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PubMedDate not supplied

A guide to Mosaic and the World Wide Web for physicians.

Although the predecessor of the Internet as we know it has existed since 1969, few physicians have taken full advantage of its extensive and continuously expanding resources. This may be due in part to the perceived difficulty of navigating the sometimes circuitous routes to the data sources of interest. Newer and substantially more user-friendly interfaces have been developed recently, allowing simpler and more direct access to the full range of Internet resources. Arguably the most important of these is the National Center for Supercomputing Application's Mosaic, the link to an information domain known as the World Wide Web. This article provides an overview of the important medical resources that Mosaic offers the clinician, teacher, and researcher, together with information on how to obtain and configure the software.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1995

The idea of the library in the twenty-first century.

The fundamental idea of the library must change. The nineteenth-century idea of the library as the embalming of dead genius and the twentieth-century idea of the library as the repository for second-hand knowledge must give way to the idea of the library as the owner and the librarian as the manager of first-hand knowledge. In the coming era of knowledge capitalism, those individuals and organizations will flourish who are able to apply knowledge to create knowledge and to organize it to produce knowledge. The roles of present-day librarians and libraries will begin to differentiate sharply over the next decade. Some must seize the opportunity to participate in the transformation of libraries into online knowledge servers.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1995

HPCC and the National Information Infrastructure: an overview.

The National Information Infrastructure (NII) or "information superhighway" is a high-priority federal initiative to combine communications networks, computers, databases, and consumer electronics to deliver information services to all U.S. citizens. The NII will be used to improve government and social services while cutting administrative costs. Operated by the private sector, the NII will rely on advanced technologies developed under the direction of the federal High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Program. These include computing systems capable of performing trillions of operations (teraops) per second and networks capable of transmitting billions of bits (gigabits) per second. Among other activities, the HPCC Program supports the national supercomputer research centers, the federal portion of the Internet, and the development of interface software, such as Mosaic, that facilitates access to network information services. Health care has been identified as a critical demonstration area for HPCC technology and an important application area for the NII. As an HPCC participant, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) assists hospitals and medical centers to connect to the Internet through projects directed by the Regional Medical Libraries and through an Internet Connections Program cosponsored by the National Science Foundation. In addition to using the Internet to provide enhanced access to its own information services, NLM sponsors health-related applications of HPCC technology. Examples include the "Visible Human" project and recently awarded contracts for test-bed networks to share patient data and medical images, telemedicine projects to provide consultation and medical care to patients in rural areas, and advanced computer simulations of human anatomy for training in "virtual surgery."

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1995

Navigating physician resources on the Internet.

By providing everything from electronic mail to "virtual patients," computer technology and the Internet have made enormous resources available to physicians. Science writer Beth Ellenberger gives an overview of the different levels of Internet access, as well as the e-mail addresses of some medical resources that will be useful to physicians.

Canada↗
PubMed1995

Mental effort with the use of different dialogue techniques in human-computer interaction.

Flexibility is an important design criterion for user interfaces of interactive computer systems. Flexibility should allow an adaptation of the system to inter- and intra-individual differences in users. Flexible design requires to know how users base their decisions when they select one of the various options for interaction offered by the system. This problem has been studied in a psychophysiological experiment. In the experiment subjects were required to create graphics on a screen. Independent variables were: experience of the subjects (varied by training sessions), dialogue technique (menues vs. command language) and tasks. Tasks were constructed and analyzed by Cognitive Complexity Theory in order to have tasks suited for either menue or command techniques. Mental effort was registered by P300-amplitude of evoked potentials in the preparation stage of interaction and by 0.10 Hz-component of heart rate variability during the execution stage. It was possible to identify decision strategies based on anticipations of cognitive effort by considering the technique preferences shown in the training sessions and the time subjects spent on the task analysis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using virtual reality to teach radiographic positioning.

Using virtual reality to teach radiographic positioning overcomes many of the limitations of traditional teaching methods and offers several unique advantages. This article describes a virtual reality prototype that could be used to teach radiographic positioning of the elbow joint. By using virtual reality, students are able to see the movement of bones as the arm is manipulated. The article also describes the development and challenges of using virtual reality in medical education.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1994

A temporal query system for protocol-directed decision support.

Chronus is a query system that supports temporal extensions to the Structured Query Language (SQL) for relational databases. Although the relational data model can store time-stamped data and can permit simple temporal-comparison operations, it does not provide either a closed or a sufficient algebra for manipulating temporal data. In this paper, we outline an algebra that maintains a consistent relational representation of temporal data and that allows the type of temporal queries needed for protocol-directed decision support. We also discuss how Chronus can translate between our temporal algebra and the relational algebra used for SQL queries. We have applied our system to the task of screening patients for clinical trials. Our results demonstrate that Chronous can express sufficiently all required temporal queries, and that the search time of such queries is similar to that of standard SQL.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed1994

Customized dual data entry for computerized data analysis.

A major responsibility of any Quality Assurance Unit (QUA) is to ensure data integrity. Errors made during data entry can lead to many problems in the study review process and decrease the quality, accuracy, and overall efficiency of data management. One technique that can reduce the number of data entry errors in computer data sets is the use of a dual entry data system. Currently available software allows creation of customized data entry screens that either closely resemble or duplicate the data collection forms used during studies. Two data entry operators enter data into two independent data sets. The use of an on-screen display that resembles the data collection form reduces the potential for keypunch errors. The two data sets can then be electronically compared. The comparison reports differences between the two data sets. When differences exist, the correct values can be determined by reference to the original data sheets and the two data files can then be corrected. Theoretically, the only key punch errors that will exist after making these corrections are when the two independent entry operators make the same exact data entry error. Typically, the time required for two people to enter data is minimal compared to the time required to manually identify and correct data entry discrepancies. With error-free data entry, we have found that electronic data quality, accuracy, and audit efficiency are improved at every subsequent step of data management, analysis, quality assurance auditing, and report generation.

Information Systems↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing acceptance of a speech-input interface: a preliminary investigation.

Many new technologies are being developed to improve the efficiency and productivity of nursing staffs. User acceptance is a key to the success of these technologies. In this article, the authors present a discussion of nursing acceptance of computer systems, review the basic design issues for creating a speech-input interface, and report preliminary findings of a study of nursing acceptance of a prototype speech-input interface. Results of the study showed that the 19 nursing subjects expressed acceptance of the prototype speech-input interface.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Computer applications in the intensive care unit.

Incorporating computers into all aspects of daily ICU operations is a formidable task both technically and logistically. To coordinate a project as complex as this, it is imperative to achieve close cooperation between physicians, nurses, basic scientists, computer specialists, hospital administrators, and equipment manufacturers. In this article, we have provided a blueprint and have discussed the implementation of a COmputational Model of PATient Health Status (COMPATHS) designed to carry out such integration.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1995

Decision support systems. Using computers to help manage.

Nurse executives often are encouraged to work smarter, not harder. Decision support systems offer methods for refining the decision-making process. The authors review the types of decisions that managers make and the ways that decision support systems can help nurse executives work smarter.

Computer Systems↗