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PubMed2002

When transgressions become transparent: limiting family forms in assisted conception.

This article explores the social processes through which ideas about the family become translated into regulation and practice in assisted conception. Drawing on social problems literature, it is suggested that claims are made (by regulators, practitioners and others) about the desirability of certain family types and that forms of regulation occur when families transgress, in particularly obvious ways, the boundaries of those definitions. The apparently disparate examples of lesbian access to donor insemination and donor anonymity are brought together to illustrate the argument. It is also suggested that much formal regulation and clinical practice is directed towards making such transgressions less transparent, thus protecting the practice of assisted conception from unwelcome scrutiny.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1992

Strengthening human rights, in particular the freedom of choice for women in matters relating to sexual behaviour and reproduction.

The collapse of the Socialist States in Eastern and Central Europe started a series of transformations which could result in the global rejection of everything which is associated with the previous system, including the idea of equality between men and women. Initally, the political changes were perceived by women as an opportunity to improve their situation. However, after three years, it can be said that the transformation of the system constitutes a serious threat to women's status. For instance, in Poland, women's unemployment is already higher than men's but the direct threat to women's rights is the most visible in the domain of reproductive choices. In 1990, the first non-communist government issued regulations restricting access to abortion and, while an anti-abortion bill is now in Parliament, the new medical code of ethics forbids any physician to practice abortion except in case of danger for the mother's life or in case of rape. The authors propose finally a strategy for the future based on promoting the rights of women both at national and international levels.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2000

Recognizing adolescents' 'evolving capacities' to exercise choice in reproductive healthcare.

All countries (except Somalia and the USA) have adopted the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which usually applies to individuals aged under 18 years. The Convention requires governments to 'respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents [or others acting as parents] ellipsis in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child'. Many adolescents gain capacity to make decisions for themselves concerning reproductive and sexual health services, and to decide issues of confidentiality. Immature adolescents must be given usual protections. The Convention sets a legal limit on parental power to deny capable adolescents reproductive and sexual health services. The question whether an adolescent is a 'mature minor' must be decided by health service providers independently of parental judgment. The specific duties of government and health service providers to implement adolescent rights regarding their reproductive and sexual health needs are examined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Understanding sexual and reproductive violence: an overview.

International agreements recognizing different forms of violence as violations of human rights and the definition provided by the 1993 UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women are taken as a starting point and its implications analyzed, emphasizing gender roles and stereotypes. Violence against women is related to violence in general, to the so-called culture of violence. Factors influencing a culture of violence are discussed, as well as the differences between public and private violence, emphasizing the need to understand their interaction to be effective in preventing violence against women. It is concluded that all violence stems from unbalanced exercise of power, creating injustice and lack of real democratic interaction. When left unchallenged such situations become part of the culture of individuals and societies, reinforcing the use of violence to solve conflicts. Hence, preventing violence against women requires cultural, social, economic, and political changes that are only possible by mobilizing society as a whole.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Reproduction trends and the emergence of moral panic.

Are we witnessing a moral panic or a moral evaluation in the responses to the new reproductive technologies? Locating women in reproductive technology is a particularly powerful way into a discussion of values and consequences, intended or unintended. Twelve areas are isolated for discussion beginning with issues of definition and location: What is reproductive and genetic engineering? and How does human reproduction fit into bio-technological developments generally? Next issues are raised about how the new developments are being shaped ideologically and how they are being promoted by the state. A series of legal issues affecting women, men, children, embryos and fetuses follow. The focus then shifts to the way women are ideologically constructed: Why is there an assumption that woman = mother, and mother = heterosexual married or stable cohabiting woman?--and socially controlled: Why assume technological change in human reproductive processes means the basic subordination of women to men will not alter? The usefulness of the new technologies in relieving involuntary childlessness is then queried which leads on to a questioning of whether these developments are qualitatively different from other technologies used in human reproduction. Futuristic concerns such as the importance of the male pregnancy and the social consequences of fully medicalising human reproduction are raised. The last area to be considered is protest by women and suggested alternative approaches to increase the social visibility and recognition of the needs and interest of women in the current and potential use of the new medical and scientific developments.

Female↗
PubMed2002

New reproductive technologies, ethics and gender: the legislative process in Brazil.

In this article, I will analyse the conduct of the Brazilian legislative process regarding new reproductive technologies, mainly the moral assumptions of three categories that are essential to the debate: the status of the child generated by these techniques; the number of embryos transferred in each cycle (as well as foetal reduction); and the issue of women's eligibility for such techniques. The analysis will be a sociological study of the Brazilian legislative debate, using feminist perspectives in ethics as the theoretical reference. The focus will be the bills in progress in the Brazilian National Congress, the public and official declarations of legislators involved in the issue and the regulation of the medical class, which has influenced the legislative process. Aside from the analysis of the legislative process, I include a section on the justification of these bills, since that is where the legislator exposes what he/she believes is the moral support for the bill.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Family planning and social position of women.

This presentation began with at least three biases: (i) Acceptance of a secular approach to the problem of artificially controlling human reproduction; (ii) acceptance of an absolute egalitarian position in matter of choices and applications of family planning methods; and (iii) acceptance of the view that a small family gives women more opportunities to flourish as humans. The conclusion of the presentation is: though in implementing family planning programmes much deviation from the egalitarian principle could be found, in reality the implementation itself does bring about some opportunities for women to enhance their position in society. Undoubtedly the malpractices in family planning programmes cause death and miseries to women. But, until better methods are invented for both male and female sexes to replace the harmful ones and the male members of the society feel equal responsibility in matters of controlling reproduction, women have now no other choice but to accept the lesser evil.

Bangladesh↗