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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in recreational waters in southwestern Germany.

Toxin-forming species of freshwater cyanobacteria have been detected in all parts of Germany. Because of the high number of lakes (more than 2000) in Baden-Württemberg, in southwestern Germany, only a representative selection of lakes (155) was intensively monitored for mass development of cyanobacteria and the formation of toxins in 1999. Nutrients, dominant algal species, chlorophyll, and toxins were determined from waters with cyanobacterial blooms. Toxin analyses were performed using HPLC, the PP1 inhibition test, and the microcystin ELISA. In 45% of the monitored lakes, the phytoplankton assemblage consisted mainly of cyanobacteria; in an additional 24% of the lakes cyanobacteria were detected. More than 26% of the lakes contained toxigenic cyanobacteria. The highest amount of microcystins detected outside scum areas was 11-560 microg/L. In relation to biomass, cyanobacteria contained up to 1100 microg/g dry matter and up to 2.6 microg/microg Chl a. The dominant form of microcystin detected was microcystin-LR, one of the most toxic known microcystins. The results of the present study have been used to develop a stepwise monitoring scheme for lakes with permanent cyanobacterial populations to protect human health and livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Estimating recreational trout fishing damages in Montana's Clark Fork River basin: summary of a natural resource damage assessment.

This paper summarizes a natural resource damage assessment for the State of Montana. Mining wastes have caused significant reductions in trout stocks in a 145-mile stretch of Montana's Silver Bow Creek and Clark Fork River. To estimate economic damages from decreases in catch rates, we develop and estimate an individual-based utility-theoretic model of where and how often an angler will fish as a function of travel costs, catch rates, and other influential characteristics of the site and individuals. The model includes resident and nonresident anglers who currently fish in Montana, and allows them to have different preferences. Demand parameters and expected catch rates are simultaneously estimated. The value of time is endogenously estimated as a proportion of the wage rate. Catch rates are linked to trout stocks through a stock-catch function. Collection of the angler data involved a three-step process: anglers were intercepted at 26 study sites, a subsample of anglers was selected to reflect the population trip-taking proportions to the study sites, and these anglers received follow-up surveys through the fishing season. Avidity weights are used to correct for the higher level of avidity inherent in intercept samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Occupational stress among mental health professionals. The relationship between work and recreational pursuits.

A sample of 111 medical and allied staff in a large child and adolescent psychiatric hospital responded to a survey assessing work- and leisure-related attitudes. Gender, marital status, parenthood, and length of employment were among the demographic variables found to be associated with various facets of occupational stress and job satisfaction. Men were somewhat more stressed, complained more about their relationships with coworkers and displayed greater 'negative spill' than women; Married employees were particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of work; Parenthood had little effect on work-related stress, although there is some indication that being a mother prevented one recuperating as effectively as desired during leisure-time; and tenure of employment at the hospital was related to increased feelings job pressure without affecting job satisfaction levels, and to lower levels of career motivation. The implications of these findings are discussed: Suggestions are provided for improving working climate and job satisfaction amongst mental health professionals.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Microbiological monitoring of marine recreational waters in southern California.

An inventory was conducted to assess the number, type, spatial distribution, and costs of microbiological monitoring programs in southern California marine waters from Point Conception to the US/Mexico International Border. The location of each sampling site was determined using global positioning system (GPS), and estimates of geographic coverage were determined using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Twenty-one programs conducted 87,007 tests annually at 576 sites in the study area. The largest number of sites was sampled in Orange County, whereas the largest number of analyses was performed in Los Angeles County because monitoring programs in this area focused on daily monitoring. Fifteen of the 21 programs were managed by National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitted sewage effluent dischargers who sampled both offshore and shoreline waters and typically tested for three indicator bacteria (total coliform, fecal coliform, and enterococcus). Their combined efforts comprised 82% of all of the microbiological indicator analyses conducted on an annual basis. Five of the remaining monitoring organizations were public health agencies, which typically focus their efforts on testing only total coliforms. Laboratory methodology also varied considerably, with NPDES permittees predominantly utilizing membrane filtration while public health agencies generally used multiple tube fermentation or premanufactured test kits. Nearly three quarters of all the effort expended in southern California occurred along the shoreline as opposed to offshore locations. Two thirds of this shoreline effort was focused on high-use sandy beaches and in proximity to perennial fresh-water outlets (storm drains and creeks). Most sampling occurred at a set of fixed sites that were revisited frequently, but only represented about 7% of the total shoreline. We estimated that roughly $3 million is spent annually on monitoring bathing water quality in southern California, exceeding that spent in any other part of the country.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Recreational sun exposure in Puerto Rico: trends and cancer risk awareness.

Persons who sunbathe or engage in other activities at the beach are exposed to large amounts of UV radiation. Four hundred seven adults who visited the beaches of Puerto Rico were surveyed to determine their knowledge about the risks of sun exposure and to evaluate sunscreen use. The group consisted of 195 year-round Puerto Rican residents and 212 tourists. Ninety-five percent believed that the sun can cause skin cancer, although only half of the subset who lived all year in Puerto Rico believed that they personally received enough exposure to be at risk. The majority of the group (83%) understood the meaning of the sun protection factor numbers, although 35% used either nothing or a nonscreening oil. Half of Puerto Rican residents rarely or never used sunscreen protection while sunbathing. When sunscreen was used, the most important factor sought was given as sun protection factor (64%), followed by a perceived ability to aid in tanning (26%).

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Spatial patterns of recreation impact on experimental campsites.

Management of camping impacts in protected areas worldwide is limited by inadequate understanding of spatial patterns of impact and attention to spatial management strategies. Spatial patterns of campsite impact were studied in two subalpine plant communities in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA (a forest and a meadow). Response to chronic disturbance and recovery from acute disturbance were both assessed. Previously undisturbed sites were camped on at intensities of one and four nights/year, for either one or three consecutive years. Recovery was followed for three years on sites camped on for one year. Percent bare ground, assessed in 49 contiguous 1 m2 quadrats, increased with increasing use frequency, particularly on the forest sites. Magnitude of impact varied spatially within campsites, with impact decreasing as distance from the center of the campsite increased. On the more fragile forest sites, this radial impact pattern developed rapidly and remained after three years of recovery. Concentration of camping activities around a centrally located small cooking stove was the apparent cause of this pattern. Maximum variation in magnitude of impact occurred at intermediate levels of campsite use and disturbance. The magnitude, variability and spatial pattern of impact varied with the spatial scale of analysis. Generally, results of these controlled experiments are consistent with earlier studies of campsites and validate the management implications derived from those studies. Even where campers use low-impact techniques, low levels of camping use can cause substantial impact and it is important to concentrate use. On resistant sites, however, it is possible that low levels of use can be sustained with minimal resultant impact.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2005

Examining legal rules to protect children from injuries in recreational and sport activities.

Our jurisprudence assigns duties to persons to keep children safe. Under negligence law, a breach of duty causing an accident means the breaching party can be liable for damages inflicted on the injured person. Legislatures are considering new laws that reduce the damages that activity providers will need to pay to injured participants. Under some statutes, injured persons are precluded from maintaining lawsuits. In other cases, injured plaintiffs have a more stringent burden of proving liability. While activity providers may use insurance to pay for accident damages, for some injuries we might hold injured persons responsible. Four suggestions are offered as mechanisms to reduce tort litigation.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2004

Assessing Oregon's twenty-six coastal beach areas for recreational water quality standards.

Water samples from 26 Oregon beaches were analyzed for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci concentrations by the Oregon Department of Human Services (ODHS) Public Health Laboratory. Nine Oregon beaches exceeded US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) single sample maximum density of 104 enterococci colony forming units (cfu) per 100 mL with levels ranging from 121 to 4325 most probable number (MPN)/100 milliliters (mL). Otter Rock at South Cove had the highest enterococci concentration at 4352 MPN/100 mL. The results from two Oregon beaches exceeded Oregon Department of Environmental Quality's (ODEQ) estuarine E. coli standard of 406 organisms/100 mL. Otter Rock at South Cove had the highest E. coli concentration at 1850 MPN/100 mL while Road's End had an E. coli density of 771 MPN/100 mL. Results of this study suggest that adopting USEPA's marine enterococci standard in lieu of the ODEQ's estuarine standard will lead to increased Oregon beach water standard failures.

Enterococcus↗
PubMed2005

Wilderness and recreational neurology.

With increased access to once remote regions of the planet and renewed interest in exploring natural surroundings, previously geographically isolated and rare neurologic conditions can be encountered in any patient population. Rare envenomations and poisonings, once the purview of the tropical neurologist, now can be encountered by travelers to areas where creatures that have developed specialized defenses are endemic. Recognition, therefore, of the potentially neurotoxic fauna and flora in these areas holds value, even for the urban neurologist.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Monitoring marine recreational water quality using multiple microbial indicators in an urban tropical environment.

The microbial water quality at two beaches, Hobie Beach and Crandon Beach, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, USA was measured using multiple microbial indicators for the purpose of evaluating correlations between microbes and for identifying possible sources of contamination. The indicator microbes chosen for this study (enterococci, Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, total coliform and C. perfringens) were evaluated through three different sampling efforts. These efforts included daily measurements at four locations during a wet season month and a dry season month, spatially intensive water sampling during low- and high-tide periods, and a sand sampling effort. Results indicated that concentrations did not vary in a consistent fashion between one indicator microbe and another. Daily water quality frequently exceeded guideline levels at Hobie Beach for all indicator microbes except for fecal coliform, which never exceeded the guideline. Except for total coliform, the concentrations of microbes did not change significantly between seasons in spite of the fact that the physical-chemical parameters (rainfall, temperature, pH, and salinity) changed significantly between the two monitoring periods. Spatially intense water sampling showed that the concentrations of microbes were significantly different with distance from the shoreline. The highest concentrations were observed at shoreline points and decreased at offshore points. Furthermore, the highest concentrations of indicator microbe concentrations were observed at high tide, when the wash zone area of the beach was submerged. Beach sands within the wash zone tested positive for all indicator microbes, thereby suggesting that this zone may serve as the source of indicator microbes. Ultimate sources of indicator microbes to this zone may include humans, animals, and possibly the survival and regrowth of indicator microbes due to the unique environmental conditions found within this zone. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the concentrations of indicator microbes do not necessarily correlate with one another. Exceedence of water quality guidelines, and thus the frequency of beach advisories, depends upon which indicator microbe is chosen.

Cities↗