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PubMed1990

Fluoride, aluminum, and phosphate kinetics in cryolite workers.

Exposure to cryolite (Na3AlF6) dust may result in skeletal fluorosis. Eight male workers at a cryolite concentrator participated in a 4-day study after 5 days of vacation. Dust exposures were 0.16 to 21.2 mg/m3. Urine was collected before work began and during two 4-hour periods. Preshift urine fluoride concentrations increased during the week. Fluoride concentrations in postshift urine and serum both correlated with the dust exposures. Serum fluoride concentrations decreased with a half-life of 3.3 to 6.9 hours after work. Fluoride clearance was 40.5 to 76.5 mL/min at urinary flow rates of 0.89 to 2.21 mL/min. Serum aluminum concentrations varied without relation to the exposure, but the urinary aluminum excretion correlated with the fluoride levels. Preshift serum-phosphate concentrations increased significantly during the week, possibly indicating changes in mineral metabolism. For monitoring of individual uptake of cryolite dust, serum fluoride measurements are most useful.

Aluminum↗

PubMed2001

Intervention study on acquired color vision deficiencies in styrene-exposed workers.

The main aim of the study was to examine the possible effects of occupational exposure to styrene on color vision function and the course after reduction of exposure. Color vision function was examined in 22 styrene-exposed laminators and 11 control subjects at a boat manufacturing plant. The Lanthony D-15 desaturated panel was used to test acquired dyschromatopsia. In all, six examinations were performed: Monday morning and Thursday afternoon of the same week, before and immediately after a vacation of 4 weeks (altogether, phase 1), and approximately 10 months later (phase 2), after the exposure level of styrene had been reduced. Styrene uptake was objectified by biological monitoring measuring the metabolites mandelic acid and phenylglyoxcylic acid in urine samples taken on Thursday afternoon. In both Thursday examinations, styrene-exposed workers had higher color confusion index (CCI) values compared with controls, which indicated quantitative color vision loss. After an exposure-free period of 4 weeks, a significant decrease of CCI values to normal range was found in laminators. Reexamination 10 months later showed also lower CCI values in exposed workers, indicating a dose-effect relationship. Abnormal CCI values occurred primarily in subjects with an excretion of approximately 500 to 600 mg mandelic acid plus phenylglyoxcylic acid per gram creatinine or more. We concluded that styrene-induced color vision dysfunction is reversible after an exposure-free interval of 4 weeks. The current Biological Tolerance Value of 600 mg mandelic acid plus phenylglyoxcylic acid per gram creatinine, as used in Germany, protects styrene-exposed workers from this subclinical effect.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Accessibility to air travel correlates strongly with increasing melanoma incidence.

As the cost of air travel has decreased substantially in the USA and Europe over the past few decades, leisure travel to vacation destinations during the winter months has expanded significantly. This trend has probably increased the incidence of significant ultraviolet radiation exposure and sunburn in a broader population who could not previously afford this kind of travel. The purpose of this study was to analyse the correlation between increasing accessibility to air travel and melanoma incidence. This ecological study surveyed air travel patterns and melanoma incidence over the past three decades. Melanoma age-adjusted incidence was obtained from the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 9 Registry Database, 1975-2000, and the Cancer Registry of Norway, 1965-2000. United States mean inflation-adjusted airfare prices for four airports linked to leisure destinations (Miami, Los Angeles, San Diego, Phoenix) were compared with melanoma incidence. Parallel analyses were performed using annual domestic passenger-kilometres and melanoma incidence in Norway. Declining United States leisure-specific airfares corresponded strongly with increasing melanoma incidence (r = 0.96, r = 0.92, P < 0.001). Modelling a 5-year time lag between airfare and melanoma diagnosis strengthened the association (r = 0.98, r = 0.96, P < 0.001). Longer time lags could not be modelled due to data limitations. Data from Norway similarly showed that increasing air passenger mileage corresponded strongly with increasing melanoma incidence. Although correlation does not equate to causality, the very strong relationship between increasing access to air travel and melanoma incidence suggests that changes in recreational patterns may be contributing significantly to the public health problem of melanoma.

Aircraft↗

PubMed2005

Respiratory health effects related to occupational spray painting and welding.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to study respiratory symptoms among automobile assembly workers. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, we compared rates of respiratory symptoms and of physician-diagnosed asthma and COPD in painters and welders to those in assembly workers. RESULTS: Respiratory symptom reporting was significantly increased among welders (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79-2.61) compared with painters or assembly workers, after age, race, and smoking adjustment in multiple logistic regression analyses. Welders also reported significantly more improvement in symptoms on weekends or vacation. However, no significant elevations in adjusted ORs were observed for physician-diagnosed asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for welders. In contrast, significantly more painters had physician-diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR = 3.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.27, 11.0). CONCLUSIONS: Welders and painters in this plant appeared to have increased risk of respiratory health effects compared with assembly workers.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Effects of lower extremity passive stretching: pilot study of children and youth with severe limitations in self-mobility.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate changes in passive range of motion (PROM) of children with severe limitations in self-mobility during periods of physical therapy intervention and naturally occurring periods of no intervention (school vacations). METHODS: A multiple-case time-series design was used to monitor hip and knee PROM over a seven-month period for seven students aged four to 18 years receiving physical therapy in a school setting. PROM measurements were graphed and the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to evaluate the PROM changes during intervention and nonintervention phases for each individual student and for the students as a group. RESULTS: When PROM changes were pooled for all subjects and all joint motions, the Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed a significant decrease in PROM only after the first nonintervention phase. Significant decreases in PROM were observed in only two of the students after the first nonintervention phase. CONCLUSION: Children and youth with severe limitations in self-mobility may lose PROM during nonintervention periods lasting more than five weeks.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Interspecific reciprocity explains mobbing behaviour of the breeding chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs.

When prey animals discover a predator close by, they mob it while uttering characteristic sounds that attract other prey individuals to the vicinity. Mobbing causes a predator to vacate its immediate foraging area, which gives an opportunity for prey individuals to continue their interrupted daily activity. Besides the increased benefits, mobbing behaviour also has its costs owing to injuries or death. The initiator of mobbing may be at increased risk of predation by attracting the predator's attention, especially if not joined by other neighbouring prey individuals. Communities of breeding birds have always been considered as temporal aggregations. Since an altruist could not prevent cheaters from exploiting its altruism in an anonymous community, this excluded any possibility of explaining mobbing behaviour in terms of reciprocal altruism. However, sedentary birds may have become acquainted since the previous non-breeding season. Migrant birds, forming anonymous communities at the beginning of the breeding season, may also develop closer social ties during the course of the breeding season. We tested whether a male chaffinch, a migrant bird, would initiate active harassment of a predator both at the beginning of the breeding season and a week later when it has become a member of a non-anonymous multi-species aggregation of sedentary birds. We expected that male chaffinches would be less likely to initiate a mob at the beginning of the breeding season when part of an anonymous multi-species aggregation of migratory birds. However, their mobbing activity should increase as the breeding season advances. Our results support these predictions. Cooperation among individuals belonging to different species in driving the predator away may be explained as interspecific reciprocity based on interspecific recognition and temporal stability of the breeding communities.

Aggression↗

PubMed2001

Acute hepatitis caused by a novel strain of hepatitis E virus most closely related to United States strains.

A unique hepatitis E virus (HEV) strain was identified as the aetiological agent of acute hepatitis in a United States (US) patient who had recently returned from vacation in Thailand, a country in which HEV is endemic. Sequence comparison showed that this HEV strain was most similar, but not identical, to the swine and human HEV strains recovered in the US. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this new HEV isolate was closer to genotype 3 strains than to the genotype 1 strains common in Asia. The fact that this HEV was closely related to strains recovered in countries where HEV is not endemic and was highly divergent from Asian HEV strains raises the questions of where the patient's infection was acquired and of whether strains are geographically as localized as once thought.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Fused nucleoids resegregate faster than cell elongation in Escherichia coli pbpB(Ts) filaments after release from chloramphenicol inhibition.

The course of nucleoid movement during and upon release from protein synthesis inhibition by chloramphenicol in filaments of Escherichia coli pbpB(Ts) was analysed. Cells were grown at 42 degrees C in glucose minimal medium for two mass doublings and were treated with chloramphenicol to generate fusion (coalescence) of the nucleoids. Upon release from protein synthesis inhibition, the large distance between the border of the fused nucleoids and the cell poles immediately decreased, before full recovery of the rates of mass growth and length increase at 30 degrees C. This indicates that nucleoids can reoccupy the DNA-free cell ends independently of cell elongation. During filamentation at 42 degrees C, the pbpB cells established initial constrictions at midcell and at one-quarter and three-quarter positions. Nevertheless, divisions only started 75 min after chloramphenicol removal at 30 degrees C, when most nucleoids had moved back into the vacated cell ends. No 'guillotine-like' constrictions at the site of the nucleoids occurred. This suggests that segregating nucleoids postpone division recovery at previously established sites. The results are discussed in the light of a working model for transcription/translation-mediated chromosome segregation and nucleoid occlusion of cell division.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2004

The comparative study on the solution structures of the oxidized bovine microsomal cytochrome b5 and mutant V45H.

A comparative study on the solution structures of bovine microsomal cytochrome b5 (Tb5) and the mutant V45H has been achieved by 1D and 2D 1H-NMR spectroscopy to clarify the differences in the solution conformations between these two proteins. The results reveal that the global folding of the V45H mutant in solution is unchanged, but the subtle changes exist in the orientation of the axial ligand His39, and heme vinyl groups. The side chain of His45 in V45H mutant extends to the outer edge of the heme pocket leaving a cavity at the site originally occupied by the inner methyl group of Val45 residue. In addition, the imidazole ring of axial ligand His39 rotates counterclockwise by approximately 3 degrees around the His-Fe-His axis, and the 4-heme vinyl group turns to the space vacated by the removed side chain due to the mutation. Furthermore, the helix III of the heme pocket undergoes outward displacement, while the linkage between helix II and III is shifted leftward. These observations are not only consistent with the pattern of the pseudocontact shifts of the heme protons, but also well account for the lower stability of V45H mutant against heat and urea.

Amino Acid Substitution↗

PubMed2003

What to do on spring break? The role of predicted, on-line, and remembered experience in future choice.

When individuals choose future activities on the basis of their past experiences, what guides those choices? The present study compared students' predicted, on-line, and remembered spring-break experiences, as well as the influence of these factors on students' desire to take a similar vacation in the future. Predicted and remembered experiences were both more positive-and, paradoxically, more negative-than on-line experiences. Of key importance, path analyses revealed that remembered experience, but neither on-line nor anticipated experience, directly predicted the desire to repeat the experience. These results suggest that although on-line measures may be superior to retrospective measures for approximating objective experience, retrospective measures may be superior for predicting choice.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Trafficking from the bone marrow to the thymus: a prerequisite for thymopoiesis.

T-cell development in the thymus requires periodic importation of hematopoietic progenitors from the bone marrow. Such thymus settling progenitors arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that are retained in a specific bone marrow microenvironmental niche. Vacation of this niche is required for HSC proliferation and differentiation into downstream progenitors. In order to reach the thymus, progenitors must then be mobilized from bone marrow to blood. Finally, progenitors in blood must settle in the thymus. Here we review signals and molecular interactions that are likely to play a role in trafficking from the bone marrow to the thymus, focusing on how these interactions may regulate which progenitors physiologically contribute to thymopoiesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Imported skin diseases in dermatology.

Millions of afflicted people suffer from conditions which Japanese dermatologists may rarely encounter. Many of our patients travel extensively either as part of work-related business trips or during vacationing. From three to ten percent of travelers experience skin, hair or nail disorders. With worldwide travel heightening exposure to the causative agents, there is an increasing likelihood that a patient with leishmaniasis, Boutonneuse fever, onchocerciasis, loaiasis, dengue fever, cutaneous larva migrans or other recently acquired skin conditions from a far away land will visit your office for diagnosis and treatment. The clinical characteristics, diagnostic tests and therapeutic options for such imported tropical diseases will be discussed.

Boutonneuse Fever↗

PubMed2006

Multiple senile lentigos of the face, a skin ageing pattern resulting from a life excess of intermittent sun exposure in dark-skinned caucasians: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Different patterns of skin ageing can be described depending on the predominant lesions, i.e. wrinkles, laxity, atrophy, senile lentigos (SLs), etc. They may correspond to different epidemiological contexts. OBJECTIVES: To identify and assess the epidemiological factors for a skin ageing pattern characterized by a high density of SLs on the face, or 'lentigo ageing pattern' (LAP). METHODS: An age- and sex-matched case-control study was conducted in individuals aged between 60 and 80 years, comparing cases (n = 118) with a very high number of SLs on the face for their age, and controls (n = 118) with no or very few SLs for their age. The cases and controls were recruited in two hospitals. RESULTS: In univariate and multivariate analysis, LAP was associated with skin types III and IV, with frequent sunburns, and with the part of the lifetime cumulative sun exposure which was received during vacations. Conversely, there was no link with the occupational and everyday exposures and the total cumulative exposure. LAP was associated with multiple solar lentigos of the upper back. No relationship was found with postmenopausal hormonal therapy, number of naevi, or freckles. CONCLUSIONS: Different epidemiological factors may account for the different skin ageing patterns. LAP seems to develop preferentially in dark-skinned caucasians who have repeatedly received intermittent and intense sun irradiations throughout their life, and have often developed solar lentigos on the upper back earlier in life, whereas the 'prominent wrinkling' pattern is known to affect light-skinned people and smokers with a life excess of continuous exposure.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Increased Fos expression in oxytocin neurons following masculine sexual behavior.

Induction of the c-fos protein product (Fos) was used to immunocytochemically identify oxytocin (OT) neurons that may be activated during copulatory interactions. Fos induction was quantified in sexually-experienced male rats after either (a) exposure to a testing arena recently vacated by an estrous female, (b) copulatory interactions such as mounting and intromission without ejaculation, or (c) mounting and intromissions culminating in ejaculation. In the parvocellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), the number of neurons expressing Fos increased following either intromission (53%) or ejaculation (124%). Significant, but less striking, increases in the number of cells expressing Fos were noted in magnocellular regions of the PVN where intromission resulted in a 13% increase and ejaculation in a 49% increase in Fos. The number of perikarya immunoreactive for OT and AVP did not differ as a function of increasing sexual contacts. In control (novel arena) males, 33-73% of the Fos labeling occurred in OT cells. Sexual interactions did not enhance the number of double-labeled cells in most parvocellular regions. However, in lateral parvocellular regions located in the most caudal aspects of the PVN, 31% of the Fos-positive cells occurred in OT neurons in ejaculated males, while in control males none of the OT cells were double-labeled. This PVN subdivision is known to consist of neurons that project to the brain stem and spinal cord at lumbar levels which contain motor neurons that regulate penile reflexes. The present data suggest a possible neurochemical circuit which incorporates oxytocinergic neurons in the mediation of masculine sexual responses.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Oral myiasis in a child by the reindeer warble fly larva Hypoderma tarandi.

We describe a case of human oral myiasis by a first-stage larva of the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma (Oedemagena) tarandi (L.) (Diptera: Oestridae), in a 12-year-old girl. In September the patient complained of erythema, swelling and conjunctivitis of the right eyelid. Symptoms subsided spontaneously but re-occurred in October. In December she presented with acute swelling of the right corner of the mouth. Later that day a living larva protruded from this swelling. The patient had been on vacation in Norway during the previous summer months.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Upstairs, downstairs: medical students in their first clinical year and their previous experience of work in hospitals.

In a study of Edinburgh students in their first clinical year it was found that a sizeable proportion had had some prior experience of hospital life and work from vacation jobs--such as being porters, auxiliary nurses and so on. Students' retrospective accounts of such experience are reported. The most salient aspect of hospitals seen from this vantage point concerned the division of labour between grades of staff, and the hierarchical organization of hospital personnel. Students saw the experience primarily as a chance to see medicine 'from the other side'. It is suggested that such experiences can be drawn on in the teaching of sociology to undergraduate students.

Allied Health Personnel↗

PubMed1990

Emigration patterns among 1974 British medical graduates.

For 96.7% of identified qualifiers from British medical schools in 1974, career information was available concerning experience outside the United Kingdom. A total of 34.2% of respondents had been abroad at some time by 1987, the peak period being 6 years after qualifying when over 15% were abroad. Twelve per cent were still abroad 13 years after qualifying. Compared to English and Welsh medical schools, Scotish medical schools produced higher percentages of qualifiers who were abroad and who intended not to practise in the United Kingdom. The commonest reasons for going abroad were adventure, travel, vacation, better lifestyle and living conditions, and better career prospects. Further aspects of motivation for travel abroad and return to the United Kingdom are discussed.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Remodelling during remyelination in the peripheral nervous system.

Morphologic analysis of longitudinal sections of lumbar anterior root tissue from rabbits at different stages of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis has revealed new information on Schwann cell behaviour during early remyelination. Some short remyelinated internodes were displaced laterally towards nodes as other internodes elongated in a stepise fashion to occupy the vacated axonal segments. This suggests that a Schwann cell possesses the ability to remodel its myelin sheath after the initial establishment of the internode. Subaxolemmal densification was found to be formed wherever pairs of Schwann cells overlapped and gap junctions were observed between young Schwann cells.

Animals↗