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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of brief hypoxia and hyperoxia on tissue trace element levels in the developing chick embryo.

Brief hypoxia or hyperoxia has been shown to affect growth and metabolism of chick embryos during the late stages of development. The objective of this study was to alter the availability of oxygen to chick embryos developing in ovo and to determine the effects on tissue zinc, copper, iron and manganese levels. On day 15 of incubation fertile chicken eggs were divided into three groups: 15% O2 (hypoxic), 60% O2 (hyperoxic) and 21% O2 (normoxic) and incubated under these conditions for 72 h to day 18. Hypoxia reduced embryo, heart, brain and liver wet weights, whereas hyperoxia increased embryo, heart, lung and liver wet weights compared to normoxic controls. Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) wet weight was increased by hypoxia and reduced by hyperoxia. Livers from hyperoxic embryos contained more zinc, iron and manganese and less copper than livers from hypoxic or normoxic embryos. Tissue concentrations of zinc, copper, iron and manganese were reduced in brains from hyperoxic compared to hypoxic or normoxic embryos. Hyperoxia increased the zinc and copper concentrations in CAM, whereas hypoxia reduced zinc and iron levels. The contents of zinc and copper were increased in hyperoxic compared to normoxic or hypoxic lungs. Hearts from hyperoxic embryos had more zinc, copper and manganese than hypoxic or normoxic hearts. Hypoxic yolk sac contained more zinc and manganese than hyperoxic or normoxic yolk sac. Except for yolk sac, the trace element content of tissues from normoxic embryos increased from day 15 to day 18 of incubation in concert with tissue growth. We conclude that the availability of oxygen to the developing chick embryo affects tissue trace element levels through its effects on tissue growth, as a result of adaptation by specific tissues to different oxygen tensions, or via effects on the regulation of trace element uptake and assimilation by the tissues.

Allantois↗
PubMed2001

Influence of laboratory homogenization procedures on trace element content of food samples: an ICP-MS study on soft and durum wheat.

Sample contamination as a consequence of abrasion of grinding tools during the homogenization of food materials to be analysed for trace elements was addressed. The possible release of 15 trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sn, V, Zn) from six different grinding and milling devices, operating either continuously or discontinuously, was evaluated. All the devices were commercially available and were representative of models usually employed in food and agricultural laboratories. Wheat grains belonging to one soft and one durum cultivar were used as test material. The determination of the analyte concentrations in subsamples submitted to the different preparation treatments was performed by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS). Accordingly, a suitable digestion method was developed and the ArC+ interference affecting Cr determination was evaluated and corrected. Statistical differences with respect to the control were detected for 10 elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb) and in most cases contamination of the samples was traced back to the composition of the grinding equipment. None of the investigated devices was contamination-free with respect to all of the quantified elements. Abrasion of the grinding tools was higher with durum wheat than with soft wheat as a consequence of their different hardiness.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Antioxidant enzyme activities and trace element concentrations in ischemia-reperfusion.

In this study, we investigated the impact of ischemia-reperfusion on antioxidant enzyme activities and trace element concentrations. For this purpose, ischemia was initiated by clamping superior mesenteric artery of Wistar (albino) rats for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 20 min. Immediately after reperfusion, blood samples were taken and examined for red cell copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities spectrophotometrically and plasma zinc, copper, and magnesium concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. In the ischemia-reperfusion group, red cell Cu-Zn-SOD activity and plasma zinc and copper concentrations were increased significantly (p < 0.001) when compared to the control group; however, the increases in GPx activity and plasma magnesium concentration were not significant (p > 0.05). We also found a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in catalase activity. Free radicals released as a consequence of ischemia-reperfusion caused significant alterations in antioxidant enzymes and in the concentrations of trace elements.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Trace element localization and changes in zinc and copper concentrations during postnatal development of the rat CNS.

Changes in concentration and localization of the trace metals during postnatal ontogenetic development in the archi-, paleo-, and neurocerebellum, the cortex and the spinal cord of the rat have been studied by means of histochemical and atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis. It has been shown that the trace elements in the different regions of the nervous system become progressively detectable during the postnatal ontogenesis, and in the various structures (PURKINJE cells, pyramidal cells, motoneurons, mossy-fibre terminals) different times are necessary for the attainment of the localization observed in the mature animals. It is suggested that the trace elements may be transported not only intraneuronally, but also from neuron to neuron, from neuron to glia cell, and in the reverse direction, too.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The efferent substitution correction of blood trace element disorder in patients with chronic kidney failure].

Reasons are given for expediency of correction of dystraceelementemia in chronic renal insufficiency. Following exposure to the treatment with the multivitaminotraceelement drug three-we PLUS and alpha-erythropoietin eprex patients with terminal renal failure prolonged by chronic hemodialysis (n = 16) demonstrated a decrease in blood concentration of toxic trace elements and in dysbalance of essential trace elements, alleviation of clinical symptoms, increased tolerance to physical loads, improvement of hematological indices and quality of life.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1989

Clinical effects and adequacy of a new all-in-one dextrose-electrolyte-trace element preparation in patients on prolonged TPN.

We have devised a new all-in-one dextrose/electrolyste/trace element mixture (Polyfusor DY) and tested its efficacy in clinical practice. Polyfusor DY was designed to be combined with an amino-acid preparation and to be infused with lipid in a standard total parenteral nutrition (TPN) regimen. This standard regimen was formulated to provide minimum nitrogen, energy, fluid, electrolyte, vitamin and trace element requirements for the stable patient. The adequacy of currently recommended levels of provision of trace elements was tested in patients receiving long periods of intravenous nutrition. Eleven consecutive patients were fed from 13 to 280 days using TPN prescriptions based on this standard regimen. Two patients died but the nutritional state of the remainder improved. Serum concentrations of zinc, copper, chromium and manganese remained largely within or above the reference ranges, however the selenium content of Polyfusor DY (500 nmol/l) was marginally inadequate to maintain normal biochemistry. Pharmacy compounding time for the standard TPN regimen based on Polyfusor DY was 10.6 +/- 0.19 min (mean +/- SEM) compared with 22.5 +/- 0.30 min for non-standard TPN regimens prescribed independently by other clinicians (P < 0.001). A standard TPN regimen based on Polyfusor DY was clinically effective, in particular giving generally adequate trace element provision with a reduction in pharmacy time and costs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Perspective study on effect of gandou tablet I on biliary trace elements in treating hepatolenticular degeneration].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of gandou tablet I (GDI), a Chinese herbal recipe, on the content of biliary trace elements in hepatolenticular degeneration(HLD) patients. METHODS: Before and after 4 weeks treatment by oral taken GDI, bile of 32 cases of HLD were collected by duodenal drainage for determining biliary trace elements, including copper, zinc, iron and calcium, by spectrophotometer of atom absorption spectrum, and compared with those of 30 cases of non-HLD patients as the control. RESULTS: The contents of copper, iron and copper/zinc ratio were obviously lower, while the content of calcium greatly higher (P < 0.01), in the HLD group before GDI treatment than those in the control (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), but the content of zinc was not significantly different between the two groups. The output of biliary copper after GDI treatment was significantly increased compared with that before treatment (P < 0.05), but the contents of zinc, iron, calcium and copper/zinc ratio were not markedly changed. CONCLUSION: The impediment to output of biliary copper was one of the mechanisms for copper storage in body of HLD patients. GDI could promote excretion of biliary copper in the HLD patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Effects of ascorbic acid on trace element metabolism in the choroid-retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic guinea pigs].

In order to investigate the effect of ascorbic acid on trace element metabolism in the choroid-retina, experimental diabetes mellitus was induced in Hartley guinea pigs with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. After 4 weeks, ascorbic acid-deficient feed was given for 3 weeks. Trace elements of the choroid-retina were measured with inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry. The activity of superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxide content also were measured. The results indicated that zinc and magnesium increased in diabetes mellitus. However, with ascorbic acid deficiency in diabetes mellitus, zinc and magnesium significantly decreased. On the other hand, the activity of superoxide dismutase showed no change between either condition and lipid peroxide content decreased under ascorbic acid deficiency in diabetes mellitus. These findings suggested that ascorbic acid played an important role in chorioretinal damage of diabetes mellitus. However, it was also suggested that lipid peroxide has little influence on the choroid-retina under these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal bioavailability of minerals and trace elements from milk and beverages in humans.

The intention of this review is to summarize the results of studies measuring the fractional absorption (in %) of minerals and trace elements from milk and beverages in humans. The absorption rates of the minerals calcium and magnesium and the essential trace elements iron, copper, zinc, and manganese are presented and discussed separately. The data given in this review have practical relevance especially in estimating the amount of a nutrient, which is absorbed from a liquid meal. Furthermore this paper also discusses dietary compounds modulating intestinal nutrient bioavailability at the luminal or 8 mucosal level.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Biliary secretion of trace elements and minerals in the rat. Effects of bile flow variation and diurnal rhythms.

Effects of bile flow variations on bile secretion of trace elements were systematically evaluated by Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) in the unanesthetized rat: (i) longitudinally for a 9 day-period of bile drainage; (ii) continuously for a period of 24 h, to include circadian rhythm and (iii) during exogenous bile salt administration. Potassium and Ca were determined for comparative purposes. In rat bile, six trace elements could always be detected by PIXE (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Mn, Br); occasionally some V, Cr, Sr and Pb was found. Se could not be detected in bile. Bile-plasma concentration ratios of the elements could arbitrarily be divided into three groups: Fe, Zn and Se less than 1; Ca, K, Cu, Mo and Br approx. 1 and Mn much greater than 1. After interruption of the enterohepatic circulation, bile flow and bile salt concentration dropped sharply within 4 h to 36% and 4% of their initial values, respectively. Output rates of K, Ca, Mo, Br, Zn and Fe closely followed the decrease in bile flow; bile secretion of Mn and Cu, on the other hand, was minimally affected. A circadian rhythm was observed for all detectable elements; during the night period, secretion rates of Zn, Fe, Ca and K increased maximally by 60-80% and that of Mn, Mo, Br and Cu by 30-50%. Bile salt output and bile flow increased maximally by 70% and 50%, respectively, in the same time interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Certified sediment reference materials for trace element analysis from the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ).

Two types of sediment reference material (NMIJ 7302-a and 7303-a) for trace elements analysis have been prepared and certified by the National Metrology Institute of Japan in the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (NMIJ/AIST). The original materials were collected from a bay near industrial activity in Kyushu (NMIJ CRM 7302-a; marine sediment) and from Lake Biwa (NMIJ CRM 7303-a; lake sediment). The sediment materials were air-dried, sieved, homogenized, packaged in 1000 glass bottles (60 g each), and radiation sterilized. Certification of these CRM for trace elements was conducted by NMIJ, where each element was determined by at least two independent analytical techniques. Isotope-dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied for certification of all the elements except mono-nuclide elements such as As and Co. Other techniques such as ICP-MS with quadrupole mass spectrometry and sector-field mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), were also used. Certified values have been provided for 14 elements (Sb, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Ag, Sn, and Zn) in both CRM.

Certification↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trace elements in lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) from the Mississippi flyway.

Previous research reported that concentrations of selenium in the livers of 88-95% of lesser scaup from locations in Lake Erie, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Michigan, USA were either elevated (10-33 microg/g dry weight [dw]) or in the potentially harmful range (> 33 microg/g dw). In order to determine the geographic extent of these high selenium concentrations, we collected lesser scaup in Louisiana, Arkansas, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Manitoba and analyzed the livers for 19 trace elements. We found that all trace element concentrations, except for selenium, generally were low. Arsenic, which usually is not detected in liver samples, was detected in Louisiana and may be related to past agricultural usages. Chromium, which also is not usually detected, was only present in lesser scaup from Arkansas and may be related to fertilizer applications. Cadmium and mercury concentrations did not differ among locations and concentrations were low. Selenium concentrations in Arkansas (geometric mean = 4.2 microg/g dw) were significantly lower than those in Louisiana (10.7 microg/g dw), Illinois (10.5 microg/g dw), and Minnesota (8.0 microg/g dw); concentrations in Wisconsin and Manitoba were intermediate (6.6 and 6.5 microg/g dw). About 25% of lesser scaup livers contained elevated selenium concentrations; however, none were in the harmful range. We concluded that selenium concentrations in lesser scaup in the Mississippi Flyway are elevated in some individuals, but not to the extent that has been documented in the industrial portions of the Great Lakes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Determination of trace element Ag and Sc concentrations in human cataractous lenses.

For the detection and determination of the trace elements Ag and Sc in mature human cataractous lenses, the methods of neutron activation analysis was used. As regards Ag, attempts made in the past to establish its presence in the cataractous lens had failed, while Sc has not so far been thoroughly investigated. Our study of the two elements was also correlated to the age and sex of the patients with senile cataract. It was found that once senile cataract has fully matured, the determined trace-element concentrations no longer appear to be related to age and/or sex of the patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Changes in circulating concentrations of vitamins and trace elements after cessation of nocturnal enteral tube feeding.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine whether circulating concentrations of a range of vitamins and trace elements in patients receiving long-term cyclic enteral tube feeding vary during the day, and whether standardised time points for blood sampling are required for assessment of nutrient status. METHODS: Circulating concentrations or activities of water-soluble vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamins B6, B12, folate and C), fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E) and trace elements (iron, zinc, copper and selenium (assessed by glutathione peroxidase activity), were measured at 0,3,6 and 9-12h after cessation of nocturnal feeding (fasting), in eight clinically stable patients receiving cyclic nocturnal enteral nutrition. RESULTS: The circulating concentrations of the nutrients did not change between the fed and fasted state (repeated-measures-ANOVA) except the following: plasma folate increased progressively from 10.9 (SD 4.6)nmol/l in the fed state to 14.0 (SD 4.4)nmol/l at 9-12 h after cessation of feeding (P<0.05); plasma zinc increased progressively throughout the fasting period by 33.5% (8.57, SD 0.68 vs. 11.44, SD 1.85 micromol/l, in fed state vs. 9-12h fast respectively, P<0.05); and total tocopherol/cholesterol ratio decreased by 9.6% during the study period (P<0.02), while gamma-tocopherol increased by 59.2% (P<0.05). For all analytes, the concentrations in blood samples taken at 3 and 6h after cessation of feeding were not significantly different from those at 9-12h. CONCLUSIONS: Although cessation of nocturnal tube feeding had no significant effect on the circulating concentrations of most micronutrients, it increased plasma folate and zinc concentrations, and decreased the tocopherol/cholesterol ratio. The timing for blood sampling should be standardised when the status of these nutrients is assessed in patients receiving cyclic tube feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of diet on body weight, haemoglobin, serum proteins and trace elements in burned children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of two diets on serum proteins, trace elements, haemoglobin and body weight in burned children. DESIGN: Comparative analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The study was conducted on burned children admitted in Nishtar Ward, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad for seven months, from February to August 2002. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 61 children of 3-14 years of age. Of these, 27 children were randomly selected and advised diet 1 (vegetables and milk-rich diet), while 34 children were randomly selected and advised diet 2 (pulses and egg-rich diet). Serum proteins and haemoglobin were determined spectrophotometrically, trace elements by atomic absorption spectrophotometric methods and body weight by weighing machine. The data obtained was analyzed statistically on SAS 6.12. RESULTS: During the study, 30 percent children died. Relatively higher deaths occurred in children advised vegetables + milk-rich diet. The increase in body weight was noted in 25 % children. Of these, significant number was in those advised pulses + eggs rich diet (p<0.01). The haemoglobin, total proteins, albumin, globulins, copper and zinc showed no change. Haemoglobin (p<0.01) and serum total proteins (p<0.05) increased in significantly higher percentage of children advised diet 2. Decrease in serum globulins and no change from initial values were comparable in two diets, while the increase was in relatively higher percentage of children advised diet 2. The decrease in serum copper was almost in same percentage of children advised two diets. It was maintained in relatively higher percentage of children advised diet 1. However, the increase in serum copper was in significantly (p<0.05) higher percentage of children advised diet 2. Serum zinc maintenance was in significantly (p<0.001) higher percentage of children advised rich diet 2. CONCLUSION: Better effect of pulses and eggs rich diet in burned children was seen on the basis of parameters studied. However, the role of vegetables and milk in burned children has not been ruled out altogether.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Abnormal trace elements in a patient on total parenteral nutrition with normal renal function.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trace metal changes in a 74-year-old male patient with mesenteric fibrosis and a small bowel fistula who was maintained on total parenteral nutrition in the hospital and at home. METHODS: Trace elements which included chromium and selenium were monitored over a 14-month period as part of his nutrient follow-up. RESULTS: Serum chromium reached levels > 21-fold the upper reference range, and serum selenium, in contrast, was < 0.5 the lower reference range. Plasma aluminum was also measured, and found to be nearly twice the upper reference range, although the patient had normal renal function. We measured the aluminum content of the parenteral nutrients and additives, and found that replacement of calcium gluconate by calcium chloride helped to reduce the aluminum content in the final parenteral solution by 34%. Aluminum and chromium contaminants found in parenteral solutions need to be reduced or removed to avoid toxic accumulation. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the importance of adequately adjusting essential trace elements, and monitoring contaminants in parenteral fluids in an individual on total parenteral nutrition.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Effect of heterogeneity on the quantitative determination of trace elements in concrete.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy has been used for quantitative measurement of trace elements, e.g. sulfur and chlorine, in concrete. Chloride and sulfate ions have a large effect on the durability of concrete structures, and quantitative measurement is important for condition assessment and quality assurance. Concrete is a highly heterogeneous material in composition and grain-size distribution, i.e. the spatial distribution of elements. Calibration plots were determined by use of laboratory-made reference samples consisting of pressings of cement powder, hydrated cement, cement mortar, and concrete, in which the heterogeneity of the material is increasing because of the aggregates. Coarse aggregate and cement paste are distinguishable by the intensity of the Ca spectral lines. More advanced evaluation is necessary to account for the effect of the fine aggregate. The three series of reference samples enable systematic study of the effects of heterogeneity on spectral intensity, signal fluctuation, uncertainty, and limits of detection. Spatially resolved measurements and many spectra enable statistical evaluation of the data. The heterogeneity has an effect on measurement of the sulfur and chlorine content, because both occur mainly in the cement matrix. Critical chloride concentrations are approximately 0.04% (m/m). The chlorine spectral line at 837.6 nm is evaluated. The natural sulfur content of concrete is approximately 0.1% (m/m). The spectral line at 921.3 nm is evaluated. One future application may be simultaneous determination of the amount of damaging trace elements and the cement content of the concrete.

Journal Article↗