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PubMed1992

Urinary excretion of o-cresol and hippuric acid after toluene exposure in rotogravure printing.

In 62 male rotogravure printers, the time-weighted average (TWA) toluene exposure during one workweek ranged from 8 to 496 mg/m3 (median 96). Post-shift urinary excretion of hippuric acid showed a poor correlation with the air toluene concentration. Level of o-cresol excretion ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 mmol/mol creatinine and was associated with the exposure (rS = 0.57, P less than 0.0001), although the variation was considerable. However, this metabolite was significantly influenced by smoking habits, both in the workers (0.34 vs 0.10 mmol/mol creatinine after adjustment to zero exposure for the smokers and non-smokers, respectively; P = 0.03) and in 21 unexposed controls (0.18 vs 0.06 mmol/mol creatinine; P = 0.002). The excretion of these metabolites was followed during vacation, when the workers were unexposed. The shared one-compartment half-time was 44 h (+/- SE 30, 82). After 2-4 weeks of vacation, the concentration of o-cresol was significantly higher for the smokers than the non-smokers (0.14 vs 0.06 mmol/mol creatinine; P = 0.02). No smoking-associated difference was found for the urinary hippuric acid concentration. However, there was an association between alcohol consumption and hippuric acid excretion (P = 0.03); no such difference was shown for o-cresol. These results demonstrate that hippuric acid excretion is unsuitable for biological monitoring of toluene exposure when the exposure level is below 200 mg/m3. Also, in spite of the favourable excretion kinetics, the impact of smoking and the large interindividual variation warrant the same conclusion for o-cresol as a means of monitoring low level exposure in an individual worker.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Toluene in venous blood during and after work in rotogravure printing.

Toluene exposure was studied in 62 male rotogravure printers, employed in three plants. The exposure level as measured by personal sampling during a week ranged from 8 to 1080 mg/m3 (median 96). The concentration of toluene in venous blood sampled directly after work correlated significantly with the time-weighted average (TWA) for toluene in air during the preceding workshift (n = 57, Spearman's r = 0.84, P less than 0.00001). The post-shift toluene level in venous blood is usable for biological monitoring of exposure. An air level of 100 mg/m3 corresponds to an average blood toluene level of 2.9 mumol/l; an air level of 300 mg/m3 to 8.2 mumol/l. The elimination of toluene is slow. Thus, toluene was detected in most Monday pre-shift blood samples and the levels increased statistically significantly during the work week (median 0.21 versus 0.42 mumol/l, P less than 0.0001). The toluene level in venous blood sampled directly before work on Thursday/Friday was found to be a function of the estimated mean exposure during the work week. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the mean exposure during the week was a good predictor for the concentration of toluene in venous blood before work at the end of the week (n = 52, r = 0.71). Thus, pre-shift blood values at the end of the week can be used as a biological index for the weekly exposure, when the variation of the ambient toluene concentration is known. The slow decrease of toluene in venous blood was followed in six workers for two weeks after cessation of exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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PubMed1998

Increased acquired dyschromatopsia among solvent-exposed workers: an epidemiology study on 249 employees of an aluminum-foil printing factory.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects on color vision of chronic exposure to mixtures of solvents including ethyl acetate, ethanol, and ketones among the workers of a large factory specializing in the manufacture of photoengraved aluminum packaging. METHODS: We analyzed a group of 129 subjects who had been exposed to solvents for more than 3 years (mean age 40 years, range 25 59 years) and a nonexposed group of 120 subjects (mean age 41 years, range 21-57 years). The two groups had a similar length of service (17 and 19 years on average, respectively). The exposed subjects consumed more tobacco and alcohol than the nonexposed workers. The study involved administration of the Lanthony D-15 desaturated test. The subjects were classified as having or not having dyschromatopsia on the basis of Lanthony's criteria and the chromatic confusion index (CCI) was calculated according to Bowman's method. After observation of the work stations and analysis of an occupational questionnaire the findings were used to construct a cumulative exposure index covering the whole of each subject's working life. Air samples were taken at each work station and in each production sector to determine current exposure. RESULTS: The average cumulative exposure index was 194 (median 174, range 27-513). The average hygienic effect index (according to ACGIH recommendations), regularly used for atmospheres containing mixtures of products, varied between 12% and 27% of the occupational limit values permitted under French legislation. As regards color vision, 23% of the exposed group had dyschromatopsia, as did 13% of the nonexposed group, with the odds ratio (OR) adjusted for age and consumption of tobacco and alcohol being 1.99 (1.02, 3.89). The analysis of the dose-response relationship according to the cumulative exposure index showed an OR of 1.59 for the lowly exposed group (index < 174) and an OR of 2.40 for the highly exposed group (index > 174) as compared with the nonexposed group. Subjects with complex color vision loss (n=23) had a significantly higher cumulative exposure index than those with blue-yellow loss (n=23; 232 versus 155; P=0.04). The CCI was on average higher in the exposed group, but the difference between the two groups was not significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study are in favor of an increased risk for impairment of chromatic discrimination among workers exposed to mixtures of solvents including mainly ethyl acetate, ethanol, and ketones.

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