Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SYMPATHOLYTICS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Clonidine in oral medicine. Literature review and our experience].

There is a large experience in premedication with clonidine (Catapresan) for general anaesthesia. Clonidine is an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist exerting central sympatholytic effects. Premedication with clonidine blunts the stress response to surgical stimuli and the narcotic and anaesthetic dose can be reduced. Furthermore, perioperative myocardial ischemic events can be prevented by preoperative application of clonidine. Oral clonidine at a dose of 1.5-2 microg/kg BW combines the advantages of benzodiazepines and morphine: anxiolysis, sedation and analgesia with stable hemodynamics and respiration. Clonidine does not have morphine related side effects such as nausea and vomiting. Doses of up to 5 microg/kg BW have been administered to young and healthy patients preoperatively in dental and maxillofacial surgery without significant side effects. However, Clonidine 2 microg/kg BW should be an adequate oral premedication dose for young and healthy patients scheduled for dental and facial surgery procedures performed under local anaesthesia in the ambulatory setting. In elderly patients clonidine 2 microg/kg BW administered orally should not be exceeded to avoid excessive hypotension and sedation. Bradycardia is a contraindication for the use of clonidine.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

[Salivary calculi].

Salivary calculi are frequent and revealed by very painful signs, which need an urgent therapy. These calculi are more often localized in the submaxillary gland, sometimes in the parotid gland, and unfrequently in the sublingual glands. Their clinical signs include an increased volume of the gland (salivary hernia), pain of infectious complication. Diagnosis is confirmed by standard x-ray and sialography, which also predicate the localization of the calculi. The treatment is symptomatic including antispasmodic, sympatholytic and parasympathomimetic drugs and washings of the canal with antibiotic solutions. After few months of this treatment, the surgical treatment is indicated if the calculi stays in the canal. Depending on the localization of the calculi, the access way will be either endobuccal or external.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

[Membrane transport of cations in erythrocytes during treatment of essential hypertension with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors].

The authors investigated in ten patients with essential hypertension changes in the membrane transport of sodium in red blood cells and the intracellular calcium content of thrombocytes during the control period during treatment of hypertension with central sympatholytics and after three-week treatment with an inhibitor of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), enalapril. The effect of enalapril in hypertonic patients was manifested by a rise of the renin plasma activity and the potassium concentration and a reduction of the sodium plasma concentration which corresponds to the inhibition of angiotensin II. The intracellular calcium and sodium content was unaltered. In 8 of 10 patients after enalapril treatment increased values of Vmax for Na(+)-K+ cotransport occurred, incl. 6 patients where at the same time a rise of Vmax Na(+)-Li+ countertransport was recorded.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Contemporary possibilities and perspectives in the treatment of glaucoma].

PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the contemporary possibilities and perspectives of applying neuroprotective mechanisms in the treatment of glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A review of the newest concepts concerning neuroprotective action of antiglaucoma drugs was done. RESULTS: Not until recently was it believed that glaucoma is caused by an increased intraocular pressure. When it comes to diagnosing glaucoma it is nowadays considered that intraocular pressure is not the most important factor. Glaucoma is presently regarded as a condition in which characteristic changes in the appearance of the optic disc and distinctive progressive changes in the visual field occur because of progressive and irreversible destruction of the retinal ganglion cells. Intraocular pressure may sometimes, but not necessarily, accompany those changes. Hence, it is thought that neuroprotection in glaucoma is aimed at delaying or blocking the mechanisms of ganglion cell degeneration. Two groups of antiglaucoma drugs with neuroprotective action can be distinguished, depending on whether neroprotective action is direct or indirect. Drugs with direct neuroprotective action are more effective at preventing changes created by glaucoma. However, the majority of antiglaucoma drugs act indirectly. Sympatholytics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, analogs of prostaglandins, parasympathicomimetics, sympathicomimetics as well as hyperosmotic agents lower intraocular pressure and lead to an increase in blood flow through vessels of the retina and optic nerve. Therefore, almost all antiglaucoma drugs in an indirect way delay the process of gradual and irreversible degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Only a few antiglaucoma drugs show direct neuroprotective action, among them betaxolol, metipranolol, brimonidine and clonidine. Additionally, calcium-channel blockers are generally administered in the treatment of glaucoma. One may anticipate that newer and more effective antiglaucoma drugs will be available in future. Possibly, mechanisms of direct neuroprotection will be exploited in their design. Glaucoma treatment may be based on NMDA, AMPA, kainate or metabotropic antagonists. Moreover, nitric oxide inhibitors, growth factors, neurotrophins, gangliosides or antioxidants emerge as candidate antiglaucoma drugs.

Glaucoma↗
PubMed2006

Use of dexmedetomidine to facilitate extubation in surgical intensive-care-unit patients who failed previous weaning attempts following prolonged mechanical ventilation: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist that exhibits sedative, analgesic, anxiolytic, and sympatholytic effects without respiratory-drive depression. We prospectively evaluated the use of dexmedetomidine to facilitate the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation and extubation in 5 trauma/surgical intensive-care-unit patients who had failed previous weaning attempts due to agitation and hyperdynamic cardiopulmonary response. METHODS: Intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine commenced at 0.5 or 0.7 microg/kg/h without a loading dose. Background sedation and analgesia with propofol, benzodiazepines, and opiates was discontinued or reduced as tolerated. Dexmedetomidine infusion was titrated between 0.2 and 0.7 microg/kg/h to maintain a stable cardiopulmonary response and modified Ramsay Sedation Score between 2 and 4. RESULTS: Following dexmedetomidine administration, propofol infusion was weaned and discontinued in 4 patients. In the fifth patient, benzodiazepine and opiate infusions were reduced. Ventilatory support in all patients could be weaned to continuous positive airway pressure of 5 cm H2O without agitation, hemodynamic instability, or respiratory decompensation. All patients were extubated while receiving dexmedetomidine infusion (mean dose of 0.32 +/- 0.08 microg/kg/h). One patient required reintubation for upper-airway obstruction. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine appears to maintain adequate sedation without hemodynamic instability or respiratory-drive depression, and thus may facilitate extubation in agitated difficult-to-wean patients; it therefore deserves further investigation toward this novel use.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1990

[Alpha 2 adrenergic control of ventilation in the rat].

In anaesthetized rats, ventilatory stimulation induced by phentolamine, an alpha sympatholytic agent, emphasizes the role of some adrenergic mechanisms in the control of the respiratory centres activity. Phentolamine (5 and 10 mg.kg-1, iv) stimulates ventilation after a 4 s latency, tidal volume and respiratory rate being both increased. A same response can also be provoked 10 min later, by a second identical iv administration, systemic blood pressure remaining then stable at its previous low level. Hyperventilation is also observed when phentolamine is injected in totally denervated rats, without any remaining baro- or chemosensitivity. Stimulation is thus due to a central activity in relation with the release of inhibitory influences. Phentolamine also causes hyperventilation after prazosin pretreatment indicating that the alpha 1 adrenergic blockade is not involved in the post-phentolamine stimulation. This is an alpha 2 adrenergic transmission dependent mechanism. Variation of the systemic blood pressure is not the main mechanism involved in the hyperventilation induced by phentolamine. Meanwhile, baroreceptor activity modulates the central response to the drug, as shown by the negative influence of the post-vasopressin arterial hypertension. Hyperoxia is also a modulating factor acting by two ways: an inhibition of the peripheral chemoreceptors activity is added to an arterial hypertension. On the other side, activation of these chemoreceptors by almitrine bismesilate increases the respiratory responses to phentolamine. As already shown by one of us (Lagneuax, 1986), phentolamine pretreated rats are more responsive to hypoxia and to almitrine. Moreover, these phentolamine pretreated rats are protected against cardiovascular collapses and against apnea, frequently observed during hypoxia without CO2 compensation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Magnesium-containing mineral waters in the treatment of patients with cardial manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease].

Drinking of sulphate-magnesium-calcium water by patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease of the first degree with cardial manifestations has a prokinetic and anti-inflammatory action leading to attenuation of gastroesophageal reflux and positive cardiovascular changes. Marked therapeutic efficacy of the water is due to specific action of magnesium ions having membrane-stabilizing, sedative effects, pronounced prokinetic and sympatholytic actions which manifest with weakening of ergotropic actions, higher efficacy of cardiac activity. These convert to a noticeable clinical response--regress of clinical symptoms and potentiation of anti-arrhythmic effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Reflections on the impact of antihypertensive medications on mood, sedation, and neuropsychologic functioning.

All antihypertensive treatments, including placebo, are associated with cognitive side effects. These side effects are rarely clear-cut and involve mood, quality of sleep, daytime sedation, and various neuropsychologic functions. This review article reflects on the vast literature on this topic and comments on substantive findings, as well as methodologic difficulties in sorting through findings from quality-of-life studies. Hypertension itself is associated with many of the above changes, and some cognitive functions actually improve with treatment. Nonetheless, many medications are accused of causing side effects, despite the fact that side effects with placebo are common, particularly for nonspecific complaints, such as fatigue. Side effects are not limited to sympatholytic antihypertensive agents and are commonly reported even by patients who are treated with diuretics. It is not at all clear that side effects are more commonly reported in patients who are treated with lipophilic beta-blockers. The patient may be a relatively poor observer of these subtle changes. The spouse is an important source of additional information with regard to side effects. The virtual absence of any standardization in quality-of-life measures makes comparisons across studies extremely difficult.

Affect↗
PubMed1975

[Influence of nonakhlazin on adrenergic neurotransmission in the vas deferens of rats].

The effect of a new antianginal drug--nonachlazine on the adrenergic neurotransmission in the isolated rat vas deferens was studied by examining the vas deferens contractions in response to the transmural electric stimulation of the postganglionic sympathetic nerves and addition of noradrenaline (NA) or BaCl2. After the nonachlazine treatment the NA content in the vas deferens was also studied by the spectrofluorometric method. Besides, the effect of the drug on the uptake of the exogenous NA was investigated. Nonachlazine was found to possess some sympatholytic and spasmolytic effect and could block the uptake of the exogenous NA greatly.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of autonomotropic agents and their combinations with amidopyrine on aesptic inflammation and vascular permeability].

Experiments staged on rats demonstrated the display of antiexudative activity by phepracet, deseryl, chlorpromazine, phentolamine and sanotension in an inflammation produced through subplantar introduction of the Difco agar. Some of the above agents suppressed the reaction in response to dimethyl sulfoxide injection. The antiedematous and stabilizing the cellular membranes effects of amidopyrine were potentiated by using the latter in combination with sympatholytics and also with benactyzine. No synergism with respect to changes of the vascular permeability and kinnase activity of the blood was revealed.

Acetamides↗
PubMed1991

[Hypertension in type II diabetes mellitus].

Treatment of hypertension in patients with NIDDM should be administered with special attention not to increase insulin resistance nor to impair insulin secretion capacity. The coexisting risk for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction should not be increased by undesired drug effects on the plasma lipoprotein profile. Late lesions of diabetes mellitus (nephropathy, neuropathy) have also to be taken into account. Consequently angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, if necessary combined with calcium channel blockers, should be administered first. If blood pressure is thus not sufficiently controlled, alpha-adrenergic blockers, vasodilating agents or sympatholytics may be added. Once insulin treatment is installed, or if required for other reasons (nephropathy, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia), also diuretics and beta-adrenergic blockers are indicated in antihypertensive treatment of diabetic patients.

Antihypertensive Agents↗
PubMed1977

[Antiarrhythmic activity of adrenergic blockaders with different mechanisms of action].

Experiments have demonstrated that Alfeprol arrests atrial fibrillation in dogs induced by electric stimulation of the heart, and atrial fibrillation in cats modelled by Akonitine application; it suppresses ventricular tachycardia in dogs occurring following an occlusion of the branches of coronary arteries, and in cats when induced by strophantin intoxication; it prevents fatal ventricular fibrillation in rats poisoned by calcium chloride. The antiarrhythmic effect of Anaprille was not so persistent and manifested itself only in cases of some particular rhythm disorders. Ornid displayed no antiarrhythmic activity. The blocking of adrenergic innervation of the heart by means of beta-adrenergic blockers (Alfeprol, Anaprilline) and sympatholytic (Reserpine, Ornid) considerably increased the animals tolerance of the toxic effect of strophantin, decreasing its arrhythmogenic effect in particular. The mechanisms of the antiarrhythmic effect of antiadrenergic agents are discussed along with the possibilities of their employment for the correction of cardiac sensitivity of glycosides.

Alprenolol↗
PubMed1990

[Pathophysiology of the renin-angiotensin system].

The renin angiotensin system is an important system for the regulation of blood pressure and salt and water homeostasis. As a pathogenetic factor it is involved in the development of several forms of renal hypertension and, furthermore, it participates in the pathogenesis of primary and secondary hypertension. The regulation of the activity of the system is under the control of neuronal and hormonal mechanisms and depends on blood pressure and plasma concentrations of sodium chloride. With the development of converting enzyme inhibitors and their vasodilator, diuretic and sympatholytic actions a new important antihypertensive principle for lowering blood pressure was found. In this context also local renin angiotensin systems which have been described for several tissues have to be discussed as a possible target of action for converting enzyme inhibitors.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reflex sympathetic algodystrophy--the therapeutic options].

The patients entering this study were divided into 3 series according to the administered drug treatment, being then followed up for at least 28 days for the main symptoms (pain, tumefaction, vasomotor disturbances, limited movements). The more satisfactory results were obtained in the patients receiving prednisone, indomethacin, propranolol, sympatholytics, vasodilators, calcium anabolisants, tranquilizers to which, at the right time, massage and kinesitherapy were associated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The treatment of arterial hypertension. A plea for personalized therapy].

The authors write in favour of giving a personal touch to the antihypertensive treatment according to the clinical, biological and hemodynamic state of each hypertensive patient. They present a course of medicinal and non medicinal measures adapted to eleven kinds of hypertensive patients. Doing this, they bring out the privileged directions of a diuretic, a beta-blocker, an alpha-blocker, a central acting sympatholytic agent, a calcium channel blocker and a angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Experiments in animals on the pharmacological effects of metipranolol in comparison with propranolol and pindolol.

The beta-blocking agent 1-(4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenyloxy)-3-isopropylamino-propan-2-ol (metipranolol) was compared with propranolol and pindolol. The beta-blocking activity on isoproterenol induced tachycardia was determined in rabbits (ED250bpm). The following doses in microgram/kg i.v. were required to produce the same inhibition: 410 propranolol; 160 metipranolol; 130 pindolol. When intrinsic sympathomimetic activity was determined in reserpinized rats metipranolol was found to produce less than 10% of the increase in heart rate induced by a standard isoproterenol dose (1 mg/kg i.p.), whereas propranolol caused less than 20% and pindolol ca. 60%. The membrane stabilising activity, determined by the elevation of the fibrillation threshold (ED delta100muA) in rabbit hearts, was found to be greatest with propranolol (0.98 mg/kg i.v.) and least with metipranolol (1.68 mg/kg), with pindolol occupying an intermediate position (1.10 mg/kg). The cardioprotective action to hypoxia stress of metipranolol in rats was found to be the best, requiring a dose of only 5 microgram/kg i.p. compared with values of 28 microgram/kg for pindolol and 250 microgram/kg for propranolol. These results show that metipranolol has a high beta-sympatholytic activity which is not accompanied by either marked intrinsic activity or membrane-stabilising properties. The relatively marked cardioprotective action, which is probably due to a metabolic action, is particularly noteworthy.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1987

Altered adrenergic control in hypercholesterolemia.

Vascular reactivity is altered by hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Animal studies have shown that serotonergic mechanisms of vasoconstriction are enhanced, while the changes with adrenergic mechanisms are still equivocal. Serum lipids are increased with beta-blocker and diuretic therapy for hypertension. Thus, the increase in serum lipids may be responsible for both structural and functional abnormalities of the vascular system in hypertensive patients. In contrast, recent reports have suggested that alpha 1-adrenergic receptor inhibition, useful in hypertension therapy, may exert a beneficial effect on plasma lipids. We have also collected preliminary data in our laboratory examining the effects of alpha 1-adrenergic receptor inhibition with prazosin on plasma cholesterol levels and vascular reactivity in monkeys with hypercholesterolemia. We observed large reductions in both total cholesterol and the very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) + low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of cholesterol in these animals during treatment with prazosin. Thus, in addition to its sympatholytic action on the vasculature, alpha 1-adrenergic receptor inhibition appears to exert a beneficial effect in reducing total cholesterol levels.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1987

A new molecule with vasodilating and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties.

Carvedilol is a new substance displaying beta-sympatholytic and vasodilating activities in the same dose range. Data obtained from a considerable number of animal experiments show that the beta-blocking properties of carvedilol resemble those of propranolol. However, in contrast to propranolol the arterial blood pressure decreases dose dependently after single doses of carvedilol due to a reduced total peripheral resistance. The vasodilating activity of carvedilol can be demonstrated in a variety of experimental models. According to the present state of knowledge neither alpha-blockade, nor Ca antagonism, serotonin antagonism, prostaglandin-mediated vasorelaxation, or endothelial-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)-dependent activity are responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Thus, although the mechanism of vasodilation has still not been completely clarified, a postreceptor mechanism seems likely. The acute vasodilating properties in humans have been shown as a dose-dependent increase of the finger pulse amplitude in healthy subjects after both intravenous and oral administration, and as a decrease of the regional resistances and an increase of regional blood flow. The pharmacokinetics of carvedilol are dose linear and peak concentrations are reached within 1-1.5 h after oral administration. The elimination half-life after single oral doses varies from 6-7 h. The renal clearance of 4 ml/min is negligible in comparison with the total body clearance of 590 ml/min. Therefore, the absolute bioavailability of 24% indicates some degree of first-pass extraction. The highly lipophilic drug is extensively distributed to the tissues, as shown by the distribution volume of 132 l. In patients with hypertension, single doses of carvedilol (25-50 mg) decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressure for more than 10 h, whereas heart rate is only slightly decreased. In hypertensive patients treated from 7 days up to 1 year, carvedilol proved to be an effective and safe antihypertensive drug. In contrast to conventional beta-blockers, the reduced vascular resistance, in particular of the renal circulation, observed after both acute and chronic administration of carvedilol, indicated the useful hemodynamic profile of this compound. In addition, patients not sufficiently controlled with conventional beta-blockers responded promptly to carvedilol. At the same time left ventricular performance is not depressed. In a 1-year open clinical trial with hypertensives WHO I and II, the responder rate was about 85% with carvedilol as monotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗