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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

MRI of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and associated findings in the pediatric knee: changes with skeletal maturation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate the MRI characteristics of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and associated findings relative to skeletal maturity. We also contrast the frequency of findings in this younger population to adult data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-two consecutive knees with an MRI report diagnosis of ACL injury (partial tear, sprain, or complete tear) or tibial spine avulsion fracture imaged over 4 years were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped by degree of skeletal maturity as determined from the MR images. The examinations were reviewed for the type of ACL injury, secondary imaging findings, and associated knee injuries. Findings were correlated to skeletal maturity, and frequencies were compared with adult data. RESULTS: ACL injuries were more common in boys in the skeletally immature group, but more common in girls in the skeletally mature group (p = 0.03). Tibial spine avulsion fractures were most common in skeletally immature patients (p < 0.01), whereas complete tears of the ACL were most common in skeletally mature patients. Associated injuries were less common in the skeletally immature group, but this trend did not reach statistical significance. Most secondary signs of ACL injuries occurred at similar rates in all groups with frequencies similar to those reported in adults. CONCLUSION: ACL injuries in skeletally immature patients are seen more often in boys. Tibial avulsion fractures and partial tears are more common in younger, less rigid skeletons that may absorb the forces of trauma. As children mature, complete ACL tears and associated injuries occur in frequencies approaching those patterns seen in adults. Similarly, skeletally mature girls are affected more often than mature boys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Molecular symmetry in mitochondrial cardiolipins.

Cardiolipin is a unique mitochondrial phospholipid with an atypical fatty acid profile, but the significance of its acyl specificity has not been understood. We explored the enormous combinatorial diversity among cardiolipin species, which results from the presence of four fatty acids in each molecule, by integrated use of high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, diacylglycerol species analysis, fatty acid analysis, and selective cleavage of fatty acids by phospholipase A2. The most abundant cardiolipin species from various organisms and tissues (human heart, human lymphoblasts, rat liver, Drosophila, sea urchin sperm, yeast, mung bean hypocotyls) contained only one or two types of fatty acids, which generated a high degree of structural uniformity and molecular symmetry. However, an exception was found in patients with Barth syndrome, in whom an acyltransferase deficiency led to loss of acyl selectivity and formation of multiple molecular species. These results suggest that restriction of the number of fatty acid species, rather than the selection of a particular kind of fatty acid, is the common theme of eukaryotic cardiolipins. This limits the structural diversity of the cardiolipin species and creates molecular symmetry with implications for the stereochemistry of cardiolipin.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1991

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola genomic clones harboring heterologous DNA sequences suppress the same phaseolotoxin-deficient mutants.

Cosmid cloning and mutagenesis were used to identify genes involved in the production of phaseolotoxin, the chlorosis-inducing phytotoxin of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the causal agent of halo blight of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eight stable clones were isolated from a genomic cosmid library by en masse mating to 10 ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced Tox- mutants. In cross-matings, each suppressed all 10 mutants as well as an additional 70 EMS-induced Tox- mutants (and one UV-induced Tox- mutant). On the basis of restriction endonuclease analysis and hybridization studies, the clones were grouped into three classes. Clones in a particular class shared common fragments, whereas clones in different classes did not. Clones from class I (but not classes II and III) also suppressed Tn5-induced Tox- mutants. Interposon mutagenesis and marker exchange of a representative clone from class III into the wild-type genome did not alter its Tox+ phenotype, indicating that this clone does not harbor structural or regulatory genes involved in phaseolotoxin production. We suggest that the genome of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola contains a "hot spot" in one of the functions involved in toxin production which is affected by EMS and UV and that heterologous clones are able to suppress the Tox- phenotype because their inserts encode products that are able to substitute for the product of the mutated gene. Alternatively, the inserts may contain sequences which titrate a repressor protein. In either case, the data suggest that suppression of EMS- and UV-induced mutants occurs when heterologous clones are present in multiple copies.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Sequences of ten circular ssDNA components associated with the milk vetch dwarf virus genome.

Milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) is a member of the proposed genus Nanovirus, and its genome is composed of multiple, circular ssDNA components of about 1 kb. We have cloned and sequenced ten ssDNA components and designated them MDV-C1 to C10. Each DNA component contains one potential major open reading frame, and contains a putative stem-loop structure in the non-coding region. Notably, four components (C1, C2, C3 and C10) encode distinct replication-associated (Rep) proteins of 33 kDa, which show only limited (42-57%) amino acid identity. The six other components encode proteins with calculated molecular masses ranging from 12.7 to 19.7 kDa. Comparison of the sequences with those of other nanoviruses reveals that MDV is closely related to faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) and subterranean clover stunt virus (SCSV). Six putative MDV genome products, including one Rep and five non-Rep proteins, show high (70.4-90.9%) amino acid identity to the corresponding six FBNYV proteins, whereas two other Rep proteins encoded by MDV-C2 and C3 are 82.3% and 73.0% identical to those encoded by SCSV-C2 and C6, respectively. These results indicate that MDV, FBNYV and SCSV have diverged from a common origin, which had multiple Rep components. In addition, the putative proteins encoded by MDV-C4 and its homologues contain a consensus retinoblastoma-binding motif, suggesting that they may be involved in controlling the host cell cycle.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

The influence of food structure on postprandial metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Two natural-food mixed meals composed in accordance with the present dietary recommendations were given to 10 diabetic patients on two occasions. The meals were planned to achieve large differences in glycemic index (GI) by altering the food structure but maintaining an identical nutrient composition. In the first study, two meals were compared that contained either pasta or bread made from durum wheat flour. In the second experiment a meal with parboiled rice, red kidney beans, and bread made from whole-wheat grains was compared with a meal of sticky rice, ground red kidney beans, and bread made from ground wheat. All of the other ingredients in these meals were identical. The area under the curve for blood glucose (BG) and plasma insulin (PI) was significantly lower after the meal with pasta (BG: -35%, P < 0.05; PI: -39%, P < 0.05) and the meal with parboiled rice (BG: -42%, P < 0.001; PI: -39%, P < 0.01), respectively, compared with the corresponding high-GI meals. The results shows the importance of preserved structure in common foods and support the applicability of the GI concept to mixed meals.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Kidney bean lectin-induced Escherichia coli overgrowth in the small intestine is blocked by GNA, a mannose-specific lectin.

The reversible and dose-dependent hyperplastic growth of the small intestine and accelerated epithelial cell turnover caused by feeding rats with diets containing kidney bean lectin (PHA) increased the proportion of immature cells on the villi whose membrane and/or cytoplasm contained mainly simple, polymannosylated glycans. These new alpha-linked mannosyl terminals, particularly of the damaged epithelium, facilitated the preferential adherence of opportunistic Escherichia coli with mannose-sensitive Type 1 fimbriae, and other coliforms, to the glycocalyx. Accordingly, the growth of the gut was accompanied by a reversible and PHA dose-dependent overgrowth with E. coli. As expected from their common carbohydrate specificity, the inclusion in the diet of the mannose-specific agglutinin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) bulbs (GNA) significantly reduced the extent of E. coli overgrowth, but abolished neither the growth nor the damage caused by PHA to the small intestine. Thus, GNA and perhaps other mannose-specific lectins, especially when used in a preventive mode, can be used to specifically block the proliferation of Type 1 E. coli in the small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Association between diet and esophageal cancer in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported the importance of dietary factors in the development of esophageal cancer. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of several common dietary factors on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a Taiwanese population. METHODS: The association between diet and esophageal cancer was examined in 284 male patients and 480 male controls, who were recruited during 6 year period. RESULTS: Consumption of preserved and overheated foods was found to be associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer, whereas intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, and tea was inversely associated with this risk. Men who consumed fermented bean products, salted food and preserved/pickled vegetables more than once a week after age 40 years had a 3.4-fold risk (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9-6.2), 2.3-fold risk (95%CI: 1.2-4.2), and 2.5-fold risk (95%CI: 1.3-4.5), respectively, compared to men eating these items less than once a week. It was further found that these preserved foods were more strongly associated with esophageal cancer among men who consumed fruit less than once per day than those who consumed fruits one or more times per day. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a high intake of preserved foods and overheated drinks might increase the risk of esophageal cancer, and intake of fruit, vegetables, and tea might be negatively associated with risk of esophageal cancer. The results also suggest that diet is an important factor in the development of esophageal cancer in Taiwan.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[The aerobic bacterial intestinal flora of various wintering geese species].

The aerobic fecal flora of wintering Brent Goos (Branta bernicla), Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis), Greylag Goose (Anser anser), White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons), Pink-footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus), and Bean Goose (Anser fabalis) was studied. There were no specific differences between the various geese. Bacterial counts were in the range of 10(5)-10(7) CPU per gram of feces. Neither pathogenic bacteria nor rotavirus could be detected in the fecal samples of the wintering geese, so that a contamination of the environment with those pathogenic organisms could be excluded. The majority of the isolated bacteria belonged to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas; enterobacteria and streptococci were less common. The observations are discussed regarding their epidemiological and ecological significance.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1993

Conformational mobility in cyclic oligopeptides.

Analysis of two isomeric cyclic hexapeptides of composition (Asp, Arg, Gly2, Pro, D-Pro) by a nuclear Overhauser effect constrained distance geometry conformation search yielded a narrowly defined backbone conformation for one and considerable ambiguity about the conformation in part of the other. Preliminary 13C relaxation studies of these peptides suggest that it is possible that this difference may correspond to a physical difference in internal mobility. In connection with this observation, other experimental evidence bearing on the backbone conformational mobility of cyclic oligopeptides with 4-10 residues, frequently considered to have well-defined backbones, is reviewed. Conformational heterogeneity involving rotation of a peptide bond plane relative to the overall ring plane is identified as a common phenomenon. Nuclear magnetic resonance line-shape studies at temperatures down to 200 K can detect backbone motions with activation free energy barriers down to about 10 kcal/mole, but conformational exchange with lower barriers, though detectable in other ways, will not be obvious from nmr spectra alone.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

alpha- and beta-homogalactonojirimycins (alpha- and beta-homogalactostatins): synthesis and further biological evaluation.

The homoiminosugars alpha- and beta-homogalactonojirimycins were prepared from a common intermediate, tetra-O-benzyl-D-galacto-heptenitol 6, by way of highly stereoselective reaction sequences involving, as the key steps, an internal amidomercuration (alpha-epimer) and a double reductive amination (beta-epimer). alpha-Homogalactonojirimycin retains a large part of the potent activity of the parent galactonojirimycin and 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin as an inhibitor of alpha-galactosidases. However, by contrast with the parent iminosugars, it does not inhibit beta-galactosidases, with the exception of the Jack beans enzyme. beta-Homogalactonojirimycin is a weak alpha-galactosidase inhibitor and is completely devoid of activity towards beta-galactosidases. Thus, a marked selectivity toward one family of enzymes has been achieved by the addition of an alpha-CH(2)OH group in the structure of the parent iminosugars.

Amination↗
PubMed2001

Occurrence of ochratoxin A-producing fungi in raw Brazilian coffee.

Ochratoxin A (OA)-producing fungi were identified in coffee at different stages of maturation. The toxin was quantified in coffee during terrace drying and in coffee stored in barns. By direct plating, a high level of contamination (100%) was found in the coffee beans studied, with the genus Aspergillus representing 33.2%, of which Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus niger represented 10.3 and 22.9%, respectively, of the strains isolated from the coffee beans. The capacity to produce ochratoxin was determined in 155 strains of A. ochraceus and A. niger using both the agar plug method and extraction with chloroform, giving positive results for 88.1% of the A. ochraceus strains and 11.5% of the A. niger strains. Analysis for OA in the terrace and barn coffee samples showed that, independent of cultivar, year harvested, or production region, all except one of the samples analyzed showed mycotoxin levels below the limit suggested by the European Common Market (8 microg/kg), thus indicating that the problem is restricted and due to severe faults in harvesting and storage practices.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1993

The genome of the tropical tree Theobroma cacao L.

2C values for angiosperms vary over 2500-fold and a positive correlation exists between C-value and latitude in herbaceous plants. Woody plants differ from herbaceous plants in chromosome size and C-value. In addition, tropical hardwoods have smaller chromosomes than other tropical plants and do not share the correlation of minimum generation time with genome size seen in herbaceous plants. Theobroma cacao is a tropical hardwood cultivated for its beans, which are used to make chocolate and cocoa butter. Its cytology is typical of the pantropical and subtropical family Sterculiaceae. Its small chromosomes, single secondary constriction, and lack of C-banding suggest a small genome. The genome size of T. cacao, measured by reassociation kinetics, is 2.01 x 10(8), which is small compared to both temperate and tropical plants previously studied. We also provide data on the melting point, base composition, and relative extent of methylation (at sites most commonly methylated in higher plants), of T. cacao DNA.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1986

Nucleotide sequence of the purM gene encoding 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole synthetase of Escherichia coli K12.

5'-Phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole synthetase (EC 6.3.3.1), encoded by the purM gene of Escherichia coli, catalyzes the synthesis of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole from 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine. The purM gene was subcloned from the Clarke and Carbon (Clarke, L., and Carbon, J. (1976) Cell 9, 91-99) plasmid pLC1-41 and the nucleotide sequence determined. The mature protein, as deduced from the purM structural gene sequence, contains 344 amino acid residues and has a calculated Mr of 36,726. The 5' end of the purM mRNA was determined by mung bean nuclease mapping to be 44-45 nucleotides up-stream of the proposed GTG translation initiation codon. A C-G-rich region characteristic of stringently controlled promoters is located immediately in front of the proposed purM promoter region. Comparison of the upstream sequences of the purM and the coregulated purF loci revealed a highly conserved (33 of 39 base pairs are identical) sequence. The presumptive purM promoter is located in this region, thus suggesting that both purine loci share a common mechanism of regulation mediated through this sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Delaying the introduction of complementary food until 6 months does not affect appetite or mother's report of food acceptance of breast-fed infants from 6 to 12 months in a low income, Honduran population.

Low income, primiparous mothers who had exclusively breast-fed for 4 mo were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) continued exclusive breast-feeding to 6 mo (EBF), 2) introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo, with ad libitum nursing 4-6 mo (SF), and 3) introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo, with maintenance of base-line nursing frequency 4-6 mo (SF-M). After the intervention phase (4-6 mo; n= 141), home visits were conducted for a subsample at 9 (n = 60) and 12 (n = 123) mo. At each visit, an observer recorded infant food intake at the midday meal and interviewed the mother regarding usual feeding patterns and the infant's acceptance of 20 common food items. All but two infants (1.5%) were breast-fed to 9 mo and all but eight (6%) to 12 mo. There were no significant differences among groups in breast-feeding frequency, amount or number of foods consumed at the midday meal, percentage of food offered that was consumed, usual daily number of meals and snacks, number of food groups consumed, or overall food acceptance score. Frequency of consumption of foods from eight different food groups (dairy, meats, eggs, grains, beans, fruits, vegetables, tubers) was not significantly different among groups except that, at 9 mo only, the SF group (but not the SF-M group) consumed more vegetables than did the EBF group. These results indicate that delaying the introduction of complementary foods until 6 mo does not adversely affect appetite or food acceptance among breast-fed infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Cocoa fermentations conducted with a defined microbial cocktail inoculum.

Cocoa fermentations were performed in wooden boxes under the following four experimental regimens: beans naturally fermented with wild microflora; aseptically prepared beans with no inoculum; and beans inoculated with a defined cocktail containing microorganisms at a suitable concentration either at zero time or by using phased additions at appropriate times. The cocktail used consisted of a yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. chevalieri, two lactic acid bacterial species, Lactobacillus lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum, and two acetic acid bacterial species, Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans. The parameters measured were cell counts (for yeasts, filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and spore formers, including reisolation and identification of all residual cell types), sugar, ethanol, acetic acid, and lactic acid contents (and contents of other organic acids), pH, and temperature. A cut test for bean quality and a sensorial analysis of chocolate made from the beans were also performed. The natural fermentation mimicked exactly the conditions in 800-kg boxes on farms. The aseptic box remained largely free of microflora throughout the study, and no significant biochemical changes occurred. With the zero-time inoculum the fermentation was almost identical to the natural fermentation. The fermentation with the phased-addition inoculum was similar, but many changes in parameters were slower and less pronounced, which led to a slightly poorer end product. The data show that the nearly 50 common species of microorganisms found in natural fermentations can be replaced by a judicious selection and concentration of members of each physiological group. This is the first report of successful use of a defined, mixed starter culture in such a complex fermentation, and it should lead to chocolate of more reliable and better quality.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

Oviposition choice of Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) depends on host plants cyanogenic capacity.

The choice of insect females as to where to lay their eggs strongly affects progeny survival and, thus, fitness. We conducted choice experiments with female Mexican bean beetles, which were offered lima bean plants differing in their cyanogenic capacity (HCNc), i.e., in the intensity of hydrogen cyanide release per time unit from damaged plant tissue. Females preferred to lay their eggs on plants with low HCNc. In contrast, the mere concentration of cyanide-containing precursors (the cyanogenic potential, HCNp) did not affect oviposition choices. Plant cyanogenesis occurs after tissue damage, which brings specific beta-glucosidases in contact with their substrates, cyanogenic glycosides, from which they are separated by compartmentation in the intact plant tissue. Plants commonly store toxic compounds in an inactive form. Our results demonstrate that for cyanogenesis, which is widespread in plants, it is the toxic product itself rather than the precursor that affects oviposition choices of a specialized herbivore.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Focal FDG uptake in a pancreatic lipoma mimicking malignancy.

Positron emission tomography (PET) using the glucose analog 18-F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is commonly obtained to stage patients with cancer. Benign lesions can be a source of false-positive PET examinations, leading to incorrect staging and treatment of tumors. Computed tomography can aid in distinguishing between certain benign and malignant lesions. The authors report a case of a pancreatic lipoma producing a false-positive PET examination.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Synthesis, fungicidal activity, and QSAR of a series of 2-dichlorophenyl-3-triazolylpropyl ethers.

A series of new alkyl and arylalkyl ethers of 2-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propanol, related to the fungicide tetraconazole, were synthesized and tested in vitro or in vivo against seven common pathogens in comparison with tetraconazole. In vitro, most of them exhibited a broad spectrum of activity and an efficacy of the same order of magnitude of the standard, but the activity was influenced by the nature of the substituents. A QSAR study showed that lipophilicity is a major positive parameter in affecting the activity; the second relevant parameter is mu, whereas geometrical descriptors indicate that linear and narrow substituents are more suitable than wide ones. In in vivo assays some compounds had good activity on bean rust, either protective or curative. Sterol analysis showed that the mechanism of action is due to inhibition of 14alpha-demethylase.

Fungi↗