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PubMed1981

Experimental model of leukemic infiltrative pericarditis reflecting a human disease.

In human leukemias, pericarditis may be associated with leukemic pericardial infiltration. In order to obtain more information about the pathogenesis of the leukemic involvement of the pericardium, sterile talc-induced pericarditis was produced in acute lymphoid leukemic male hybrid mice. The animals invariable showed leukemic pericardial infiltration within 14 days. In leukemic mice without any treatment or with intrapericardial physiological NaCl injection (instead of talc), leukemic involvement of the pericardium did not occur.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Thoracocentesis for the assessment of lung cancer with pleural effusion].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pleural and mediastinal effect of thoracentesis tumor-positive cytology in pleural effusions (PE) detected by chest X ray of lung cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was performed in patients with lung cancer for whom PE was evident in chest X ray films, who then underwent thoracentesis followed by video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) to evaluate direct pleural tumor infiltration, mediastinal node involvement and the existence of pleural metastasis. Patients without contraindication underwent the procedure, even if tumor positive cytology was present. When pleural metastasis was found the treatment employed was talc pleurodesis and chemotherapy. Descriptive statistics were compiled and the validity of VAT for pleural metastasis diagnosis, of thoracentesis pleural cytology to detect infiltration of the tumor-adyacent pleura, N2 disease and pleural metastasis were calculated. Survival was also analyzed. RESULTS: PE was present in 188 of 971 consecutive lung cancer patients. Seventy two PEs were visible in the chest X ray films. Volume exceeded 425 mL. Tumor positive pleural cytology was detected in 29 cases (40%). Pleural metastasis were found in 54 patients, 23 of whom had tumor positive pleural cytology. In the other 6 patients with positive cytology the primary neoplasm infiltrated the visceral pleura, completely in 5. In 4 of those 5, the mediastinal pleura was also involved. The primary tumor and diseased lymph nodes were removed from 11 patients, 3 of them with tumoral pleural cytology. Visual pleural inspection by VAT had a sensitivity of 93%, specificity of 82%, positive predicted value (PPV) of 94% and negative predicted value (NPV) of 78% for the diagnosis of pleural metastasis. Thoracentesis cytology showed a sensitivity of 43%, specificity of 67%, PPV of 79% and NPV of 28% for pleural metastasis. For the evaluation of adjacent pleura infiltration, without pleural metastasis, the sensitivity of cytology was 40%, specificity 100%, PPV 100% and NPV 25%. For mediastinal node invasion clinically evaluated, the sensitivity of cytology was 55%, specificity of 62%, PPV 18% and NPV 90%. Survival after thoracotomy was 39% after 2 years, and the median survival time was 14.5 months. In the 11 resected patients, survival was 53% at two years. The difference in survival between patients treated by thoracotomy and those treated by talc pleurodesis after VAT was significant (p < 0.01). The 3 resected patients with pleural tumor-positive cytology survived 84, 39 and 25 months. CONCLUSIONS: Nineteen percent of patients with lung cancer have PE, of which 7% can be seen in chest X ray films. In such patients the likelihood of pleural metastasis is 75%. Pleural metastasis is not necessarily present when PE cytology indicates that tumor is present. VAT can be considered the ideal technique for the assessment of direct pleural invasion by the tumor or of pleural metastasis.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1999

Controlled release of dual drug-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrix tablet using drug-containing polymeric coatings.

A dual drug-loaded hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) matrix tablet simultaneously containing drug in inner tablet core and outer coated layer was formulated using drug-containing aqueous-based polymeric Eudragit RS30D dispersions. Effects of coating levels, drug loadings in outer layers, amount and type of five plasticizers and talc concentration on the release characteristics were evaluated on the characteristics in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h followed by a study in intestinal fluids. Melatonin (MT) was selected as a model drug. The surface morphology of dual drug-loaded HPMC tablets using scanning electron microscope (SEM) was smooth, showing the distinct coated layer with about 75-microm coating thickness at the 15% coating level. Unlike the uncoated and conventionally coated HPMC tablet, the dual drug-loaded HPMC matrix tablet gave a biphasic linear release, showing a zero-order for 4 h (first) followed by another zero-order release when fitted using linear regression (r(2) = 0.99). As the coating levels (15, 25%) increased, the release rate was further decreased. The biphasic release profiles of dual drug-loaded HPMC matrix tablet was unchanged except when 25% coating level containing 0.5% drug concentration was applied. As the drug concentration in polymeric coating dispersion increased (0.25-1.0%), the amount of drug released increased. The time for the first linear release was also advanced. However, the biphasic release pattern was not changed. The biphasic release profiles of dual drug-loaded HPMC matrix tablet were highly modified, depending on the amount and type of five plasticizers. Talc (10-30%) in coating dispersion as an anti-sticking material did not affect the release profiles. The current dual drug-loaded HPMC matrix tablet, showing biphasic release profiles may provide an alternative to deliver drugs with circadian rhythmic behaviors in the body but needs to be further validated in future in human studies. The dual drug-loaded coating method is also interesting for the modified release of poorly water-soluble drugs because solubilizers and other additives can be added in drug-containing polymeric coating dispersions.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1991

[Respiratory failure in a HIV seropositive heroin addict female].

A 31-year-old woman, heroin addict since ten years, and infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since one year, was admitted to the intensive care unit for respiratory failure (PaO2 = 40 mmHg and PaCO2 = 14.8 mmHg, despite breathing pure oxygen). She had been followed up for 6 months for increasing dyspnoea due to chronic cor pulmonale for which no satisfactory explanation had been put forward. Artificial ventilation with 8 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure and 100% oxygen was completely inefficient. She died within a few hours. Postmortem lung biopsy revealed talc particles within interalveolar walls and alveolar macrophages as well as the expected alterations in blood vessels. Pulmonary hypertension due to talc microemboli is a well-known cause of respiratory failure in heroin addicts. Such a diagnosis should not be overlooked in a patient infected with HIV. Respiratory failure may not be only due to opportunist infections, or tumours related to the HIV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Stress relaxation studies of granules as a function of different lubricants.

Viscoelastic properties of granules may be studied using stress relaxation. The effect of viscoelastic properties of different lubricants, namely magnesium stearate (Mgst), talc and precirol, on granule compaction properties was examined using texture analyzer TA-XT2i at low pressure. Normalized compact curves of stress relaxation have been discussed in relation to some parameters (flowability, porosity, viscoelasticity as well as particle size). The literature shows that viscoelasticity is always present and it produces an accompanying plastic deformation.This study revealed that bonding in compacted granules lubricated with Mgst was higher than those in compacts lubricated with the other two lubricants being studied. When studying the partial porosity of granule beds, we see that this is the result of stored energy, like the tablet case and the problem of its capping. The small stress relaxation due to talc or precirol suggested that these materials deformed principally by energy storage. However, a qualitative characterization of Mgst as tablet lubricant would be that it avoids the accumulation of stress in the compact that causes the problem of capping due to the entrapped air and therefore facilitates the optimization of pharmaceutical manufacturing. It has been possible to normalize stress relaxation using the Wischert model, represented by the sum of several exponentials, according to the nature of the lubricant. The use of texture analyzer TA-XT2i was considered to be a good technique for the evaluation of the stress relaxation of solid particles in the compression process at low pressure. It permitted the observation that viscoelasticity is influenced by the lubricant used. The brittle fracture index, like Carr's index values, has been correlated with the viscoelastic characteristics of granules.

Diglycerides↗
PubMed1998

Video-assisted thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration for loculated or recurrent effusions.

OBJECTIVE: The validity of video-assisted thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration was prospectively assessed for loculated effusions. effusions previously treated by percutaneous catheter manoeuvres and those with concurrent pleural diseases. METHODS: Inclusion criteria consisted of echocardiographically documented pericardial effusions requiring diagnosis or relief of symptoms and recurrent effusions after failed percutaneous drainage and balloon pericardiotomy. Pre-operative CT-scan was used to delineate additional pleural pathology and to determine the side of intervention. All patients were followed clinically and by echocardiographic examination 3 months post-operatively. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients underwent thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration with 11 patients (54%) being previously treated by percutaneous catheter drainage, balloon pericardiotomy or subxyphoidal fenestration. Pre-operative echocardiography revealed septation and loculation in 18 patients (72%). Additional pleural pathology was identified on CT scan in 12 patients (50%) and talc pleurodesis was performed in six patients, all suffering from malignant pleural effusion. The mean operation time was 45 min (range 30-60 min) with no complications being observed. All patients were followed 3 months post-operatively by clinical and echocardiographic examination; relief of symptoms was achieved in all patients but echocardiography showed a recurrence in one patient (4%). Another recurrence was found by echocardiography after a mean follow-up time of 33 months in the 12 patients suffering from a non-malignant pericardial effusion. No recurrence of pleural or pericardial effusion was observed in the subset of patients with talc pleurodesis. CONCLUSION: Video-assisted thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration is safe and effective for loculated pericardial effusions previously treated by percutaneous drainage manoeuvres and those with concomitant pleural disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Treatments affecting the rate of asbestos-induced mesotheliomas.

256 Wistar rats received a single injection into the right pleural cavity of UICC crocidolite in order to induce mesotheliomas. They were then given right intrapleural injectons of BCG, crystalline silica, talc, carrageenan or saline (as a control). There was no significant change in the mesothelioma rate in the rats exposed to BCG, silica or talc, but there was a 3-fold increase in mesothelioma incidence in the group injected with carrageenan.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Videothoracoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma with associated pleural effusions.

Between 1985 and 1994 46 of 662 patients examined by thoracoscopy for secondary malignant pleural effusion were diagnosed to have diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma. Mean patient age was 59 years, with a male: female ratio of 5:1. The right hemithorax was more frequently involved than the left (55% versus 45%). Pleural fluid cytology revealed malignancy in 61.5% of cases. All patients were treated thoracoscopically by talc pleurodesis. Mean patients survival was 9.4 months. Survival after one, two, and 5 years was 37.5%, 12.5%, and 5%, respectively. The characteristics of mesothelioma and pleural effusion evident in thoracoscopy and their diagnostic relevance are discussed. We suggest talc instillation as the sole therapeutic maneuver in evolutioned cases, since the literature and our own experience indicate that survival is not significantly prolonged by more aggressive surgical approaches.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Time-course analysis of type II cell hyperplasia and alveolar bronchiolization in rats treated with different particulates.

In this study, we compared the morphological reaction patterns in rat lungs following a single intratracheal instillation of 20 mg quartz, 20 mg coal mine dust (15.3% quartz), or 25 mg talc. Control animals received a single dose of 0.5 ml saline solution intratracheally. Investigations by light microscopy, morphometry, and DNA image cytometry were carried out 3, 6, 12, and 18 mo after dust administration. During the investigation period, we observed a temporary increase in the number, area, and proliferative activity of the type II cells, which differed in intensity among the three dusts. After 18 mo, however, type II cells in treated animals did not differ from control animals. On the other hand, the expansion of a multifocal alveolar bronchiolization as putative preneoplastic lesion had progressed enormously by the end of the test (1-3% of the investigated lung area). Consistent with this, the proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in terminal bronchi of the coal mine dust- and quartz-treated animals was enhanced by the end of the 18-mo investigation period, while the reaction to talc was minimal (0.2% of totally investigated lung area). Our data suggest that in bronchiolo-alveolar regions, especially in the epithelium of terminal bronchi, there is an overshoot regeneration after cell damage that leads to an alveolar bronchiolization.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2006

Multi functional uptake behaviour of materials prepared by calcining waste paper sludge.

This study concerns with the utilization of waste paper sludge, which contains mainly cellulose fibers and inorganic fillers together with coating materials such as calcite, kaolinite and talc. Paper sludge was fired at 500-900 degrees C for 6 h. The crystalline phases originally present decomposed at increasing temperatures (up to 800 degrees C) in the order kaolinite < calcite < talc. Gehlenite was formed at 800 degrees C in increasing amounts above this temperature together with small amounts of magnesium aluminum silicate and anorthite. The uptake of these fired samples of Ni2+, PO3 and NH+ was investigated at room temperature. Paper sludge fired at 700 degrees C showed the highest uptake of Ni2+, PO4(3-) and NH4+ (3.93, 1.28 and 0.49 mmol/g, respectively). The main process responsible for the sorption of these ions is the ion change along with precipitation with higher solution pH. From an economic point of view, paper sludge is the cheapest raw material for preparing adsorbents with high uptake ability for heavy metal, phosphate and ammonium ions.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1994

The secondary müllerian system revisited.

The peritoneum is the matrix where benign and malignant proliferation of secondary müllerian epithelium occur. Endometriosis, endosalpingiosis, and endocervicosis are benign peritoneal neoplasms corresponding to endometrioid, serous, and mucinous carcinomas. These latter are concentrated predominantly, although not exclusively in the ovary, and reasons for this localization are discussed. Exposure to talc, or perhaps to the asbestos that often contaminates it, occurs in the process of powdering during infancy and may be the major initiating factor in benign and malignant disorders of the secondary müllerian system. It can be anticipated that the incidence both of endometriosis and of ovarian tumors will be reduced in those women powdered with starch instead of talc during infancy, as well as by the continued use of ovulation-suppressing agents such as contraceptive steroids.

Endometriosis↗
PubMed2004

Inhalational pulmonary talcosis: high-resolution CT findings in 3 patients.

We describe the high-resolution CT findings in 3 patients with pulmonary talcosis acquired by the inhalation of talc. The predominant abnormalities consisted of small centrilobular and subpleural nodules and conglomerated masses containing focal areas of high attenuation consistent with talc deposition. All patients also had focal ground glass opacities. The abnormalities were diffuse but were most severe in the upper and middle lung zones with relative sparing of the lung bases.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Pathological and biophysical findings associated with silicone breast implants: a study of capsular tissues from 86 cases.

Breast implant capsular tissues from 86 cases were studied to characterize the relationship between capsular findings and the type of implant used. Tissues were examined by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray analysis and Fourier transform infrared, and Raman microspectroscopy. Capsular pathology was influenced by the structure and composition of the implant. A pseudoepithelium at the inner capsular surface (synovial metaplasia) was noted with silicone gel-filled, saline-filled, and polyurethane-coated implants, and disproportionatelywith textured surface implants. Immunohistochemical studies of pseudoepithelium supported a macrophage/histiocyte cellular origin. Talc was identified intracellularly within macrophages in 42 cases. Capsular calcification was strongly associated with the presence of implant stabilization patch material. Infrared spectra were used to identify silicone, talc, Dacron, and two different types of polyurethane in capsular tissues. Micropapillary structures identified at the pseudoepithelial surface have, to the authors' knowledge, not been previously described.

Breast↗
PubMed1994

Sclerotherapy for malignant pleural effusions: alternatives to tetracycline.

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) causes significant morbidity in cancer patients. Management is often challenging because of the recurrent nature of MPE and the inconsistent response rates of various treatments. In patients whose underlying malignancy is unresponsive to systemic chemotherapy or radiation, MPE is usually managed by tube thoracostomy with subsequent sclerotherapy. Selection of a sclerosing agent should be based on several factors, including efficacy, toxicity, cost, and convenience. Of the numerous agents available for managing MPE, doxycycline, bleomycin, and talc have emerged as the most promising. Even these agents have disadvantages, such as the high cost of bleomycin and the possible need for multiple dosing of doxycycline. Talc is clearly the most controversial of the three. Although its efficacy is well documented, its role remains unclear because of its unattractive side effect profile and inconvenient preparation and administration. Results of controlled comparative trials are needed to identify the optimal sclerosing agent.

Bleomycin↗
PubMed2000

Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.

Spontaneous pneumothorax (SP) continues to be a frequent management problem. The lack of universally accepted management guidelines and a myriad of treatment options contribute to the current heterogeneous approach to SP. Forthcoming guidelines may improve management. Meantime, simple observation in stable patients with a primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is reasonable, and encouraging smoking cessation is paramount. More aggressive management of a patient with a secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) is advisable and should include at least chest tube drainage with chest tube size selection key. Careful assessment of recurrence risk and early corrective intervention for patients with a persistent air leak will improve care of both PSP and SSP patients. If chest tube-directed pleurodesis is chosen for recurrence prevention, talc is the most successful agent available. However, no more than 5 g of talc should be utilized, given the potential increased risk for acute respiratory failure at higher doses, and patients should be advised of alternatives such as doxycycline. No overwhelming clinical outcome advantages for a thoracoscopic over a limited thoracotomy approach to SP management has been reported in any randomized controlled trial. Institutional experience with and the availability of thoracoscopy or limited thoracotomy should dictate the operative approach to SP recurrence prevention and air leak correction until further study clarifies the choice.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1984

Corn starch, Candida albicans, and diaper rash.

The growth of Candida albicans experimentally inoculated onto the skin of human volunteers was not enhanced by the addition of either cornstarch powder or talcum powder. Sufficient nutrients for growth of C. albicans exist on human skin, provided sufficient moisture is present. Cornstarch and talc powders were shown to minimize frictional injury experimentally induced in human volunteers. These studies indicate that cornstarch and talc powders do not enhance the growth of yeasts on human skin and do provide protection against frictional injury.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1984

Fluidized bed film coating of an ordered powder mixture to produce microencapsulated order units.

Very finely divided particulate salicylic acid (2-5 micrometers) was microencapsulated using conventional fluidized bed coating techniques. The process involved spray coating a preformed ordered mixture, in which the micronized particles are adsorbed on the surface of a coarser carrier material. The mixtures contained 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0% weight of microfine model drug (salicylic acid). Between 75 and 95% of the micronized particles were retained on the carrier surface beneath the film. This process offers a novel method of microencapsulating very fine particulate materials, which may find an application in the production of enteric coated and sustained release microdose products. A recent publication on electrostatic charge interactions in ordered mixtures reported that the addition of a third component can affect the stability of a binary ordered mixture. Addition of 2% talc increased the stability of some mixtures during coating and resulted in the microencapsulation of a significantly greater amount of micronized model drug. A 0.1% salicylic acid binary ordered mixture retained 74% of model drug beneath the film, the 0.1% ternary mixture (2% talc) gave a mean retention of 99%.

Capsules↗
PubMed1985

Peritoneal mesothelioma and malignant lymphoma in mice caused by fibrous zeolite.

Dust from the village of Karain containing the fibrous zeolite erionite, talc, and physiological saline were tested by intraperitoneal injection in 486 Swiss albino mice. Malignant tumours were found in 84 (41 mesotheliomas, 31 lymphomas, 1 peripheral epidermoid carcinoma, and 11 lymphomas and mesotheliomas together) of the 321 animals which died spontaneously within nine to 32 months after injection of Karain dust (26.1%). Three mesotheliomas and no lymphomas were found among 24 animals injected in the same way with talc during the same time (12.5%). In 46 control animals injected with physiological saline three mesotheliomas and one lymphoma were seen (8.7%). Thus Karain dust appears to be a potent carcinogen, causing both mesotheliomas and malignant lymphomas.

Aluminum Silicates↗