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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Attention to bodily sensations: a test of the cognitive-attentional model of panic.

This paper describes a study designed to test the cognitive-attentional model of panic. This model suggests that attention to internal sensations is likely to increase misinterpretation of them as representing a serious threat to health, which in turn might increase anxiety. In the present study, instructions for internal attentional focus were predicted to increase symptom reporting, anxiety, and catastrophic symptom attributions. Two groups, patients diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) and normal controls, watched a stressful film; half of each group was asked to attend to their internal sensations while watching, and the other half to focus on the film. In the normal controls, the manipulation was effective in modifying attentional focus, and the self-focused attention group became more anxious, reported more symptoms, and made more negative symptom attributions. However, in the PDA group, attentional focus was high in both conditions, and perhaps for this reason the intervention had no effect on mood, symptoms, catastrophic cognitions, or symptom attribution.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Phalloplasty for female transsexuals with sensate free forearm flap.

One of the primary goals of phalloplasty on female to male transsexuals is to void while standing. However, achieving competence of the neourethra, sensation, and rigidity of the neophallus still present a challenge. Over a 5 year period (1988-1993), 56 phalloplasties using sensate free forearm flaps were performed for 56 primary female transsexuals. The urethrocutaneous fistula rate was 38/56 and one flap totally necrosed. However, when the flap was prefabricated with a tubed graft of vaginal mucosa for the 28 cases (the later part of the series), there were less complications and a lower fistula rate within this portion of the neourethra. Although the whole procedure was time consuming, it was worthwhile and patient satisfaction was high.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of satiety sensations and food intake after different preloads.

The reproducibility of three questions, related to fullness, satiety and desire to eat, rated on an unmarked triangle was verified. In four sessions 12 volunteers ate pasta with tomato sauce (520 kcal) and were asked to rate the sensations felt. There was no difference in rating scores of the replications so the proposed questionnaire provides a stable measure of sensations related to satiety. Subsequently three satiety conditions were studied. Two foods, one rich in carbohydrate, pasta (baked macaroni) and the other in protein, polpette (meatballs), were used as loads at two calorie levels and as preload before an "ad libitum" meal. All the three questions proved useful in discriminating between the different satiety conditions. The food intake underlines the specificity of satiety: subjects, after eating a preload which previously had satiated them, ate other foods in different amounts depending on the kind of preload eaten. Food intake was significantly higher after the pasta preload, furthermore "fullness" and "satiety" ratings were significantly highest after the meatball preload, suggesting that in our experimental conditions, meatballs were more satiating than pasta. In conclusion, this study highlights the validity of using several quite different questions to study hunger and satiety, together with the actual food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Sensation of rotation about a vertical axis with a fixed visual field in different illuminations and in the dark.

This paper compares the motion sensations of a subject rotated about a vertical axis for two fixed visual fields (a large peripheral field and a single central spot) and in darkness. Motion sensation is described in terms of threshold, frequency response, and subjective displacement and velocity. The perception of angular acceleration showed significantly lower threshold and reduced latency time for the illuminated presentation. The level of illumination, however, produced no significant difference in threshold. The subjective frequency response, measured by a nulling method, showed a higher gain in the illuminated presentation, particularly at low frequencies and accelerations. With the subject rotating a pointer to maintain a fixed heading during triangular velocity stimuli, subjective displacements showed no difference for all different visual cues. Magnitude estimates of the after-rotation associated with deceleration from a constant velocity showed a quicker rising speed, larger subjective velocity and longer duration in the illuminated presentation. All the results suggest that the oculogyral illusion is principally responsible for producing a lower threshold in the illuminated presentation, although the fixed peripheral visual field tends to reduce reliance upon vestibular signals. At lower intensity rotation stimuli, this effect is especially apparent.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Scaling of color sensation by magnitude estimation: a contribution to opponent-colors theory.

Saturation and hue perceived in monochromatic stimuli and in light mixtures were scaled psychophysically by a direct magnitude estimation method. The colors were of aperture mode and were presented against a dark background. As a result opponent-colors functions were obtained which show the hue sensations produced by the lights of the visible spectrum (under the observing conditions used). Compared to the opponent-colors functions of Hurwich and Jameson, obtained by a cancellation technique, the subjective hue sensation differed significantly. It may be concluded that these cancellation functions describe an earlier, probably a retinal level of data processing, while our results may be regarded as a description of the output of the color vision system.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1975

Effect of local cooling on sweating rate and cold sensation.

Subjects resting in a 39 degrees C environment were stimulated in different skin regions with a water cooled thermode. This local cooling produced decreases in sweating rate measured at the thigh and increases in magnitude estimates of the cold sensation. The are of cold stimulation varied from 111 cm2 to 384 cm2. Sensitivity coefficients of the changes in sweating rate and magnitude estimate were corrected for differences in size of the area of stimulation and change in skin temperature and were normalized to the responses of the chest. The normalized coefficients showed the following relative sensitivities for changes in sweat rate and magnitude estimate respectively: forehead 3.3, 2.2; back 1.2, 1.4; lower leg 1.1, 0.9; chest 1.0, 1.0; thigh 0.9, 1.0; abdomen 0.8, 0.8. Varying the area stimulated from 122 cm2 to 384 cm2 produced greater changes in the sweating response than in the magnitude estimate. Rate of skin cooling during the period of stimulation had more effect on the sweating response than on the magnitude estimate. We conclude that cooling different body regions produces generally equivalent changes in the sweat rate and sensation, with the forehead showing a much greater sensitivity per unit area and temperature decrease than other areas.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1987

Impaired rectal sensation in idiopathic faecal incontinence.

In 15 patients suffering from idiopathic faecal incontinence and in 15 matched controls, manometric studies of anorectal pressure and studies of the rectoanal reflex and rectal sensitivity were carried out. Patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence had normal resting pressure but reduced squeeze and stress pressures; the anal sphincter relaxed before a sensation of rectal distension occurred. The conclusion is that both reduced voluntary muscle contraction and impairment of rectal sensation are conducive to soiling in idiopathic faecal incontinence.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Mouth dryness and burning sensation of the oral mucosa: causes and possibilities for treatment].

Both sets of complaints, mouth dryness and a burning sensation of the oral mucosa, can have a variety of causes. Local and regional as well as systemic causes can be responsible for burning mouth syndrome. Diseases of the oral mucosa can have genetic, inflammatory, or neoplastic origins. Autoimmune diseases and allergies as well as different afflictions relating to internal medicine can be accompanied by a burning sensation in the oral mucosa. Neurological and psychiatric illnesses must be clarified during interdisciplinary diagnostics in order to identify idiopathic forms. The causes of mouth dryness are similarly complex. In addition to inadequate fluid intake, particularly in elderly patients, drug side effects or systemic diseases are frequently also responsible. Treatment is directed at the underlying disease; in ambiguous cases, symptomatic therapy can provide relief for medical complaints.

Burning Mouth Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

[Semiquantitative detection of pain and heat sensations in evaluation of contrast media in pelvic/leg angiography. Intraindividual double-blind study with iomeprol 350 and iopentol 350].

The effect on pain and heat sensation of monomere non-ionic contrast media with different osmolality was assessed in a randomized double-blind study. Peripheral angiography was performed in 29 patients who suffered from chronic occlusive vessel disease. The two non-ionic contrast media iomeprol and iopentol were applied intraindividually. The contrast media with an iodine concentration of 350 mg/ml had an osmolality of 618 or 810 mosm/kg. A contrast medium volume of 80 or 90 ml was injected in the abdominal aorta. The mean flow was 13.9 ml/s. The two contrast medium injections were separated by an interval of 10 min. No analgesic premedication was given. The pain and heat intensity was semiquantatively measured using a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (no heat/pain) to 100 (intractable heat/pain). The median after the first injection was calculated as 40 for iomeprol and 70 for iopentol. The comparison of heat and pain sensations after the second injection showed a less distinct difference with a scale rating of 60 for iomeprol and of 65 for iopentol. The statistical variance was highly significant (p < 0.01) in favor of iomeprol.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Thermal sensation and comfort in transient non-uniform thermal environments.

Most existing thermal comfort models are applicable only to steady-state, uniform thermal environments. This paper presents summary results from 109 human tests that were performed under non-uniform and transient conditions. In these tests, local body areas were independently heated or cooled while the rest of the body was exposed to a warm, neutral or cool environment. Skin temperatures, core temperature, thermal sensation and comfort responses were collected at 1- to 3-min intervals. Based on these tests, we have developed predictive models of local and overall thermal sensation and comfort.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed2006

Effects of sexual arousal on genital and non-genital sensation: a comparison of women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome and healthy controls.

The relationship between sexual arousal and sensory perception has been a topic largely neglected within the realm of human sexuality research. The present study assessed the influence of sexual arousal on genital and non-genital sensation in women. It also examined the theory that painful intercourse is associated with insufficient sexual arousal. A total of 20 healthy women and 20 women with Vulvar Vestibulitis Syndrome (VVS) underwent genital and non-genital sensory testing at baseline and in response to erotic and neutral stimulus films. Touch and pain thresholds were assessed at the vulvar vestibule, inside the labia minora, and on the volar surface of the forearm. Sexual arousal was assessed via the measurement of surface skin temperature changes of the labia minora using a labial thermistor clip. Participants also completed questionnaires pertaining to mood, pain, and sexual functioning. In response to the erotic stimulus, both groups evidenced a significant increase in physiological sexual arousal and vulvar sensitivity. Women with VVS reported a significantly lower desire to engage in intercourse after having viewed the erotic film and reported lower levels of desire and arousal on questionnaire measures. Women with VVS also exhibited significantly more genital and non-genital pain sensitivity than healthy women across all conditions, in addition to more catastrophizing, hypervigilance, and fear of pain. Contrary to some theories, these data suggest that women with VVS are not lacking in physiological sexual arousal, and that physiological sexual arousal may actually increase vulvar sensation. Lack of subjective sexual arousal, however, may yet be implicated in vulvar pain during intercourse.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Neuromuscular adaptation of craniofacial muscles to altered oral sensation.

Experimentally induced changes in oral sensation to the tongue altered the use of specific craniofacial muscles. An acrylic wedge was anchored to the maxillary teeth of ten adult rhesus monkeys, providing a tactile-pressure sensation to the dorsal surface of the tongue. Fifteen craniofacial and tongue muscles were studied by electromyography during the first 6 months of adaptation. The results showed that there was an overall shift in those muscles that were normally tonically active in the craniofacial region. Muscles of the suprahyoid region, the geniohyoid and digastric, as well as the platysma muscle of the face, and the lateral pterygoid muscle were tonically active in more animals after placement of the wedge. In contrast to the enhanced activity of mandibular and facial muscles that function during mandibular depression, only the anterior temporalis muscle in the superficial and deep region demonstrated more tonic activity. The superficial and deep masseter regions, as well as the medial pterygoid muscle, demonstrated no change in their EMG activity. Only the lip muscles and mentalis demonstrated increased activity, whereas the facial muscles with more vertically oriented fibers did not demonstrate any increased activity. These findings suggest that a change in the tactile stimulation to the tongue can induce a new balance in the level of activity of specific craniofacial muscles and that this altered neuromuscular pattern can remain throughout the first 6 months of adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1982

The effect of unevenly distributed thermal stimuli on the sensation of warmth and coolness.

Combinations of clothing provide different degrees of thermal insulation for various parts of the body. The effect of this uneven thermal insulation on general comfort is examined by using experimental clothing which could provide varying degrees of thermal resistance. The relationship between skin temperature and sensation was found to be approximately linear when the exposed areas were not large, and that clothing of the same thermal resistance can yield different sensations depending on the parts of the body involved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Panic attacks and interoceptive acuity for cardiac sensations.

It has been suggested that perception of visceral changes, and cognitive reactions to such changes, may be important for triggering panic attacks. It remains to be determined, however, whether people with panic attacks are actually characterized by enhanced perceptual acuity for interoceptive stimuli. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between panic attacks and awareness for cardiac sensations using an objective heartbeat discrimination procedure. Twenty panickers and 20 nonpanickers were given 60 trials of the Whitehead heartbeat discrimination procedure. Thirty trials were given during rest and 30 following hyperventilation. Results indicated that panic attacks were not related to enhanced interoceptive acuity for cardiac sensations, either at rest or following hyperventilation. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to cognitive models of panic.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Sensations evoked from the glabrous skin of the human hand by electrical stimulation of unitary mechanosensitive afferents.

A needle microelectrode in the median nerve was used to record impulses from tactile afferent units and to deliver trains of electrical pulses for microstimulation. The findings suggest that the activation of single SA I units produces a sensation of light pressure within a small area located within the receptive field of the unit whereas the activation of RA units seemed to elicit sensations of varying qualities: touch, vibration, and tickle.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1985

Menthol modulates oral sensations of warmth and cold.

Aqueous solutions of menthol were found to affect oral thermal sensation in the following ways: When menthol solutions were sipped and held in the mouth for 5 sec, solutions above oral temperature felt significantly warmer than deionized water of the same temperature (warmth enhancement). Menthol solutions below oral temperature felt cooler than water of the same temperature, but only slightly so (cold enhancement); Pretreating the mouth with 0.02% menthol for 5 min strengthened cold enhancement but attenuated sensations of warmth (warmth attenuation); Pretreating for 10 min produced continued cold enhancement while judgments of warmth returned to normal levels; L-menthol cooled more effectively than d-menthol, but d-menthol attenuated warmth at least as much as l-menthol. Possible explanations for the intermodal differences are discussed, and suggestions are made for future research into menthol's unexpectedly complex perceptual effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Respiratory sensations in subjects who lack a ventilatory response to CO2.

An urge to breath is perceived during breath hold and hypercapnia (termed 'air hunger') and during heavy exercise (often termed 'shortness of breath'). To better understand the neural mechanisms responsible for these sensations we studied five patients (8-17 years old) with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) who lack ventilatory response to CO2. CCHS patients reported no respiratory discomfort during CO2 inhalation or during maximal breath hold which was of much longer duration than age-matched controls. However, all 3 CCHS patients who exercised heavily reported some sensations akin to shortness of breath (they increased breathing nearly as much as controls). Our results are consistent with two possibilities. First, the air hunger of hypercapnia and breath hold is caused by projection to the forebrain of respiratory chemoreceptor afferents which bypass the respiratory centers, while exercise shortness of breath is caused by direct projections of limb afferents or locomotory center activity. Second, air hunger and shortness of breath share the same origin--projection of increased brain stem respiratory center motor activity (corollary discharge) to the forebrain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in sensation seekers.

Personality traits, as assessed by personality inventories, and platelet monoamine oxidase activities have been compared in the following two groups of normal subjects: (1) subjects who either have mountaineering as an active hobby or an interest in mountaineering and (2) subjects not interested in mountaineering. The group of subjects interested in mountaineering were found to be sensation seekers, as assessed by the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale, and to have significantly lower platelet monoamine oxidase activities.

Adult↗