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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Evaluation of visual function and prognosis for patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with the low vision evaluator.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a leading cause of visual loss in adults in industrialized countries. PDR patients with light perception (LP) or hand movement (HM) acuity due to severe vitreous hemorrhage require vitreous surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the visual acuity of PDR patients with LP or HM can be graded into finer steps with the Low Vision Evaluator (LoVE). In addition, we determined whether the LoVE results are correlated with the amplitude of the electroretinogram (ERG), the presence of retinal detachment (RD), or postoperative visual prognosis. The LoVE instrument is a subjective device that measures the thresholds for light stimulus and is equipped with a pair of goggles with white light-emitting diodes as the stimulus. We measured the LoVE thresholds of 19 PDR patients, whose fundi could not be observed due to vitreous hemorrhage and whose visual acuity was LP or HM. The 13 patients with HM vision had LoVE thresholds that ranged from 25.0 and 40.0 dB, and the 6 patients with LP vision had LoVE thresholds that ranged from 20.0 and 40.0 dB. The LoVE thresholds of 9 patients with RD were significantly lower than those of 10 patients without RD (p < 0.001). The LoVE thresholds were correlated with the amplitude of the a- and b-waves of the ERG and the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (a-wave: r = 0.70, p < 0.001; b-wave: r = 0.71, p < 0.001; postoperative BCVA: r = 0.46, p < 0.05). These results indicate that the LoVE is capable of grading the visual function of PDR patients with conventional LP and HM vision into finer steps. Thus, the LoVE is an invaluable device in predicting the postoperative visual acuity of patients with vitreous hemorrhage.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed1992

A man-machine vision interface for sensing the environment.

This study describes a computer vision approach for sensing the environment with the intent of helping people with a visual impairment. The principal goal in applying computer vision is to exploit, in an optimal fashion, the information acquired by the camera(s) to yield useful descriptions of the viewed environment. The objective is to seek efficient and reliable guidance cues in order to improve the mobility needs of individuals with a visual impairment. In this research direction, the following problems are identified and addressed: 1) the vision system design; 2) establishment of the mapping principles between the two-dimensional (2-D) camera images and the three-dimensional (3-D) real world; 3) development of appropriate imaging techniques for the interpretation of the 2-D images; and, 4) establishment of a communication link between the vision system and the user. The soundness of this research direction is assessed by means of a theoretical framework and experimental evaluations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

Vision screening of preschool children in Italy.

Vision screening of preschool children is designed and performed to identify those affected by amblyopia or related, predisposing visual defects. In order to determine the prevalence of preschool vision screening in Italy, a questionnaire was mailed to the 635 regional health offices in which the country's national health system was organized at the time of the study. Results of this survey demonstrated that in 61.3% of the regions which responded, some form of preschool vision screening is performed. However, individual, non-standardized methods are used by the physicians or health care professionals responsible in each regional program. It is evident from this study that standardized procedures for preschool vision testing are lacking in Italy, and that the existing European Community guidelines should be disseminated and applied on a greater scale for the development of such a program on the national and European level.

Amblyopia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Color vision screening of young children.

Early detection of congenital color vision defects is desirable, but school screening studies have been stymied by lack of a suitable test. We evaluated a new color vision test, the APT-5, for use by volunteer screeners in schools and preschools. The screeners tested 1794 children, ages 3 to 13 years, and found the APT-5 easy to use with young children ages 5 years and up. Children who failed the screening were recruited for diagnostic color vision testing; for the children ages 5 to 13 years, 56% of those who failed the screening were successfully recruited. Data analysis indicated that the false-positive rate in this age group was 1% to 2%, and that for boys in this age group the positive predictive value was 71% to 81%. Retest data indicated that most false-positives were not due to the test itself, but to other factors in the school screening situation. Two thirds of all children scored as abnormal by anomaloscopy were simple deuteranomalous, indicating that the APT-5 effectively identified even mild color defects. The results of this trial indicate that the APT-5 is suitable for school color vision screening of children ages 5 years and up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Vision readiness of the reserve forces of the U.S. Army.

In 1996 and 1997, the Army conducted an exercise to assess the ability to rapidly mobilize the reserve forces. In accordance with Army requirements, each soldier was evaluated to determine if he or she met vision and optical readiness standards. Of the 1,947 individuals processed through the optometry section, 40% met vision requirements without correction and 32% met vision requirements with their current spectacles. The remaining 28% required examination. A major impediment to processing reserve units for deployment is the lack of vision and optical readiness. In the mobilization for the Persian Gulf War, significant delays were incurred because of the time required to perform eye examinations and fabricate eyewear. However, as a result of this exercise, current prescriptions will be available in the event of mobilization. To ensure readiness, all units should perform such exercises periodically.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Practical color vision tests for air traffic control applicants: en route center and terminal facilities.

BACKGROUND: Two practical color vision tests were developed and validated for use in screening Air Traffic Control Specialist (ATCS) applicants for work at en route center or terminal facilities. The development of the tests involved careful reproduction/simulation of color-coded materials from the most demanding, safety-critical color task performed in each type of facility. METHODS: The tests were evaluated using 106 subjects with normal color vision and 85 with color vision deficiency. The en route center test, named the Flight Progress Strips Test (FPST), required the identification of critical red/black coding in computer printing and handwriting on flight progress strips. The terminal option test, named the Aviation Lights Test (ALT), simulated red/green/white aircraft lights that must be identified in night ATC tower operations. Color-coding is a non-redundant source of safety-critical information in both tasks. RESULTS: The FPST was validated by direct comparison of responses to strip reproductions with responses to the original flight progress strips and a set of strips selected independently. Validity was high; Kappa = 0.91 with original strips as the validation criterion and 0.86 with different strips. The light point stimuli of the ALT were validated physically with a spectroradiometer. The reliabilities of the FPST and ALT were estimated with Chronbach's alpha as 0.93 and 0.98, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The high job-relevance, validity, and reliability of these tests increases the effectiveness and fairness of ATCS color vision testing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Correlation of the binocular visual field with patient assessment of vision.

PURPOSE: To determine which measures of the binocular visual field correlate best with the patient's assessment of vision. METHODS: Esterman binocular visual field testing and four other binocular visual field tests (designated peripheral 20 dB [p20], peripheral 22 dB [p22], central 24 dB [c24] and central 26 dB [c26]) were performed in 101 patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. Scores from these five tests, as well as binocular visual field scores calculated from monocular testing (best-location summation and probability summation), were correlated with performance on the National Eye Institute's Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ)-25 and Short-Form (SF)-36 quality of life instruments, as well as with the linear rating scale utility test. RESULTS: The mean percentage of correct responses was 87%, 69%, 59%, 78%, and 71% for the Esterman, p20, p22, c24, and c26 tests, respectively. The distribution of scores was much broader for the p20 and p22 tests than for the Esterman test. The mean decibels for the binocular visual fields calculated from the monocular visual fields were 21.5 +/- 7.7 dB for the best-location algorithm and 25.1 +/- 6.7 dB for the probability-summation algorithm. The binocular visual field score calculated with the best-location algorithm correlated better with the overall, general vision, distance activities, and peripheral vision domains of theVFQ-25 (partial correlation coefficients of 0.48, 0.48, 0.49, and 0.51, respectively) than did the probability-summation algorithm and all five binocular visual field tests. The best-location algorithm also had the strongest correlation with the linear rating scale utility test (partial correlation coefficient, 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of clinic-based patients with glaucoma or suspected glaucoma, a global score derived from a combination of two monocular fields correlated better with patient assessment of vision than did the Esterman and four novel binocular visual field tests.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Vision readiness in Operation Restore Hope.

Ensuring that our forces are vision ready for their mission is essential on today's battlefield. Vision readiness considers optical readiness (appropriate correcting eyewear) and visual readiness (adequate job-required visual acuity). A study of vision readiness among deploying personnel for Operation Restore Hope in Bosnia from December 1995 to September 1997 was conducted at Fort Benning, Georgia. Of the 10,063 personnel screened, 3,554 (35.3%) were not optically ready for deployment and 406 (4.0%) were not visually ready for deployment. Analyses indicated a statistically significant difference between the active duty and reserve components in optical and visual readiness. A more effective vision readiness process should be implemented before deployment to ensure that all personnel are deployment ready. Optometry personnel, commanders, and deploying soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines must take a more active role in ensuring that our forces have the appropriate visual acuity and optical devices to deploy.

Contact Lenses↗
PubMed1992

A survey of the vision assessment of the developmentally disabled and multi-handicapped in University Affiliated Programs (UAPs).

In 1989 we conducted a survey to assess the availability of vision assessments (screening and complete eye/vision examinations) in University Affiliated Programs for Persons with Developmental Disabilities (UAPs). Analysis of the results suggests that although the UAPs are continuing to provide some services for eye/vision care, only 58 percent of these centers have facilities for the screening of vision problems. Ninety-six percent of the respondents, however, feel that vision screening is important. The developmentally disabled and multi-handicapped child is at high risk for vision/eye problems. Unless this difference between service availability and the perceived importance of vision services is addressed, there is an increased risk that the child may not reach his/her full potential. The UAPs need to increase the availability of eye/vision care within the UAPs and to expand training to providers in the community to deal with the developmentally disabled and multi-handicapped.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Further followup: (Part IV) A case of acute loss of binocular vision and stereoscopic depth perception.

(Combined case report followup) This is a continuation of a personal report by a knowledgeable vision scientist, of the loss of binocular vision due to a major vitreous hemorrhage. Please see the initial report for further details. (Romano PE. A case of acute loss of binocular vision and stereoscopic depth perception. (The misery of acute monovision, having been binocular for 68 years) Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 2003; 18:51-55; and followup Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 2003; 18:101-103, Binocul Vis Strabismus Q 2003; 18:174-175. This report covers months nine and ten following the hemorrhage. In the two months since the last report, Visual acuity continues to improve to 20/20 with correction, one line less than the fellow eye. Residual ring shaped floaters only occasionally interfere with visual function which is normal now for virtually all extents and purposes. The previously reported observation that binocular ocular sighting dominance is gaze dependent is confirmed by prior recently published research: Khan AZ, Crawford JD. Ocular dominance reverses as a function of horizontal gaze angle. Vision Research 2001; 41:1743-1748.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Results from a pediatric vision screening and its ability to predict academic performance.

BACKGROUND: Children attending three New York City public schools were screened in 1998-1999. These three schools were previously screened in 1996-1997. This allowed comparison of referral rates between the two years. In addition, we were able to follow individual children who attended the schools between these two years. Finally, using results of the citywide achievement test scores, we were able to correlate the specific vision screening tests with academic performance. METHODS: Results from each of the years were analyzed to determine if any trend existed in referral frequency and screening procedures failed. Referral criteria were failure on one or more of the screening battery tests. In addition, the children's vision screening performance was compared with their reading achievement test scores. Vision screening results of children in both the top 25% and bottom 25% of the class were evaluated and academic improvement based on optometric intervention was also monitored. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent (29%) of children screened in 1996-1997 were referred. This matched the 25% referral rate found in 1998-1999. The screenings in 1998-1999 yielded a higher referral rate (35%) in functional vision tests as opposed to visual acuity screening procedures than the screening in 1996-1997 (30%). The King Devick Eye Movement Test and the hyperopia assessment screening showed significant correlation with citywide achievement test scores. Both these tests were significant for predicting those students in the lower 25% of the class for all grades in both years of the screenings. CONCLUSIONS: Early detection and remediation increased the potential for more effective learning in a small sample size of 25 children. Further studies involving larger sample sizes are indicated.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Vision examination of children in Riyadh's handicapped children house.

Fifty-eight children with neuromuscular handicap participating in a habilitation program at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia underwent an abbreviated vision examination evaluating their visual status. Manpower, time, language and equipment constraints prevented the performance of routine, complete eye examinations for each child. This initial effort was designed to assess the subjects' vision as well as examination time, space, manpower, and any other unforeseen problems in treating this population. This vision evaluation showed that 63.7 percent had ocular findings, and only 17.2 percent had a history of previous eye examination. Currently, a program of evaluation, training and education is underway to treat these children with motor and social handicaps at the Handicapped Children House. Routine vision examination, more complete than undertaken with this study, should be instituted, incorporating ocular history, external examination, refraction, dilated ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp with further evaluation and treatment of those children with findings.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Psychophysics of reading. Clinical predictors of low-vision reading speed.

Clinicians need to estimate how well their low-vision patients will perform everyday visual tasks such as reading or driving. Typically, it is not practical to measure task performance directly or to administer a lengthy series of special tests. Recent laboratory research has suggested that some routine clinical data may be useful in predicting reading performance. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a promising set of simple measures--Snellen acuity, status of the central fields and ocular media, diagnosis, and age--could be used in a clinical setting to predict reading speed. One hundred and forty one patients who entered the low-vision clinic of the Minneapolis Society for the Blind received thorough eye examinations and a test of reading speed. Snellen acuity accounted for only 10% of the variance in reading speeds overall, but played a more important role for subjects with central loss. Age was a better predictor than acuity. A diagnosis of age-related maculopathy predicted slower reading speed than other causes of central-field loss, but the difference was attributed to age. Media status (clear or cloudy) had no predictive value. Our set of clinical predictors accounted for only about 30% of the variance in low-vision reading speeds. While data from more detailed visual testing might improve prediction, nonvisual factors such as age probably also contribute to the variance. Rather than relying on predictions from visual testing, clinical assessment of low-vision reading may be accomplished most easily with a suitably designed reading test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Advances in vision and eye screening: screening at six months of age.

Eye and vision screening is a prototype preventative health measure. Increased knowledge of eye diseases in children and their treatment mandates much earlier screening than was recommended in the past. Advances in testing permit both the adoption of simpler and faster routine techniques and the application of more sophisticated and accurate screening methods. A thorough vision/eye screening at 6 months of age has been added to the previous examination schedule which only required screening at birth and again at 3.5-4 years of age. The simple scrutiny of the red fundus reflexes in the pupil with a direct ophthalmoscope (Brückner test) provides superior screening for vision, binocular alignment and pathology in infants. The difficult-to-master cover test and its variants can be abandoned for screening purposes. In screening preverbal children, simple optotype charts (HOTV) are proving more efficient than the traditional 'tumbling E' game. Color vision testing should be added to the preschool examination. Vision screening in infants can be enhanced where resources permit by using new preferential looking tests and by employing sophisticated electrophysiological testing. Photographic screening methods based on the red reflex hold considerable promise for more efficient screening of children.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Vision screening in a primary care setting. A missed opportunity?

To determine the effectiveness of vision screening in a primary care setting, we administered a questionnaire and a vision test to 458 patients from a general medical clinic. Subjects were referred for complete ophthalmologic evaluation if they failed the vision test or met other "high-risk" criteria based on information contained in the questionnaire. Patient-initiated requests for eye examinations were also honored. A total of 169 patients were scheduled for eye examinations, and 148 actually underwent ophthalmologic evaluation. One hundred one of those examined were referred on the basis of the study criteria. "Serious eye disease" (cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, or age-related macular degeneration) was diagnosed in 96 (95%) of these patients. Prompt surgical intervention was recommended in 27 (27%), and medical treatment was begun in 21 (21%). Of those with serious eye disease, 59% met the criteria by failing the vision test, while 69% met the high-risk criteria determined by the questionnaire. Of the 148 subjects who received ophthalmologic evaluations, 47 requested them. Serious eye disease was diagnosed in 23 (50%) of the 47 patients. None of these individuals required immediate surgery, and medical treatment for glaucoma was begun in eight (17%). These data suggest that screening for serious eye disease in a primary care setting is an efficient mechanism to use for the identification of patients with undetected ocular disorders that require follow-up or treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Vision screening of school age children in Missouri.

In this report, vision screenings conducted by schools in the state of Missouri are reviewed. Data were generated by the 127 participating schools in 38 school districts that responded to four research questions. In general, many inadequacies exist in schools regarding vision screening. Recommendations include greater participation in the public school arena by vision specialists and the development of consistent criteria for vision screening in school districts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Vision in the elderly and its use in the social environment.

A randomized sample of 601 subjects aged 65 or over were examined for their visual function and their use of vision in daily life. The participation percentage was 91% and constant throughout all age groups, and the population sample studied is considered to be representative of the population of the city of Turku in Finland. The best corrected visual acuity was found to be good (0.8 or 0.7/0.3) in 73%, with a gradual decline with age to 20% in late senescence (85 years or over). The poorest acuity level of less than 0.1 was found in 1% of the entire study population and in 7% of those aged 85 or over. 91% of the subjects were found to be capable of reading newspaper-size print by using conventional presbyopic lenses. For those aged 85 years or over the rate was 50%. When also using low vision aids for maximal optical correction, the rate rose to 93% of the entire study population, and to 57% of those aged 85 or over. The functional visual acuity, i.e. the level of vision actually used in daily life, was clearly inferior with only 56% of the entire study population and 13% of those aged 85 or over possessing good visual acuity. Other acuity levels showed the same rations. Senile macular degeneration and cataract were found to be the commonest causes of visual impairment in the elderly. Poor sight could be considered a prime contributory factor for being in institutional accommodation in 11% of the cases. Visually impaired persons were clearly more dependent on home help as compared with the elderly population in general. A majority (over 90%) of elderly people in all age groups were found to be interested in resolution-requiring activities (reading, TV, needlework, driving, etc.). In other everyday activities, the demands on vision were found to be lower, an acuity level of 0.2-0.15 not yet being restrictive. This is suggested to be dependent on the predominance of lower spatial frequencies when seeing in everyday environments. Intolerance of optic correction by means of spectacle lens was found in 18% of the aphakics. As regards moderate-power lenses, one third of elderly persons were found to reject glasses for traveling. 57% of those who rejected glasses considered themselves unmotivated to wear glasses in everyday life, 35% blamed adaptation difficulties. Subjects aged 75 years or over who suffered from impoverished mobility or dizziness were particularly reluctant to wear glasses when moving about.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vision screening requirements under 52 Early and Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) Programs.

A 1979 survey of vision screening requirements in 52 Early and Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) programs revealed that 17 percent of the programs had no requirements, and 17 percent required only distance visual acuity testing. An additional 25 percent required distance vision and ocular muscle-fusion tests only, and the remaining programs required various combinations of three or more tests. Fewer than two-thirds of the programs with requirements had referral criteria for the tests. The ages at which initial testing was required also varied among the programs. The differences in requirements were not related to the demographic, socioeconomic, and other variables analyzed in this study. Programs with specific referral criteria, however, had a higher percentage of referrals for vision screening than those without such criteria. Because of the variability in vision screening standards and referral criteria observed among the programs, the authors conclude that national standards are needed.

Adolescent↗