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Missionary positions: Christian, modernist, postmodernist.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s "the missionary position" became widespread as a technical expression for face-to-face man-on-top sexual intercourse. It was accompanied by standard (and undocumented) stories as to the origin of the expression, stories featuring missionaries and either Polynesians, Africans, Chinese, Native Americans, or Melanesians. By the late 1980s and 1990s the expression had become a core symbol in modernist and postmodernist moral discourses. This paper examines accounts of the origin of the expression, provides evidence that it originated in Kinsey's (mis)reading of Malinowski, analyzes the symbolic elements of the missionary-position narrative as synthesizing modernist objections to Christian morality, analyzes the "missionary position" in postmodernist narratives as synthesizing postmodernist objections to modernist morality, and explores some of the functions of this myth within the academy.

Anthropology↗

Vaginal birth after cesarean section in rural Zaire. Changing concepts.

The safety of trials of labor after cesarean section has yet to be established in developing countries. Centre Médical Evangélique is a referral hospital in rural northeastern Zaire. From August 1, 1989, to January 15, 1990, 33 women with previous cesarean deliveries were offered a trial of labor. Of them, 22 (67%) had successful vaginal deliveries. The indications for the previous cesarean section did not influence the outcome of the trial of labor. There was a high rate of immediate maternal morbidity but no significant long-term morbidity. The rate of uterine dehiscence was 9.1%. The perinatal death rate, 60.1/1,000, was similar to the overall rate for the institution. Trials of labor after cesarean section are a valid therapeutic option in developing countries.

Cesarean Section↗

The politics and semiotics of sounds--Mayan linguistics and nation-building in Guatemala.

This paper discusses the development Mayan linguistics as an authoritative field of knowledge in Guatemala. In particular, it links missionary linguists' and Maya linguists' activities with shifting nationalist agendas from the 1920s in to the late 1980s. It is argued that during the historical and intellectual moment that linguistics becomes an authoritative epistemology, phonetic analysis functions as a creative index that constitutes "expert" knowledge for particular semiotic and ideological reasons tied to competing versions of the Guatemalan imagined community.

Anthropology, Cultural↗

Creighton University's Institute for Latin American Concern: a unique opportunity to provide contributed dental care.

Creighton University, a Jesuit institution of higher education, has supported a community health program in the poor and remote areas of the Dominican Republic since 1976. This program is built around multidisciplinary health teams combining undergraduate and graduate students in various health professional schools with practitioners. A permanent center in the Dominican Republic has been established for coordination and training. The program is conceived as providing participants an opportunity to reflect on their own spiritual development. The history of the program's development and its operation are described.

Academies and Institutes↗

[Reformation of the Medical Educational Institutes and training of general doctors during the early period of Japanese rule].

The Japanese government downgraded a Korean medical college being attached to the Daehan hospital to a medical training center blaming upon a lack of education in Korea. But the actual curriculum and the years required for completing a course of study in the Korean medical college were equivalent to those of the Japanese medical college. Furthermore, the Japanese government discarded the financial support for medical school students. So they should pay their tuitions and other stipends by themselves. The Japanese government forced a private institute to establish an endowed school by the legal act of college. It enabled to classify a medical education system with the judicial support. For the example of Severance Medical School, it reformed faculty, curriculum and facility according to the legal standard of a college act. Therefore, Severance Medical School was able to be upgraded to a medical college. But there was a limitation even for the government schools under the colonial era. It was not possible to train important medical human resource who enabled to supervise the modern medical system in Korea. On one hand, almost every important medical human resource such as a military doctor, and a professor, who should have trained in Korea in the Great Han Period, was trained in Japan. On the other hand, fostering general doctors, who practiced medicine with hands-on experience, was the purpose of medical education in Korea whether the medical school was government or private. Since the purpose of Severance Medical College was to foster general doctors, it was able to grow within the colonial medical system. The purpose of medical missionaries, who promoted the spread of gospel with the western medical support, enforced the Japanese colonial logics that the Japanese government could educate and develop Korea with the introduction of western civilization. Although it was later comparing to the government medical school. Severance Medical College enabled to certify the medical license automatically to the graduates from the school. The reason that the Japanese government allowed for Severance Medical College to issue the automatic medical license was to keep the colonial structure of Japanese in Korea.

Colonialism↗

President's page.

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Aerospace Medicine↗

SERVICE overseas.

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Colonialism↗

African diary.

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Adaptation, Psychological↗