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PubMed2000

Preparing your patients to travel abroad safely. Part 3: Reducing the risk of malaria and dengue fever.

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence-based recommendations for family physicians advising travelers on how to reduce their risk of malaria and dengue fever. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: A search of MEDLINE from 1990 to November 1998 found 671 articles; randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews were sought. The Cochrane Collaboration was searched for studies relevant to family physicians; meta-analyses of impregnating bed nets with permethrin were found. Health Canada's evidence-based publications were searched; 10 recommendations based on at least one well-conducted randomized trial were found. MAIN MESSAGE: Good evidence-based advice about the efficacy of mefloquine in chloroquine-resistant areas and for pregnant women and children is available, as is advice on the effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated bed nets. CONCLUSIONS: Family physicians can use evidence-based recommendations to advise their patients on how to prevent malaria. The ways in which patients neglect malaria precautions are well-known. For prevention of both malaria and dengue fever, family physicians should counsel their patients to reduce the risk of being bitten by insects.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides.

Field collected fully fed adults of Phlebotomus argentipes and P. papatasi were screened in the laboratory for susceptibility to DDT, BHC, malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and bendiocarb. Pondichery strain of P. papatasi and P. argentipes showed variations in their susceptibility to insecticides. Both the species were resistant to permethrin but tolerant to DDT and malathion with LD99.99 values of 13.88, 1.92, 1.08 and 34.63, 4.69, 16.32 times more than the deterministic doses respectively. However, they were susceptible to bendiocarb with LD99.99 7.6 and 1.6 times lower than the deterministic doses. While P. papatasi was susceptible to BHC, P. argentipes showed tolerance (1.6 times). The former showed tolerance to deltamethrin and the latter exhibited resistance (34 times). It was reverse in case of lamdacyhalothrin. High susceptibility of the vector sandflies to bendiocarb suggests that this insecticide could be used effectively against OP and pyrethroid resistant populations for Kalaazar control.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Determination of residues of pyrethroid and organophosphorous ectoparasiticides in foods of animal origin.

Analytical methods were introduced for the determination of residues of ectoparasiticides containing pyrethroid and organophosphate active ingredients in foods. Milk and edible tissues of cows treated with three experimental ectoparasiticides (containing cypermethrin + diazinon, deltamethrin + diazinon and alphamethrin + diazinon, respectively) were assayed for the presence of active ingredient residues. Synthetic pyrethroid residues were not detected in any of the samples processed. Diazinon residues could only be detected in milk samples taken on the first day after treatment (0.005-0.025 mg/kg) and in liver and fat tissue samples taken on the day of slaughtering (0.12 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively). Permethrin and propetamphos residues were determined in the skin, meat and liver of chickens kept on 'Blotic-B' treated litter and in eggs collected at different times after the treatment of layer houses. Permethrin residues could not be detected in any of the samples (< 0.01 mg/kg). Meat and fat tissues of chickens slaughtered on the day after treatment contained small amounts of propetamphos (0.003 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively). In the case of chickens kept on the treated litter and slaughtered after one week, active ingredient was not detected in meat, but 0.006 mg/kg propetamphos was present in the fat. The residue content of other samples (liver, egg) was below the detection limit of the applied method at all sampling times. From the food toxicological point of view these pesticide combinations can be used safely if the recommended withdrawal period is observed between ectoparasiticide administration and slaughter.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[A comparative study on the sensitivity and specificity of cholinesterase and glutathione s-transferase in Gammarus pulex L].

Studies on the influences of lindane, pirimiphos methyl, permethrin, zinc and dodecyl linear alkybenzene sulfonate (LAS) on the activity and toxicity of cholinesterase (ChE) and glutathione s-transferase (GST) in Gammarus pulex L. showed that only pirimiphos methyl caused a change in ChE activity in Gammarus, with a significant reduction in enzyme activity after 24 h and 48 h exposure. Both lindane and permethrin caused a change in GST activity in Gammarus, with a significant increase in enzyme activity after 48 h exposure. Lindane alos caused a significant increase in GST activity after 24 h exposure. Biomarkers ChE and GST were demonstrated a high degree of specificity and sensitivity in comparison to the lethality assay, but GST activity was less specific than ChE activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Resistance of Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) from Gamasa City to some insecticides.

Susceptibility tests for house fly Musca domestica collected from Gamasa City and laboratory bred one were carried out. The data suggested that the levels of resistance in Gamasa population against malathion, diazinon, diamethoate (organophosphorus compounds) and permethrin (pyrethroid one) were developed while deltamethrin and cypermethrin were still effective. The highest homogenity response was for malathion followed by dimethoate, deltamethrin and cypermethrin. On the other hand, the highest homogenity response in laboratory population was that of cypermethrin and deltamethrin followed by malathion, dimethoate, permethrin and then diazinon. The EST activity was higher in laboratory population (three heavy bands), than Gamasa one (two faint bands), while the activity of LDH and G-6PDH were higher in Gamasa population than in laboratory one. The ADH activity was the same in both populations. This means that EST was not the main detoxifying target in Musca domestica.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Insecticide resistance and irritability of Culex pipiens in Moscow].

Resistance and irritability to permethrin, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, propoxur, fenitrothion, malathion, dieldrin and DDT (WHO standard papers) were determined in Culex pipiens collected in the basements of big houses in the centre of Moscow. Mosquitos were found to be moderately resistant to fenitrothion (87% mortality), DDT (83%) and propoxur (80%), and susceptible to the remaining insecticides. The irritability was low to dieldrin but moderate to permethrin, propoxur and DDT, and high to the rest. The irritability to bendiocarb seems to be really caused by the repellent action of citric acid which the WHO standard paper is impregnated with. It is recommended to use pyrethroids against mosquito larvae and pyrethroid brickets against adults.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Susceptibility of Italian populations of Aedes albopictus to temephos and to other insecticides.

We evaluated larval and adult susceptibility to 5 insecticides commonly used for control of Aedes albopictus, by using 15 field-collected populations from northern and central Italy, and we compared these data, collected in 2002, with those from evaluations conducted in 1992-93, 1996, and 1998-99. Larvae were tested for susceptibility to temephos and to the conventional diagnostic dosages of chlorpyrifos and fenthion proposed by the World Health Organization for Aedes aegypti. Adults were exposed to the diagnostic dosages of deltamethrin and permethrin. Overall, all of the populations tested in 2002 were still susceptible to temephos: median lethal concentration (LC50) values ranged from 0.0026 to 0.0085 mg/liter, and LC99 values ranged from 0.0093 to 0.023 mg/liter. These populations were also fully susceptible to chlorpyrifos and fenthion, and adults were susceptible to deltamethrin and permethrin. When comparing these data with those from previous evaluations, we observed a slight yet progressive increase in the LC50 and LC99 values of susceptibility to temephos, and these values are approaching the diagnostic dosage of 0.02 mg/liter proposed for Ae. aegypti. However, the implications of these findings need to be considered in light of the results of previous studies that have shown that larval Ae. albopictus are less susceptible than Ae. aegypti to organophosphate insecticides.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of microencapsulated insecticides against the sandfly, Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli.

The baseline and residual activity of micro-encapsulated insecticides was assessed on a sandfly colony originating in the Jordan Valley, Israel. Lethal doses were calculated for formulations of the pyrethroids permethrin and cypermethrin and the organophosphates diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Cypermethrin was found to be more toxic than permethrin and chlorpyrifos was more toxic than diazinon. Accordingly, the residual activity of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin was tested after 1 and 4 wk exposure of impregnated filter papers under three environmental conditions: Jerusalem-indoors, Jerusalem-outdoors and semi-arid conditions. The results showed that environmental and climatic conditions play a major role in the persistence of toxicity of micro-encapsulated insecticides. A significant loss of toxicity for both compounds was noted after 4 wk of exposure under semi-arid conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of pyrethrin and pyrethroid pesticides in urine and water matrixes by liquid chromatography with diode array detection.

The following pyrethrin and pyrethroid pesticides were determined in urine and water matrixes by liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD): pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, tetramethrin, baythroid, bifenthrin, fenvalerate, phenothrin, allethrin, resmethrin, cis-permethrin, and trans-permethrin. In addition, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, a metabolite of various pyrethroids, was also successfully determined by the analytical method. The matrix extraction was simple, inexpensive, and fast, using only sodium chloride and acetonitrile. The acetonitrile extract was filtered and analyzed by LC-DAD. The method detection limits for the pyrethrin pesticides in 5 mL urine were determined to range from 0.002 to 0.04 microg/mL, depending on the individual pyrethrin. Recoveries from spiked tap water ranged from 77 to 96%; recoveries from urine ranged from 80 to 117%. This method is especially well-suited to clinical investigations, in which rapid analysis of forensic samples is often required.

Calibration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Irritant effect, prevention of blood feeding and toxicity of nets impregnated with different pyrethroids on An. stephensi.

A resistant strain of An. stephensi was confirmed to have high resistance to knock down and kill by four different pyrethroids in bioassays in comparison with a susceptible strain. Permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin were more irritant to the susceptible strain than the resistant as judged by time for first take-off, but nets treated with alphacypermethrin appeared to be more irritant to the resistant An. stephensi than the susceptible. With all the pyrethroids tested, the resistant strain spent a longer time in contact with a treated net, which was in contact with a human arm, than did the susceptible strain. With permethrin the resistant strain fed significantly more successfully through the treated netting than did the susceptible strain. With deltamethrin there was a non-significant tendency in the same direction in comparing the two strains. However, with alphacypermethrin there was a non-significant tendency in the reverse direction. After 15 min in the cage which tested for the ability to feed through a pyrethroid treated net, observed mortality was higher with the susceptible than the resistant strain. Thus there was no sign that the longer resting of the resistant strain on treated netting would compensate for the fact that a higher dose was needed to kill this strain. Such compensation has been suggested with West African An. gambiae where treated nets continue to work well against a highly resistant wild population. However, this does not seem to apply to our resistant An. stephensi.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pyrethroid insecticide-induced alterations in mammalian synaptic membrane potential.

The neuroexcitatory actions of two toxicologically distinct classes of pyrethroid insecticides were characterized in rat brain synaptosomes using [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium to measure changes in synaptosomal membrane potential and by measuring the release of [3H]acetylcholine. Both type I (permethrin) and type II (deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate) pyrethroids produced a concentration-dependent tetrodotoxin-sensitive membrane depolarization which was stereospecific for the neurotoxic isomer of each pyrethroid. Deltamethrin was the most potent and efficacious pyrethroid in these studies, with an EC50 of 30 nM and a maximal estimated membrane depolarization of 27 mV, followed by cypermethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin. The phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids also increased the spontaneous release of [3H]acetylcholine from rat brain synaptosomes, further supporting a depolarizing action of these insecticides on nerve terminal membranes. Pyrethroid-induced release of [3H]acetylcholine was tetrodotoxin-sensitive and occurred over the same concentration range as membrane depolarization. These data indicate that type I and type II phenoxybenzyl pyrethroids act potently and stereoselectively on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel to increase sodium influx into synaptic terminals producing membrane depolarization and neurotransmitter release. Furthermore, they show that pyrethroid-induced alterations in synaptosomal membrane potential is a sensitive measure of pyrethroid action on the sodium channel and of pyrethroid toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Biochemical indicators of hepatotoxic effects of pesticides.

Pesticides can cause damage to man and beneficial organisms. Some sub-lethal effects of pesticides were studied in birds with a view to identifying characteristic biochemical responses that may be useful for the monitoring of exposure to sub-lethal levels in the field. Pesticides were used: demeton-S-methyl, (DSM), chlorpyriphos, chlorfenviphos, triazophos, pirimicarb, methiocarb and permethrin. Blood was collected before dosing, and 2, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the treatment from the brachial vein of birds. Enzyme activities were assayed in the plasma or serum samples obtained. The assays used were GOT, MDH, GDH, SDH, GAMMA GT and ChE. The results showed an increase in plasma and serum GOT and gamma-GT levels were found in all animals treated with the previous pesticides. The level of ChE increased in birds after treatment with permethrin. It was concluded that the pesticides cause structural and functional changes in the liver and also, the measurement of the previous parameter activities may be useful for assessing exposure and sub-lethal effects of pesticides on the wildlife.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Pesticide metabolism in humans, including polymorphisms.

Recent epidemiologic studies involving Gulf War veterans or agricultural workers suggest that pesticide-pesticide or pesticide-drug interactions may be related to Gulf-War-related illnesses or elevated cancer risks, respectively. Metabolic interactions are one of many potential mechanisms requiring exploration in humans. The goal of the studies is to characterize important metabolic profiles of selected pesticides and examine potential interactions to characterize human risks associated with exposure. Pesticides examined using human liver microsomes and cytosolic fractions included chlorpyrifos, carbaryl and permethrin. The metabolic pathways involved include cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP), esterases, and alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases. Specific isoforms and some polymorphic enzymes were characterized. Pesticide-pesticide interactions with metabolizing enzymes were demonstrated. Exposure of human hepatocytes to chlorpyrifos and permethrin demonstrated their potential to induce CYP isoforms using the bDNA (branched deoxyribonucleic acid) assay [used to monitor mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) levels]. These studies suggest that knowledge of human metabolic pathways will provide information that can aid the risk assessment process.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMed2005

Monitoring of insecticides resistance in main malaria vectors in a malarious area of Kahnooj district, Kerman province, southeastern Iran.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kahnooj district in south of Iran is an endemic area for malaria where Anopheles stephensi (Liston) is a main malaria vector and An. dthali (Patton) a secondary vector. According to the national strategy plan on monitoring of insecticides resistance, this study was performed on susceptibility and irritability levels of An. stephensi and An. dthali to different insecticides in the district. METHODS: The susceptibility and irritability levels of field strains of An. stephensi and An. dthali at the adult and larval stages to discriminative dose of different imagicides was determined as recommended by WHO. RESULTS: Using discriminative dose and WHO criteria it was found that An. stephensi is resistant to DDT and dieldrin with 36.1 +/- 2.3 and 62.2 +/- 1.95 mortality rates, respectively; but susceptible to other insecticides. An. dthali was found to susceptible to all tested insecticides. The larvae of An. stephensi, exhibited 100% mortality for temephos and malathion, but 44 +/- 4.32 for discriminative dose of fenitrothion. The results of irritability level for DDT and pyrethroids showed that permethrin had the most irritancy effect on An. stephensi and An. dthali. DDT and deltamethrin showed the least irritancy effect against An. stephensi with 0.42 +/- 0.08 and 0.77 +/- 0.12 take-offs/min/adult, respectively, however, lambdacyhalothrin had the least irritancy effect against An. dthali with 0.096 +/- 0.02 take-offs/min/ adult. The mean number of take-offs/min/adult with permethrin showed significant difference to DDT, lambdacyhalothrin, cyfluthrin and deltamethrin. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Pyrethroid insecticides are being used as indoor residual sprays in Iran. Based on our results, the main malaria vectors in the region are still susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides. Therefore, we propose the use of pyrethroids with low irritancy effect in rotation with carbamate insecticides in two interval seasonal peaks of malaria transmission. Biological control including larvivorous fishes, using of local made Bacillus thuringiensis and larvicides such as chlorpyrifos-methyl are the main larval control in the region. Result on larval test exhibited the susceptibility of main vectors to some larvicides, although the 100% mortality was not obtained using fenitrothion and this is postulated the use of this insecticide in agriculture pest control. Monitoring and evaluation of insecticides resistance in malaria vectors in the region could provide an essential clue for judicious use of insecticides.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Patterns of insecticide resistance in larval Culex pipiens populations in Israel: dynamics and trends.

Resistance to insecticides of larval Culex pipiens populations in Israel has been monitored for ten years and the results were used for control planning. The insecticides tested were the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, fenthion, and temephos and the pyrethroids permethrin and cypermethrin. Over the years the relative resistance (R/R) values to chlorpyrifos in most populations tested were between 200-400, with records of up to 700 R/R. Practically no susceptible populations were found and the compound has been withdrawn from use, resulting in a decrease in the relative resistance values. In 1996 when fenthion was reintroduced, no resistant populations were found, but in the following years significant resistance appeared in an increasing number of populations with values lower than recorded for chlorpyrifos but still high (up to 100 R/R). All populations tested were found to be susceptible to temephos and accordingly the compound was reintroduced in 2002. Over the ten years, no significant resistance to cypermethrin was found in the majority of the populations tested, while a trend of increased resistance to permethrin was noted with a few records of >1000 R/R. The results demonstrate the importance of continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance for efficient mosquito control. Alternative insecticides and methods of control are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Musca domestica L D.

Field strains of the house fly (Musca domestica L. Diptera: Muscidae) were collected in April and September 2002 from cow farms (Antalya, Izmir) and garbage dumps (Adana, Ankara, Istanbul, Sanliurfa) in Turkey. The resistance levels of first to fifth generation offspring were evaluated against six insecticides (cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, resmethrin, fenitrothion). Resistance levels for pyrethroid group insecticides ranged from 23.27 (permethrin-Istanbul fall strain) to 633.09 (cypermethrin-Izmir spring strain) and for fenitrothion ranged from 5.78 (Istanbul fall strain) to 51.04 (Antalya spring strain). Our results showed that pyrethroid resistance was high and changed from spring to fall in relation to usage and application frequencies of these compounds at the study sites. Although fenitrothion resistance levels were determined to be lower than pyrethroids, these levels were still high and led to control failure. Flies from cow farms were more resistant than those from garbage dumps, but resistance levels for Sanliurfa and Adana strains were also high in relation to usage of different insecticides for agricultural purposes. Although resistance levels against different pyrethroids decreased from spring to fall, these levels still indicated the presence of a strong selective pressure on the populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Encounter the poultry red mite resistance to acaricides in Czechoslovak poultry-farming.

Poultry red mite susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin, tetramethrin, trichlorfon, fenitrothion, carbaryl and DDT, respectively, was screened within the territory of Bohemia by a method of diagnostic doses. The survey indicated widely spread resistance to DDT; in a few cases ineffectivity of permethrin, tetramethrin and trichlorfon, respectively, was also documented.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) midge population study and laboratory evaluation of larvicides against midges inhabiting the lagoon of Venice, Italy.

Chironomid larval densities in the saltwater lagoon of Venice, Italy, were assessed in the spring of 1984. Four organophosphates; chlorpyrifos, temephos, fenthion and fenitrothion, and three pyrethroids; cypermethrin, permethrin and deltamethrin, were tested in the laboratory against field-collected larvae. Three industrial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) were also tested as midge larvicides. Only Chironomus salinarius occurred in the benthic samples taken from different sections of the lagoon. The densities of this species ranged from 0 to 38,976 larvae/m2. The highest mean larval density of 15,673/m2 was encountered in a section of the lagoon adjacent to Venice airport and receiving large quantities of raw sewage. The lowest mean density (less than 1 larva/m2) existed in another area of the lagoon receiving discharge from chemical industry. Cypermethrin and permethrin were 21-233X more active against the larvae than the four organophosphates. Chlorpyrifos was the most active organophosphate. Formulations of B.t.i. were economically ineffective against the larvae.

Animals↗