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PubMed1986

Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice: clinical equivalence of fluorescent green and "special" blue lamps.

The relative efficacy of fluorescent green (Sylvania F20T12/G) and "special" blue (Westinghouse F20T12/BB) lamps in the phototherapy of jaundiced neonates was investigated. Two groups of low birth weight infants with a mean gestational age of 35 weeks and mean birth weight of 1930 gm, who developed hyperbilirubinemia within the first 5 days of life, were given green or blue lamp phototherapy under the same irradiation conditions. No statistically significant difference in plasma bilirubin concentrations was found between the two groups after 24 or 48 hours of treatment. Because recent measurements indicate that green lamps are much less efficient than special blue lamps for the production of Z, E isomers of bilirubin in vitro and in vivo, the clinical equivalence of these two types of lamps seems to support the hypothesis that production of structural photoisomers of bilirubin is the main mechanism of phototherapy in humans. Therefore, fluorescent green lamps provide an alternative to special blue lamps for treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1997

Bilateral field interactions, hemispheric specialization and evoked potential interhemispheric transmission time.

The interrelationship between bilateral visual field processing, hemispheric specialization and interhemispheric transmission time (IHTT) was examined in two experiments in order to test two theories regarding callosal function and lateralized visual processing. Contrary to both theoretical speculations [Braun, Neuropsychology Review, Vol. 3, pp. 321-365, 1992] and a recent report [Nowicka et al., Neuropsychologia, Vol. 34, pp. 147-151, 1996], the directional asymmetry in evoked potential measures of IHTT did not vary with task differences in indices of hemispheric specialization. IHTT was faster from right to left hemispheres regardless of visual field advantage for the task. Similarly, patterns of correlation between IHTT and bilateral field advantage did not change between verbal and spatial matching tasks, despite differences in visual field advantage. Since the latter data did not consistently support the Brown and Jeeves [Neuropsychologia, Vol. 31. pp. 1267-1281, 1993] hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis involving hemispheric asymmetries in attention rather than processing specialization was proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Special considerations concerning regulatory requirements and drug development for peptides and biotech products in the EU.

The marketing authorization for a new medicinal product is based on the scientific assessment of its quality, safety and efficacy. The marketing authorization application (MAA) which covers all the relevant documentation can be filed in the EU via different application procedures. For peptides and biological products special issues have to be taken into consideration during drug development. Due to special production procedures and the complexity of the active substance itself, peptides and biotech products are subject to specific regulatory requirements. This leads to the necessity to discuss the development program of a new peptide or biotech product with the health authorities on a case by case basis. This article will focus on the special regulatory requirements for peptides and biotech products including the registration procedures as well as technical, preclinical and clinical issues.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

8. The development and evolution of division of labor and foraging specialization in a social insect (Apis mellifera L.).

How does complex social behavior evolve? What are the developmental building blocks of division of labor and specialization, the hallmarks of insect societies? Studies have revealed the developmental origins in the evolution of division of labor and specialization in foraging worker honeybees, the hallmarks of complex insect societies. Selective breeding for a single social trait, the amount of surplus pollen stored in the nest (pollen hoarding) revealed a phenotypic architecture of correlated traits at multiple levels of biological organization in facultatively sterile female worker honeybees. Verification of this phenotypic architecture in "wild-type" bees provided strong support for a "pollen foraging syndrome" that involves increased senso-motor responses, motor activity, associative learning, reproductive status, and rates of behavioral development, as well as foraging behavior. This set of traits guided further research into reproductive regulatory systems that were co-opted by natural selection during the evolution of social behavior. Division of labor, characterized by changes in the tasks performed by bees, as they age, is controlled by hormones linked to ovary development. Foraging specialization on nectar and pollen results also from different reproductive states of bees where nectar foragers engage in pre-reproductive behavior, foraging for nectar for self-maintenance, while pollen foragers perform foraging tasks associated with reproduction and maternal care, collecting protein.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Special cytochemistry in cell biology.

Cytochemistry is a science of localizing chemical components of cells and organelles on histological sections by using various techniques. We first aimed at studying cytochemistry by developing new techniques using various principles such as enzyme cytochemistry, microincineration, microspectrophotometry, radioautography, cryo-techniques, X-ray microanalysis and immunocytochemistry. We first concentrated on developing methodologies in the 1960s to 1970s. We then applied these special techniques to various kinds of cells in men and animals. Earlier, I proposed to classify these methods into three categories, i.e., chemical, physical, and biological techniques. The methodology has been well developed to form a new science which should be designated as "general cytochemistry" similarly to the general histology. On the other hand, these techniques should be applied to various cells in various organ systems, such as the skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, circulatory, nervous and sensory systems similarly to the special histology or the histology of organs. I summarize the results of cytochemical studies on cells of various organs carried out in our laboratory during these 44 years since 1955. The results obtained from cytochemical studies applied to various cells in respective organ systems should be designated as "special cytochemistry."

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Investigating hemispheric specialization in a novel face-word Stroop task.

We examined hemispheric specialization in a lateralized Stroop facial identification task. A 2 (presentation side: left or right visual field [LVF or RVF])x2 (picture emotion: happy or angry)x3 (emotion of distractor word: happy, angry, or blank) factorial design placed the right hemispheric specialization for emotional expression processing and the left hemispheric specialization for verbal processing in conflict. Faces (from ) and emotion words were briefly displayed, and participants responded with keypresses corresponding to the picture emotion. As predicted, greater Stroop interference in identification accuracy was found with incongruent displays of facial expression in the LVF and emotion words in the RVF, and females exhibited less Stroop interference. Reaction times were moderated by emotion and visual field.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Antepartum management of the multiple gestation: the case for specialized care.

Multiple gestations are increasingly more common and represent one of the highest risk conditions faced in pregnancy. The population-attributable fetal and newborn risks of twin and triplet gestations are compelling. This article is dedicated to a discussion of the antepartum management of multiple gestations and a conclusion that specialized care can improve both perinatal morbidity and mortality in these pregnancies. Prenatal care for multiple gestations should be provided by an experienced and dedicated staff that can anticipate and manage the various and complex problems presented by the multifetal gestation. Specialized care for multiple gestations should include components such as consistent evaluation of maternal symptoms and cervical status by a single care-provider, intensive preterm birth prevention education, individualized modification of maternal activity, increased attention to nutrition, ultrasonography, tracking of clinic nonattenders, and a supportive clinical environment. This sort of specialization and individualization of antepartum care for multiple gestations provides the best opportunity to maximize intrauterine fetal growth, identify congenital anomalies, prevent extremely preterm or very low birth weight deliveries, and identify fetal or maternal complications that may necessitate more intensive fetal surveillance or even delivery to reduce adverse perinatal outcome.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Forward surgical team (FST) workload in a special operations environment: the 250th FST in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM.

PURPOSE: Forward Surgical Teams (FST) deploy to support conventional combat units of at least regimental size. This report examines the injuries and treatments of an FST in an environment of unconventional tactics, limited personal protection, and extended areas of responsibility during Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. METHODS: A prospective evaluation of the personal protective measures, mechanisms of injury, types of injuries, and times to treatment in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. Additionally, per-surgeon caseloads, operative interventions, and outcomes are examined. The first phase of this deployment involved co-locating with an Air Force Expeditionary Medical Squadron at Seeb Air Base, Oman (SABO). The second phase involved stand-alone operations at Kandahar International Airport (KIA). Participants include U.S. Special Forces, conventional U.S forces, coalition country special forces, and anti-Taliban Afghan soldiers. RESULTS: During the deployment, the FST performed 68 surgical procedures on 50 patients (19 SAB, 31 KIA). There were 35 orthopedic cases (2 to 28 per surgeon), 30 general surgery cases (2 to 10 per surgeon), and 3 head/neck cases. Mechanism of injury included non-battle injury (13), bomb blast (13), gunshot wounds (8), mine (8), and grenades (5). Primary injuries were to the extremities in 27, torso in 9, and head/neck in 11. Three patients had appendicitis. Five patients were wearing body armor, whereas 4 wore helmets. The mean Relative Trauma Score was 7.4. Thirty-one patients were treated at KIA with a mean time to operative treatment of 2.7 +/- 2.7 hours, whereas 19 were treated in SABO with a mean time to operative treatment of 12.4 +/- 15.1 hours. Nine patients received transfusions. Three nonoperative patients died of wounds. CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of personal protective gear, most patients had extremity wounds as their primary injuries. In this special operations environment, time to operative treatment was significantly longer than expected.

Afghanistan↗
PubMed1992

Counseling in special populations: the elderly patient.

This seventh installment in the series on value-added services provides pharmacists with a systematic approach to identifying and meeting the special counseling-related needs of the ambulatory elderly patient. The article describes the physical, mental, and social changes that characteristically accompany the aging process and that create special problems for pharmacists and their elderly patients during the delivery of pharmaceutical care. It also describes a systematic approach that pharmacists can use to evaluate whether their elderly patients need special counseling. Finally, it illustrates how the principles that are discussed can be applied in the practice setting.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Patient satisfaction, characteristics, radiology, and complications associated with attending a specialized government-funded multidisciplinary spinal pain unit.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively document the satisfaction of a random sample of patients attending a specialized multidisciplinary spinal pain unit in the Australian public health care system and to collect associated data on patient characteristics, radiological findings, treatment modalities used, and any significant complications. Design and setting Spinal pain syndrome patients attended the specialized Multidisciplinary Spinal Pain Unit at Townsville General Hospital and the Kirwan Community Health Centre (Queensland, Australia) for diagnosis and management (ie, chiropractic spinal manipulation, medication, or needle acupuncture). A patient satisfaction questionnaire was sent to a random sample of patients in this Queensland Government funded service that was approved by the health authority's Ethics Committee. RESULTS: A total of 1775 new patients (949 men, 826 women; aged 10 to 91 years; average age = 43 years) visited the unit. Medical referral accounted for 40% of patients, chiropractic for 2%, osteopathy for 1%, and other referrals for 0.7%; 40.3% were self-referred and 16% were specifically referred for a medicolegal consultation and examination following work-related or motor vehicle accident injuries. Thirty-nine patients (2.2%) were found to have acute pain (< 28 days). Of 941 patients who could accurately recall when symptoms first began, 69 (7.3%) presented with subacute pain (4 to 12 weeks duration), and 872 (92.7%) presented with chronic spinal pain syndrome (>12 weeks duration). Following extensive investigations, 1474 patients (83%) had radiologically identifiable abnormalities, including osseous or soft tissue anomalies. There was only 1 significant complication (pneumothorax) out of 7831 acupuncture treatment sessions, representing 0.01% of patients and 0.006% of a total of 16,936 examinations and treatments administered at the unit. The patient satisfaction questionnaire resulted in an extremely high satisfaction score. CONCLUSION: A public hospital or community health center based specialized spinal pain syndrome unit is useful for referring clinicians who wish to obtain a further opinion for challenging spinal pain syndrome patients in the lower socioeconomic group that cannot afford private health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Visualization of synaptic specializations in live C. elegans with synaptic vesicle protein-GFP fusions.

Synaptic specializations are difficult to visualize at the light microscope level in living preparations. To circumvent this problem, synaptic vesicle proteins were fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed in C. elegans neurons. C. elegans synaptobrevin-GFP and synaptogyrin-GFP fusion proteins were observed to target to synaptic sites. This localization allowed the visualization of synaptic specializations in living animals with light microscopy. Restricted expression of synaptobrevin-GFP fusions in subsets of neurons enables the visualization of individual presynaptic varicosities. The cell biology underlying the sorting of synaptic vesicle proteins, trafficking of vesicles to terminals, and the development of presynaptic specializations is now more amenable to forward genetic analysis using these synaptic markers.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Generalization versus specialization in plant pollination systems.

The long-standing notion that most angiosperm flowers are specialized for pollination by particular animal types, such as birds or bees, has been challenged recently on the basis of apparent widespread generalization in pollination systems. At the same time, biologists working mainly in the tropics and the species-rich temperate floras of the Southern hemisphere are documenting pollination systems that are remarkably specialized, often involving a single pollinator species. Current studies are aimed at understanding: (1) the ecological forces that have favoured either generalization or specialization in particular lineages and regions; (2) the implications for selection on floral traits and divergence of populations; and (3) the risk of collapse in plant-pollinator mutualisms of varying specificity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Selective attention, inhibition for repeated events and hemispheric specialization.

When two visual events appear consecutively in the same spatial location, our response to the second event is slower than to the first. This inhibition for repeated events may reflect a bias toward sampling novel locations, a bias useful for exploring visual space. It has been shown that the left hemisphere is more specialized in selective attentional processes than the right one. The aim of the present experiment was to test if this hemispheric specialization for selective attention may also affect the inhibition for repeated events. For this purpose, we asked 11 normal subjects to perform an identity-based discrimination task in which the target to be detected could appear alone or surrounded by flanking letters, in the left or in the right visual field. Results show that inhibition for repeated events is present only when selective attention is required and when the task is performed in the right specialized visual field.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Accuracy of estimation of dental treatment need in special care patients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the ability of carers and dental professionals to estimate treatment need in a group of children and adults with special needs. METHOD: A retrospective study of a series of 103 special needs patients who had received restorative dental treatment under general anaesthetic was undertaken. The initial reason for attendance and the time lapse between first symptoms and decision to consult were established. The parent or carer was asked to estimate treatment need and to assess the degree of discomfort suffered by the patient. The dentist evaluated treatment need by means of a pre-operative treatment plan. These results were compared to actual treatment performed. RESULTS: Treatment need was severely underestimated by both carer and dentist. The degree of advanced pathology found in the population would suggest that pain suffered was also underestimated. CONCLUSIONS: Access of patients with special needs to dental care may be limited by the ability of their carers to evaluate their oral condition and/or by the persons inability to express their pain or discomfort.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Resource partition history and evolutionary specialization of subunits in complex systems.

Specialization for part of the resources available is a common adaptation leading to diversification in biological systems. In complex ecological communities, the history of diversification of parts of a system correlates with the structure of the system in present times. Abundances and sequences of resource partition of species expected by a sequential broken stick model are compared with observed abundances of species and their sequences of evolutionary divergence. Where resources are abundant, first resource partitions correspond to most ancient speciations, and last to recent speciations. The inverse is true when resources are scarce, agreeing with the occupation of extreme habitats by recent species. Diverging species seem to specialize by dividing the niche of common ancestors. Similar trends exist inside genera as well as between families, suggesting similar patterns in diversification and specialization at other levels of biological organization, such as evolution of functional complexes of macromolecules and organs embryogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Improving the consistency in cervical esophageal target volume definition by special training.

PURPOSE: Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy requires the precise definition of the target volume. Its potential benefits could be offset by the inconsistency in target definition by radiation oncologists. In a previous survey of radiation oncologists, a large degree of variation in target volume definition of cervical esophageal cancer was noted for the boost phase of radiotherapy. The present study evaluated whether special training could improve the consistency in target volume definitions. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A pre-training survey was performed to establish baseline values. This was followed by a special one-on-one training session on treatment planning based on the RTOG 94-05 protocol to 12 radiation oncologists. Target volumes were redrawn immediately and at 1-2 months later. Post-training vs. pre-training target volumes were compared. RESULTS: There was less variability in the longitudinal positions of the target volumes post-training compared to pre-training (p < 0.05 in 5 of 6 comparisons). One case had more variability due to the lack of a visible gross tumor on CT scans. Transverse contours of target volumes did not show any significant difference pre- or post-training. CONCLUSION: For cervical esophageal cancer, this study suggests that special training on protocol guidelines may improve consistency in target volume definition. Explicit protocol directions are required for situations where the gross tumor is not easily visible on CT scans. This may be particularly important for multicenter clinical trials, to reduce the occurrences of protocol violations.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed2002

Hypertension in special populations.

This article discusses various aspects of hypertension in selected special populations. The groups discussed herein are children, pregnant women, African Americans, persons with kidney insufficiency, kidney transplant survivors, and persons with diabetes mellitus. These groups present unique epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for the practitioner. The detection of reduced kidney function merits special attention since it attenuates the blood pressure response to antihypertensive therapy, affects therapeutic decision-making, is both a cause and consequence of poorly controlled hypertension, often lurks undetected, and is excessively prevalent in some special populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Specialized substance abuse treatment for women and their children: an analysis of program design.

In the present study, 36 specialized substance abuse treatment programs for women and their children were identified and chosen for review. These programs provide a wide range of services including substance abuse, mental health and medical treatment, life skills training (i.e. vocational and parenting training), and social services (i.e. child care and transportation). A cluster analysis was conducted, and three distinct patterns of program design were identified. Results suggest that programs vary considerably regarding the extent to which comprehensive services are provided and to whom they are offered. Many programs that appear to be comprehensive fail to provide the full range of services to all those who need them. In particular, many programs for pregnant women seem to focus almost exclusively on pregnancy-related issues. As such, specialized substance abuse treatment for women may be at risk for becoming too specialized. Recommendations are made for future substance-related program planning for women and their children.

Child↗