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PubMed2005

Assisted reproductive technologies in cattle: a review.

Over a period of approximately thirty years, commercial bovine embryo transfer has become a large international business. The technology is well established, and more than 500,000 embryos are produced annually from superovulated cows world wide. Since bovine embryos with intact zonae pellucidae can be specified pathogen-free through washing procedures, thousands of frozen embryos are routinely sold and transferred between countries. Throughout the world, approximately 15% of bovine embryos are produced by in vitro technology. Polymerase chain reaction technology is currently being used for sexing embryos on a small scale, and it is likely that this technology will be used for 'embryo diagnostics' in the future. Semen sexing is an established technology and is likely to be used on a small scale in the near future, especially in in vitro embryo production systems. The cloning of adult cattle through nuclear transfer and the production of cloned, transgenic cattle has been technically achieved. However, this is an expensive and inefficient technology, which is being used primarily by the pharmaceutical industry. Benefits in agriculture are likely to be minimal in the near future.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Contribution of the assisted reproductive technologies to fertility in males suffering spinal cord injury.

This study reviews 19 couples referred between 1990 and 1997 for fertility treatment for anejaculatory infertility in the male partner following spinal injury. Using sperm obtained by assisted ejaculation procedures, 14 of the 19 patients (74%) achieved at least 1 pregnancy. Pregnancy rates per treatment cycle were 12.0% for timed intrauterine insemination, 38.9% for gamete intra-Fallopian transfer and 19.2% for intracytoplasmic sperm injection followed by uterine embryo transfer. Choice of the appropriate assisted reproduction treatment to match the available semen quality results in a high level of success in such patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Psychological effects of the new reproductive technologies.

Four psychological principles help us to understand the psychological effects of the new technologies: (1) Special circumstances of parenting and birth will stimulate fantasies in parents and children, which in turn influence the child's personality and identity; (2) Human parenting does not require a biological connection; nonbiological parents can be equally effective nurturers; (3) Good parenting involves a psychological interaction beginning at birth, so that early and permanent opportunity for attachment is important for normal development; (4) New technologies relieve the psychological pain of infertility and provide benefit by giving some individuals the opportunity to be parents. The psychology of surrogate mothers is also discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of assisted reproductive technology performance after oocyte retrieval under general anaesthesia (propofol) versus paracervical local anaesthetic block: a case-controlled study.

Propofol (Dipirivan) is an intravenous anaesthetic drug used for general anaesthesia. Although frequently used as a general anaesthetic for ultrasound procedures, its use during transvaginal oocyte retrieval is currently being debated. A total of 202 patients undergoing fertility treatment was included in a prospective, matched, controlled study, in which we compared fertilization rates and embryo development in terms of morphological quality and speed of development and the implications for reproductive outcome and pregnancy following general anaesthesia using either propofol or a paracervical local anaesthetic block during oocyte collection. There were no differences between the fertilization rates and the embryo cleavage characteristics for the two groups. The initial implantation rate per transferred embryo after general anaesthesia was similar to that after paracervical local anaesthetic block (13.4 versus 18.6%; P = 0.10). The ongoing clinical implantation rates per embryo transferred were also similar in the two groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Attitudes among health care professionals on the ethics of assisted reproductive technologies and legal abortion.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to study the attitudes among Danish health care professionals likely to encounter ethical controversies of ART and related subjects. METHODS: Anonymous questionnaire study design. A total number of 993 were asked to participate from May-July 1994. RESULTS: There was a tendency towards a more liberal attitude among gynecologists than among nurses. There was a majority for legal abortion (before 12 weeks of gestation), for selective reduction in multiple pregnancies, and for donor anonymity. There was a majority against sex selection, artificial reproduction as to single women and lesbians, and against adoption by homosexuals. The multivariate analysis showed a strong correlation between attitude and background variables, especially as to religion and profession. CONCLUSION: Religion and profession are determinants for the attitude towards several of the ethical controversies of ART and related subjects asked for in this study. We found a discrepancy between recommendations by the Ethical Council of Denmark and the attitudes among health care professionals.

Abortion, Legal↗