mg/kg, administered at 12:00, significantly increased the drinking during the 12:00-18:00 period. Furthermore, lower to medium doses of atropine increased the drinking during the 18:00-6:00 period. In contrast, the drinking did not change during the 12:00-18:00 period, but decreased during the 18:00-6:00 period in a dose-dependent manner after administration of methylatropine at 12:00, whereas the drinking during the 18:00-24:00 period decreased in a dose-dependent manner when both the tertiary and quaternary drugs were administered at 18:00. However, the drinking during the 24:00-6:00 period increased in the rats that were administered atropine at the dose of 5 or 10 mg/kg at 18:00, while the drinking still decreased after methylatropine at the same time. The present results suggest that in water non-deprived rats, central muscarinic cholinergic blockade is effective for both increasing and decreasing drinking behavior, depending on the doses, when the drug is administered, and time span between the drug administration and the behavior observation. It is also suggested that peripheral cholinergic blockade monotonously suppresses the drinking behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Drinking beer reduces radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes.

We here investigated and reported the effects of beer drinking on radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in blood lymphocytes. Human blood that was collected either before or after drinking a 700 ml beer was in vitro irradiated with 200 kVp X rays or 50 keV/microm carbon ions. The relation between the radiation dose and the aberration frequencies (fragments and dicentrics) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower for lymphocytes collected 3 h after beer drinking than those before drinking. Fitting the dose response to a linear quadratic model showed that the alpha term of carbon ions was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by beer drinking. A decrease of dicentric formation was detected as early as 0.5 h after beer drinking, and lasted not shorter than 4.5 h. The mitotic index of lymphocytes was higher after beer drinking than before, indicating that a division delay would not be responsible for the low aberrations induced by beer drinking. An in vitro treatment of normal lymphocytes with 0.1 M ethanol, which corresponded to a concentration of 6-times higher than the maximum ethanol concentration in the blood after beer drinking, reduced the dicentric formation caused by X-ray irradiation, but not by carbonion irradiation. The beer-induced reduction of dicentric formation was not affected by serum. It is concluded that beer could contain non-ethanol elements that reduce the chromosome damage of lymphocytes induced by high-LET radiation.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Drinking experiences in three populations of male drinkers.

The first drinking experience has been suggested as an important point in etiological processes associated with alcohol use and abuse. In this study, initial drinking experiences were assessed among populations of alcoholics, problem drinkers, and non-problem drinkers. Results showed that the alcoholics and problem drinkers more frequently consumed 5 or more drinks during their initial drinking occasion than the nonproblem drinkers. Alcoholics were most likely to experience their second drinking event within several days. In addition, there was a tendency for alcoholics and problem drinkers to describe more negative effects associated with their initial drinking experience. No effects were found for age of first drink or its location. Such differences in first drinking may have implications for understanding the etiology of drinking problems.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent drinking and sex: findings from a daily diary study.

CONTEXT: Alcohol consumption often has been cited as increasing adolescents' risk of HIV, and several studies have shown positive relationships between drinking and risky sexual behavior among adolescents. Because most of these studies used global measures of drinking and risky sex, and conducted comparisons across persons, they could not determine whether alcohol use was a cause of risky sex or simply a correlate. METHODS: A sample of 112 U.S. adolescents completed daily diaries about their health behaviors, including drinking and intercourse, for eight weeks. In analyses using t-tests and hierarchical linear modeling, each respondent's rate of condom use after drinking was compared with his or her rate of use when not drinking, and predictors of condom use were examined RESULTS: Rates of condom use did not differ significantly between sexual events preceded by drinking (use in 54% of events) and those not preceded by drinking (use in 52% of events). Condoms were more likely to be used during sexual events with casual partners than in those with steady partners, less likely to be used on occasions when other birth control was used and more likely to be used when the sexual encounter was expected. In the multivariate analyses, the odds of condom use were not associated either with whether a teenager had been drinking before sex or with the quantity of alcohol consumed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge the widely accepted hypothesis that drinking is a cause of sexual risk-taking. Rather, they underscore the need for interventions to increase teenagers'access to and ability to use condoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Drinking frequency changes in selected contexts by season in Iowa, 1979-1980.

A panel of individuals was interviewed at three points in time so that both individual and aggregate drinking behavior changes could be investigated during a period of increasing beverage alcohol sales (winter to summer) and a subsequent period of decreasing sales (summer to winter). The seasonal drinking frequency changes in different places, with different companions and in different situations, were generally consistent with the proposition that existing drinking behaviors are quite stable over time (the stability proposition), and also with the proposition that alcohol consumption increases occur without any substitution of new drinking behaviors for existing drinking behaviors (the addition proposition). There was, however, evidence that drinking contexts changed with age and that new drinking behaviors were substituted for old drinking behaviors in some of the subpopulations studied. This suggests that it may be feasible to find ways to encourage the substitution of one kind of drinking behavior for another. Finally, although the results generally support the stability and addition propositions, it is not clear that these characteristics are either necessary or sufficient for increased per capita consumption to produce an increased rate of alcohol-related problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Drinking-driving and health lifestyle in the United States: Behavioral Risk Factors Surveys.

National patterns of self-reported drinking-driving were examined using aggregated Behavioral Risk Factor Survey data. Drinking-driving is reported by 6.1% of U.S. adults, is almost three times more prevalent among men than women and is most prevalent in 18-24-year-old men (15.4%). Sociodemographic characteristics of self-reported drinking drivers correspond with those characteristics based on alcohol-associated motor vehicle accident and arrest data. Heavy smokers and those who fail to use seatbelts are more likely to drink and drive than those without these health-risk behaviors. Men reporting stress in interpersonal relationships are more likely to drink and drive. Individuals who drink or smoke in response to stress are more likely to drink and drive than those who exercise in response to stress. The concurrent practice of drinking-driving with lack of seatbelt use, use of alcohol in response to stress and smoking probably contributes substantially to the risk of accident and serious injury among drinking drivers and has implications for both prevention and treatment programs.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1988

Acculturation and drinking among people of Mexican descent in Mexico and the United States.

This article studies the relationships between acculturation and drinking and alcohol-related problems among people of Mexican descent in Mexico and the United States. Subjects in the United States were part of a national probability sample of the Hispanic household population 18 years of age and older. Subjects in Mexico were randomly selected from among adult residents of the city of Morelia and an adjoining rural county, Tarimbaro, both in the State of Michoacan. Both samples were interviewed using the same questionnaire. Response rates were 72% in the United States and 92% in Mexico. Results show that Mexican-American men drink more frequently than men in Michoacan, who, as a group, drink infrequently but consume more often five or more drinks at a sitting as compared with Mexican Americans. Mexican-American women have a lower rate of abstention and a higher rate of women who drink at least once a week and who consume five drinks at a sitting at least once a year than do women in Michoacan. Among men, changes in drinking seem to occur soon after coming to the United States--often within 5 years. Among women, drinking patterns are not related to length of residence in the United States. In spite of less drinking, respondents in Michoacan report more alcohol problems than do Mexican Americans.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1996

Getting drunk and growing up: trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was: (1) to identify different trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood; (2) to validate the trajectories by relating them to behaviors and attitudes concerning alcohol and other drug use; and (3) to distinguish among the trajectories according to demographic characteristics and lifestyle experiences typical of the transition to young adulthood. METHOD: Four waves of national panel data were obtained from the Monitoring the Future project; 9,945 weighted cases from the 1976-85 high school senior year cohorts were surveyed at biennial intervals between ages 18 and 24. Frequent binge drinking was defined as having five or more drinks in a row at least twice in the past two weeks. RESULTS: Six distinct frequent binge drinking trajectory groups were specified a priori and confirmed with cluster analysis: Never, Rare, Chronic, Decreased, Increased and "Fling." Repeated measures ANOVAS revealed that the trajectories corresponded to patterns of change and stability in problems with alcohol, attitudes about heavy drinking, peer heavy drinking and illicit drug use. Results from logistic regression analyses predicting diverging and converging trajectories provided some support for the general hypothesis that trajectories of Chronic and Increased frequent binge drinking over time are associated with difficulties in negotiating the transition to young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide strong evidence for wide developmental variation in drinking patterns in the population, variation that is obscured by more aggregate-level considerations. The developmental variation in frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood reflects systematic variation in success and difficulties with negotiating the transition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Drinking restraint and alcohol-related outcomes: exploring the contributions of beverage instructions, beverage content and self-monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the role of drinking restraint (temptation and restriction), beverage instructions and content and self- monitoring in alcohol-related outcomes (consumption, subjective intoxication and blood alcohol concentration [BAC]) in a sample of moderate-to heavy-drinking young men. METHOD: Male social drinkers (N = 132) participated in an individualized taste-rating task (TRT), an unobtrusive method for determining ad libitum alcohol consumption. Beverages were presented using the format of the balanced placebo design (BPD), in which subjects' expectation of an alcoholic versus a non- alcoholic beer was crossed with their receipt of an alcoholic versus a nonalcoholic beer. During a single 30-minute drinking occasion, each subject sampled two beers and rated their taste characteristics on a computer. RESULTS: Consumption during the TRT, ratings of subjective intoxication and postdrinking BAC, served as criterion variables in regressions in which BPD beverage condition, the two aspects of drinking restraint, self-monitoring, and their interactions, served as the predictors. The results indicated that TRT consumption was mainly a function of the temptation to drink (an aspect of restraint). As expected, assignment to the conditions of the BPD predicted subjective intoxication and BAC. Self-monitoring did not have an impact on any of the alcohol- related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The results for TRT consumption suggest that drinking restraint, particularly the temptation to drink (i.e., view the regulation of intake as difficult and/or drink to repair negative affective states), enhances the consumption of social drinkers during a single drinking occasion. Consistent with previous research, the conditions of the BPD predicted some alcohol-related outcomes.

Adult↗