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PubMed1999

Chronic nicotine pretreatment protects the blood-brain barrier against nicotine-induced seizures in the rat.

This study was designed to investigate the possible protective actions of nicotine on cerebrovascular permeability in convulsions during nicotine-induced seizures. We have measured the permeability changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) macroscopically and spectrophotometrically by using Evans blue dye. Specific gravity measurements were also performed to assess brain edema which develops after blood-brain barrier opening. The experiments were carried out on Wistar rats. Rats were divided into two groups. They received acutely a convulsive dose of nicotine 3, 5, 8 and 9 mg kg(-1)i.p. or pretreated with a low dose of nicotine (0.8 mg kg(-1)i. p.) for 21 days followed by the procedure mentioned in the first group. Acute nicotine injection induced a significant increase in blood pressure and Evans-blue passage, despite a decline in specific gravity values. Low doses of chronic nicotine administration markedly reduced both the leakage of dye, and brain water content. Chronic treatment with low doses of nicotine (0.8 mg kg(-1)day(-1)s. c.) lessened the intensity of tonic-clonic seizures observed with a single dose of 3, 5, 8 or 9 mg kg(-1)nicotine. The data presented here demonstrate that nicotine pretreatment results in decreased sensitivity to nicotine-induced seizures in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of magnesium sulfate administration on blood-brain barrier in a rat model of intraperitoneal sepsis: a randomized controlled experimental study.

INTRODUCTION: Permeability changes in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and their possible contribution to brain edema formation have a crucial role in the pathophysiology of septic encephalopathy. Magnesium sulfate has been shown to have a protective effect on BBB integrity in multiple experimental models. In this study we determine whether magnesium sulfate administration could have any protective effects on BBB derangement in a rat model of sepsis. METHODS: This randomized controlled experimental study was performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal sepsis was induced by using the infected fibrin-thrombin clot model. To examine the effect of magnesium in septic and sham-operated rats, a dose of 750 micromol/kg magnesium sulfate was given intramuscularly immediately after surgery. Control groups for both infected and sham-operated rats were injected with equal volume of saline. Those rats surviving for 24 hours were anesthetized and decapitated for the investigation of brain tissue specific gravity and BBB integrity by the spectrophotometric assay of Evans blue dye extravasations. Another set of experiments was performed for hemodynamic measurements and plasma magnesium level analysis. Rats were allocated into four parallel groups undergoing identical procedures. RESULTS: Sepsis significantly increased BBB permeability to Evans blue. The dye content of each hemisphere was significantly lower in the magnesium-treated septic rats (left hemisphere, 0.00218 +/- 0.0005; right hemisphere, 0.00199 +/- 0.0007 [all results are means +/- standard deviation]) than in control septic animals (left hemisphere, 0.00466 +/- 0.0002; right hemisphere, 0.00641 +/- 0.0003). In septic animals treated with magnesium sulfate, specific gravity was higher (left hemisphere, 1.0438 +/- 0.0007; right hemisphere, 1.0439 +/- 0.0004) than in the untreated septic animals (left hemisphere, 1.0429 +/- 0.0009; right hemisphere, 1.0424 +/- 0.0012), indicating less edema formation with the administration of magnesium. A significant decrease in plasma magnesium levels was observed 24 hours after the induction of sepsis. The dose of magnesium that we used maintained the baseline plasma magnesium levels in magnesium-treated septic rats. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium administration attenuated the increased BBB permeability defect and caused a reduction in brain edema formation in our rat model of intraperitoneal sepsis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of dietary energy on performance and egg composition of Bovans White and Dekalb White hens during phase I.

A 4 x 2 factorial experiment with 4 dietary energy levels (2,719, 2,798, 2,877, and 2,959 kcal of ME/ kg) and 2 strains (Bovans White and Dekalb White) was conducted to determine the effect of dietary energy on reproductive performance, egg composition, and profits of 2 strains of commercial Leghorns. This experiment lasted 16 wk. Bovans White hens (n = 768) and Dekalb White hens (n = 768) in phase I (21 wk of age) were randomly assigned into 8 treatments (16 replicates of 12 birds/treatment). Bovans White had significantly higher feed intake, egg production, egg mass, body weight, percentage egg yolk, and yolk/albumen ratio than Dekalb White. Bovans White had significantly lower feed conversion, egg weight, egg specific gravity, percentage of albumen weight, percentage of shell weight, and Haugh unit than Dekalb White. When dietary energy increased from 2,719 to 2,956 kcal of ME/kg, hens adjusted feed intake from 107.6 to 101.1 g/hen per day to achieve a constant energy intake so that the same amount of dietary energy (5.8 kcal) was used to produce 1 g of egg. Increasing dietary energy by the addition of poultry oil increased early egg weight, which was mostly due to increased yolk weight. Increasing dietary energy by addition of poultry oil significantly decreased feed conversion and egg specific gravity but had no effect on egg production, egg mass, body weight, or mortality. Increasing dietary energy by addition of poultry oil to a ratio of 282 kcal of ME/g lysine maximized egg weight during phase I. The energy per lysine ratio required for optimal profits varied with egg price and feed ingredient prices, which were variable.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits to selection for 70-day weight in Landrace swine.

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits were studied in 181 litters and 218 pigs from a line of Landrace pigs selected six generations for increased weight at 70 d of age and a contemporaneous, randomly selected control line. The reproductive and maternal traits studied included litter sizes born, born alive, and alive at 21 d and litter weight at birth and at 21 d. Carcass traits studied were carcass length, longissimus muscle area, average backfat thickness, 10th-rib backfat thickness, specific gravity, weights of closely trimmed ham, loin, and shoulder, belly weight, subjective scoring of the longissimus muscle for color and marbling, estimated percentage of muscle, and lean gain per day. Total weighted cumulative selection differential for 70-d weight was 30.2 kg. The realized heritability for 70-d weight was .13 +/- .06, and the change in 70-d weight was .65 +/- .29 kg per generation. The regression coefficient of litter size at 21 d on generation was .24 +/- .10 (P less than .10) pigs per generation. None of the other regression coefficients for the reproductive traits differed from zero. Carcass length, specific gravity, and ham weight decreased (P less than .10) -.075 +/- .036 cm, -.00054 +/- .00027, and -.102 +/- .048 kg, respectively, per generation. Color score and lean gain per day increased .046 +/- .021 points and .0032 +/- .0013 kg/d, respectively, each generation in response to the selection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Thermal Responses in Football and Cross-Country Athletes During Their Respective Practices in a Hot Environment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if football (FB) players and cross-country (CC) runners had different thermal responses to their respective training sessions. DESIGN AND SETTING: On days 4 and 8 of preseason training, we assessed core (T(c)) and skin (T(sk)) temperatures. SUBJECTS: Fifteen collegiate athletes volunteered: 10 FB players (age = 21.2 +/- 1.14 years, height = 193.5 +/- 4.8 cm, mass = 116.6 +/- 16.3 kg, and V(2max) = 44.7 +/- 9.4 mLkg(-1)min(-1)) and 5 CC runners (age = 22.8 +/- 2.77 years, height = 176.3 +/- 8.9 cm, mass = 71.16 +/- 8.9 kg, and V(2max) = 71.3 +/- 6.18 mLkg(-1)min(-1)). MEASUREMENTS: We measured T(c) using ingestible sensors before, during, and immediately after exercise. The T(sk) was measured at the calf, forearm, back, chest, and forehead sites. Level of dehydration was assessed by urine specific gravity. RESULTS: Mean wet-bulb temperature was 74 degrees F (23.33 degrees C). Resting T(c) in shorts and T-shirts was higher in the FB group. The T(c) midway through practices and runs was higher in the CC and FB subjects when active, compared with the FB subjects when inactive. Postexercise T(c) was higher in the CC group than the FB group with pads, and postconditioning T(c) was higher in the FB subjects with pads versus no pads. Forehead, chest, back, and mean weighted T(sk) were higher in the FB group. The T(c) and urine specific gravity were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The T(c) fluctuated in the FB subjects during practice depending on exercise intensity, whereas T(c) increased steadily in the CC subjects during continuous running. Thus, CC athletes may have to decrease intensity to maintain thermoregulation. Our FB players seemed to dissipate heat adequately during rest periods.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Effects of reserpine and L-cysteine and glutathione depletion on 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide-induced tubular necrosis in Swiss ICR mice.

Female Swiss ICR mice were injected ip with 100 or 300 mg 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA)/kg body weight. Male Swiss ICR mice were subjected to water deprivation, or treated with 5% dextrose in water, dimethylsulphoxide, piperonyl butoxide, SKF-525A, sodium phenobarbital, beta-naphthoflavone, probenecid, reserpine, diethyl maleate, buthionine sulphoximine or L-cysteine. Urine collected sequentially from male Swiss ICR mice given 300 mg BEA/kg body weight was analysed for glucose, protein, pH and specific gravity. Female mice were less sensitive to BEA than were male mice. Diuresis, antidiuresis, treatment with cytochrome P-450 inducers and inhibitors, and the antioxidant dimethyl-sulphoxide had no effect on the incidence or severity of tubular necrosis (TN) induced by BEA. Probenecid and L-cysteine decreased the severity, but they had no effect on the incidence of TN. Glutathione depletion by diethyl maleate and inhibition of glutathione synthesis by buthionine sulphoximine decreased the dose of BEA necessary to cause TN; buthionine sulphoximine was more effective than diethyl maleate. Reserpine decreased both the incidence and severity of TN. Glycosuria, aciduria and decreased urinary specific gravity occurred before morphological changes were seen under the microscope, indicating that the functional changes precede the morphological changes. These data indicate that glutathione is important in protecting against BEA-induced TN, that BEA or a metabolite is concentrated in the tubule epithelium by way of anion transport, and that vasoconstriction contributes to the development of BEA-induced TN.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The cortical ischaemic penumbra associated with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the cat: 2. Studies of histopathology, water content, and in vitro neurotransmitter uptake.

The nature of the ischaemic penumbra, as defined by suppression of electroencephalogram amplitude in the absence of increase in steady state pial surface potassium activity in excess of 13 mM, was examined in the marginal gyrus of cats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. In vitro synaptosomal neurotransmitter uptake, water content (specific gravity), and histopathology at the light and electron microscopic level were studied and the results compared with those obtained at deeper, critical levels of ischaemia (less than 15 ml 100 g-1 min-1). [3H]4-Aminobutyric acid uptake was 104% of control in the marginal gyrus (NS), and 61 and 48% (p less than 0.05) in critical ischaemia. It is concluded that impairment of in vivo synaptosomal uptake is a marker of simultaneous widespread damage to neurones, rather than of a change restricted to the synaptic compartment, although the present findings cannot exclude reversible, substrate-limited impairment of uptake in vivo. Reductions in specific gravity were seen only with critical ischaemia. In 5 of 6 experiments, early or classical ischaemic neuronal cell changes and reactive glia were seen on light microscopy in restricted areas in the marginal gyrus, either in microfoci or scattered more diffusely. Ultrastructural changes were more frequent but were considered to affect only a minority of neurones. Hypotheses for selective electrophysiological suppression in penumbra are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits to selection for 200-day weight in Landrace pigs.

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits from a line of Landrace pigs selected for increased 200-d weight along with a randomly selected control line were studied in 195 litters (109 select, 86 control) and 285 pigs (132 select, 153 control). Reproductive and maternal traits studied included litter sizes born, born alive, and alive at 21 d and litter weights at birth and at 21 d. Carcass traits studied were carcass length, longissimus area, average backfat thickness, 10th-rib backfat thickness, specific gravity, weights of closely trimmed ham, loin, and shoulder, belly weight, subjective scoring of the longissimus muscle for color and marbling, estimated percentage of muscle, and lean growth. Total weighted cumulative selection differential for 200-d weight over six generations was 88.7 kg. The realized heritability for 200-d weight was .26 +/- .08, and the change in 200-d weight was 4.2 +/- 1.3 kg per generation. None of the regression coefficients for reproductive traits differed significantly from zero. Ham weight, belly weight, marbling score, and lean growth increased by .069 +/- .027 kg, .051 +/- .020 kg, .045 +/- .012 points, and .0042 +/- .0007 kg/d, respectively, per generation. Specific gravity decreased by -.00063 +/- .00023 per generation in response to the selection for 200-d weight. The increase in lean growth in the select line was the result of an increased growth rate and not from an improvement in percentage of lean in carcasses from pigs from the select line.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Clinical evaluation of a urine transport kit with lyophilized preservative for culture, urinalysis, and sediment microscopy.

Comparative results of urine culture, specific gravity, chemical urinalysis, and sediment microscopy were assessed when specimens submitted to the clinical laboratory were divided and processed either in a transport kit containing a lyophilized preservative or in a conventional sterile cup without preservative. Overall agreement of results of 853 cultures after a 24-hr holding period (preserved samples at room temperature, unpreserved samples refrigerated) and 277 repeat cultures after a 48-hr holding period also showed excellent agreement (99.1% and 95.7%, respectively). Results of urinalysis and sediment microscopy done on 370 specimens demonstrated greater than 98% agreement after receipt of specimens in the laboratory and greater than 94% agreement after the holding periods. Specific gravity determinations from samples processed in the presence of preservative consistently were 0.006-0.007 units greater than in samples processed without preservative, and a reporting adjustment will be necessary when the transport kit is used.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1986

[Studies on the function of the upper urinary tract. XXVI. The influence of the rise of ureteral intraluminal pressure on ureteral peristalsis during ureteral obstruction].

The present investigation was undertaken in order to examine the change in ureteral peristalsis during acute complete occlusion of the ureter. Unilateral ureteral obstruction was produced in 13 mongrel dogs. Parameters consisting of the ureteral intraluminal pressure, ureteral electromyogram (EMG), urine volume, specific gravity of urine, and blood pressure were measured simultaneously during occlusion. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Under the condition of complete occlusion, the resting ureteral pressure inducing the shortest discharge interval (less than 4 seconds) was in the range of 15-20 cmH2O. 2) When the resting pressure increased over 25 cmH2O, the effective contractile pressure due to ureteral peristalsis disappeared in 7 ureters despite their EMGs were persistent. In cases where the contractile pressure was maintained, it tended to decrease gradually. 3) The conduction velocity of peristalsis did not change significantly in both cases. 4) No significant changes were seen in the urine volume, specific gravity of urine, and blood pressure. On the other hand, slight retrograde peristalsis was observed in 8 dogs under the condition of obstruction.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Appraisal of the stability of leukocytes in refrigerated urine.

There is limited evidence that urinary leukocytes are rapidly destroyed in alkaline hypotonic urine. We assessed the stability of leukocytes in urine specimens provided by 90 children with neurogenic bladder who attended a meningomyelocele clinic. No significant correlation was found between urine specific gravity and leukocyte survival after an interval of 4 h in a sample of 30 specimens from these patients. The survival of leukocytes was determined at 2 h and at 4 h in aliquots of these 30 specimens directly, and after adjustment to pH values of 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0. Statistically significant leukocyte destruction only occurred at pH 9.0 at 2 h (16%), at pH 8.5 at 4 h (19%), and at pH 9.0 at 4 h (57%). Only one of a further sample of 180 routine specimens had both a pH of > or = 8.5 and an interval to laboratory examination of > 2 h. No specimen had a specific gravity of < 1.002, and 93.9% had values of > or = 1.005. Urine pH and tonicity were not therefore important determinants of leukocyte stability in refrigerated samples examined within 4 h from this clinic population.

Cell Survival↗
PubMed1993

Difluoromethylornithine decreases postischemic brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown.

Brain polyamines have been associated with posttraumatic vasogenic edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown seen in some models of brain injury. We hypothesized that the inhibition of the enzyme responsible for polyamine production with the decarboxylase difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) may decrease BBB breakdown after a focal brain ischemic stroke. Thirty-two cats underwent 8 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion and one of four treatments: sham operation (Sham), ischemia (Isc), ischemia/DFMO (Isc/DF), and ischemia/DFMO/putrescine (Isc/DF/PU). The regional brain specific gravity and the volume of Evans blue (EB) extravasation were measured at the time of death. The groups were monitored for temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial blood gases, and the values did not differ outside normal physiological ranges. EB results were expressed as the percentage of the hemisphere stained and showed the following: Sham, 2.23%; Isc, 32.8%; Isc/DF, 5.6%; Isc/DF/PU, 36.3%. As a measure of BBB, ischemia increased EB staining; DFMO pretreatment decreased the amount of EB staining to control levels; and the polyamine putrescine abolished the protective effect of DFMO (all significant at P = 0.05). DFMO pretreatment also resulted in a significant (P = 0.05) return to control values for specific gravity in the EB-stained regions (1.0328) of ischemic animals. This effect was present primarily in the white matter. Treatment with DFMO, an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, significantly decreased postischemic BBB breakdown and vasogenic edema in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Adjustment of urinary mercury in health risk assessment of mercury.

The determination of adjustment method of urinary mercury in spot urine is one of the important issues in assessing the health risks of mercury workers. But there have been debates about whether creatinine or other forms of correction for urinary concentration are better in reducing the variation of urinary mercury. We evaluated four adjustment methods-specific gravity, creatinine, log creatinine and excretion rate-by correlation between values adjusted by the four methods and individual exposure levels which were the geometric mean of daily air mercury level for 2 or 5 days, and mercury concentrations in 24 hour urine were also investigated to compare the results of spot urine. The correlation between values of spot urine and mercury exposure level was over 0.8 in all adjustment methods for workers who worked over 1 year. All four adjustment methods for urinary mercury were found to be similar in assessing the exposure, log creatinine and excretion rate method however were not practical to use due to lack of reference values, and variable standard values of specific gravity. And the creatinine adjusted values were more sensitive in low mercury exposure level. We therefore recommend the creatinine adjustment method for adjustment of urinary mercury.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The effects of disturbance of cerebral venous drainage on focal cerebral blood flow and ischemic cerebral edema].

The effect of disturbance of cerebral venous drainage on acute ischemic cerebral edema and cerebral circulation were studied by measuring local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local changes in brain water content using a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model. Rats were anesthetized with halothane and the stem of the left MCA was occluded. Disturbance of cerebral venous drainage was induced by bilateral occlusion of the external jugular veins, i.e., the right external jugular vein was cannulated and the left one was occluded by a clip. LCBF was measured by the 14C-iodoantipyrine (14C-IAP) autoradiographic method at 2 hours after MCA occlusion. Local changes in brain water content were studied 2 hours after MCA occlusion by measuring the specific gravity of cerebral tissue in the gradient column with bromobenzene and kerosene. The control rats which underwent the same anesthesia and surgical procedure including the MCA occlusion and cannulation into the right external jugular veins, but which did not undergo occlusion of the left external jugular veins, were prepared and studied at the same time after MCA occlusion. In the rats with bilateral occlusion of the external jugular veins, the external jugular venous pressure was evaluated up to about 8 mmHg (100 mmH2O) (control: 1.3 mmHg). At 2 hours after MCA occlusion, LCBF in the ischemic core was decreased. The ischemic area was more extensive in the rats with bilateral occlusion of the external jugular veins compared with the controls. Furthermore, specific gravity of the brain was decreased in the entire left MCA territory in the rats with bilateral occlusion of the external jugular veins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits to selection for 200-day weight in Duroc swine.

Correlated responses in reproductive and carcass traits from a line of Duroc pigs selected for increased 200-d weight along with a randomly selected control line were studied in 189 litters (116 select, 73 control) and 191 pigs (106 select, 85 control), respectively. Reproductive and maternal traits studied included litter sizes born, born alive, and alive at 21 d and litter weight at birth and at 21 d. Carcass traits studied were carcass length, longissimus muscle area, average backfat thickness, 10th rib backfat thickness, specific gravity, weights of closely trimmed ham, loin, and shoulder, belly weight, subjective scoring of the longissimus muscle for color and marbling, estimated percentage of muscle and lean gain per day. Total weighted cumulative selection differential for 200-d weight was 81.7 kg. The realized heritability for 200-d weight was .18 +/- .08, and the change in 200-d weight was 2.5 +/- 1.2 kg per generation. The regression coefficient of litter size born on generation was -.29 +/- .12 (P less than .10) pigs per generation. None of the other regression coefficients for the reproductive traits differed from zero. Average backfat thickness, 10th rib backfat thickness, and belly weight increased by .093 +/- .016 cm, .122 +/- .029 cm, and .089 +/- .040 kg, respectively, per generation. Specific gravity, ham weight, shoulder weight, color score, and percentage of muscle decreased -.00086 +/- .00024, -.165 +/- .013 kg, -.104 +/- .011 kg, -.035 +/- .015 points, and -.47 +/- .12%, respectively, per generation in response to the selection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[First two years of an external quality assurance program for urinalysis].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the first two years of a strip uroanalysis quality assurance scheme operating in Mexico. METHODS: The participants received 8 shipments of four controls each as dried tablets to be dissolved and analyzed with urine strips. The number of participants increased from < 50 in the 1st shipment to > 200 in the 8th. They assayed 6-10 analytes depending on the strip used and sent in 763 reports. For each report we calculated a score per analyte (n = 4), per shipment (n = 24 to 40) and a global score in the 8 shipments (n = 707 to 763 reports). The scores ranged from zero (excellent accuracy) to a maximum of 400 and were calculated by comparison with the modal value of about 600 American and Canadian laboratories which assayed the same controls using exclusively Bayer strips and instrumental readings. RESULTS: The best score was for nitrites (global score of 3 in 741 reports) and the worst for specific gravity (58 in 744 reports); the other analytes had scores from 11 to 19 (Table 1). The scores of four types of methods (Table 2) showed the best results with Bayer strips and instrumental readings (score of 13 in 469 reports) and the worst with strips of other suppliers (scores of 28 for visual and 31 for instrumental readings) and intermediate with visual readings of Bayer strips (score of 21). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Our results led us to the decision to exclude from the program participants who do not use Bayer strips as our program may disorient them instead of helping to improve their assays. 2. We confirmed that instrumental readings perform better than visual readings. 3. The causes of suboptimal performance in specific gravity need to be explored.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of Natuphos and Phyzyme as phytase sources for commercial layers fed corn-soy diet.

The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of 2 sources of phytase on performance of commercial Leghorns fed corn-soy diets. Seven diets were fed to Hy-line W-36 hens (n = 840; 8 replicates of 15 hens per treatment) from 21 to 33 wk of age. The treatments consisted of a control diet containing 0.38% nonphytate P (NPP) and a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of 2 dietary NPP concentrations (0.11 and 0.26%) with 2 phytase sources [Natuphos (BASF, Mt. Olive, NJ) and Phyzyme (Danisco Animal Nutrition, Carol Stream, IL)] and without phytase. Dietary NPP had significant effects on feed intake, NPP intake, total P intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg specific gravity, and excreta P. The addition of Phyzyme or Natuphos significantly increased egg production and egg mass of hens fed the P-deficient diet (0.11% NPP) to levels that were similar to hens fed the control diet containing 0.38% NPP. Feed intake of hens fed the diets supplemented with Phyzyme or Natuphos was significantly less than that of hens fed the control diet containing 0.38% NPP. Phyzyme or Natuphos supplementation in the diets containing 0.11% NPP had significantly reduced excreta P of the control diet (approximately 58 and 54%, respectively) with no adverse effect on egg production and egg mass. There were no significant differences in feed intake, NPP intake, total P intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion, egg specific gravity, mortality, BW, and excreta P between the diets supplemented with Natuphos and the diets supplemented with Phyzyme. In conclusion, Phyzyme had the same positive effects on performance of commercial Leghorns fed corn-soy diets as Natuphos.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1992

[Determination of acetone, methanol, and methyl ethyl ketone in urine using head-space gas chromatography (HS.GC)].

Using HS.GC, We have succeeded in simultaneous determination of Ac, MeOH and MEK in urine without any complicated pretreatment or correction by internal standard. Moreover, in order to lower the detection limits of these materials, study was made on the salting out effect using 14 kinds of salts. As pretreatment, 2.0 ml of urine, 3.0 g of sodium sulfate and small sized magnetic stirrer are put into vial, which is sealed by septum. This is then heated for 10 min in warm bath of 50 degrees C. In order to dissolve the added salts as much as possible, the specimen is stirred by the stirrer. After cooling the liquid to room temperature, the specimen is analysed by HS.GC. The results showed that sodium sulfate was excellent synthetically. 1) Using the urine of workers not exposed to organic solvents three kinds of urine having specific gravity of 1.010, 1.024 and 1.034 were prepared and mixed standard organic solvents (Ac, MeOH and MEK) were added. Recovery percentages and coefficients of variation were calculated. The results showed that recovery percentages ranged from 92.0 to 101.7% and coefficients of variation from 0.2 to 4.6%. 2) The regression equations of standard curves were satisfactory with y = 9053x - 200(r = 0.999, n = 12) for Ac, y = 801x - 400 (r = 0.999, n = 12) for MeOH, and y = 15488x - 277 (r = 0.999, n = 12) for MEK. 3) The detection limits calculated by IUPAC formula were 0.0092 mg/l for Ac, 0.11 mg/l for MeOH and 0.0063 mg/l for MEK. These results indicated that this method is superior to other methods because the pretreatment is very simple, specificity is excellent, analysis by standard curves is possible, and this method is not affected by specific gravity of the urine.

Acetone↗