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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The chicken major histocompatibility complex in disease resistance and poultry breeding.

Numerous studies confirm that genes in the chicken major histocompatibility complex exert major genetic control over host resistance to autoimmune, viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases. Examples of major histocompatibility complex associations with traits of growth and reproduction in the chicken are also available. Thus, the major effects of the major histocompatibility complex on the economically important traits of disease resistance, growth, and reproduction make the major histocompatibility complex a valuable subject for intensive analysis in agricultural species. This paper examines, as a model for integration of genetics and immunology, the research on the chicken major histocompatibility complex, which confirmed its role in genetic control of disease resistance, focusing on Marek's disease, a virally induced cancer. Current knowledge of associations of the chicken major histocompatibility complex with specific disease resistance, immune response, and other economic traits are selectively reviewed. Use of major histocompatibility complex typing in the poultry industry, including speculation about future applications, is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Serological response and resistance to Newcastle disease in vaccinated poultry].

Studies was the titer of antihemagglutinins of a total of 3263 serum samples taken from birds routinely vaccinated against Newcastle disease, originating from various poultry farms of the country. Chosen were 139 birds in which a weak serologic response was established through spray, aerosol, and injectable live vaccines (strain La Sota, Komarov). These birds were challenged by intramuscular application of 10(6) ELD50/bird of a velogenic viscerotropic virus of ND. High specific resistance was established in the various groups of birds regardless of the low level of serum antihemagglutinins. In all such cases individual birds of the flock responded after vaccination with a high titer of serum antibodies, so the application of an active vaccine was indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Experience in the sanation of a pedigreed poultry farm pullorum disease].

A trial was carried out for the sanitation of three elite flocks of a total of 3578 chickens on a pedigree poultry farm applying the method of eliminating the infected birds. These were detected with the use of the whole-serum agglutination reaction (after Huddleson) and the tube agglutination reaction (after Wright). No means whatever were used to control the disease. Routine microbiologic methods were employed, however, to examine the eggs, embryos, and chicks obtained from these flocks. Thorough disinfection on the premises including all equipment as well as deratization were conducted after each investigation and elimination of infected birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Properties of local velogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus in poultry].

Studies were carried out on four strains of the Newcastle disease virus, isolated in Bulgaria and referred, as typed by the routinely used methods, to the velogenic group. The strains proved to be hemagglutinin - thermostable. Two of the local virus strains (Rosa and Toutrakan) belonged to the velogenic-neurotropic pathogenic type, and two (Bregovo and Haskovo) - to the velogenic - viscerotropic pathogenic one. All four strains were slowly eluated from chicken erythrocytes. Full immunologic similarity was established between these strains by means of the live vaccines used in this country for the specific prevention of Newcastle disease, produced with the lentogenic strains Hitchner B1 and La Sota and the mesogenic Komarov.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Detection of extraneous agents in vaccines using the polymerase chain reaction of Newcastle disease virus in poultry biologicals.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in poultry vaccine was applied to the detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), using two primer pairs spanning the cleavage site of the FO fusion protein coding sequence. Amplification of a specific cDNA segment was possible from live and inactivated, oil-adjuvanted NDV vaccines without previous treatment. The RT-PCR was able to detect between 5 x 10(2) EID50 (in live vaccine preparations) and 10(5) EID(50) or 0.056 haemagglutinating units of NDV (in inactivated vaccine preparations). In addition, live vaccine preparations were inactivated with beta-propiolactone (beta-PL). Amplified cDNA was obtained after treatment with 0.1% beta-PL, whereas at a concentration of 1% or 10% no specific bands were visible in the agarose gel. These results demonstrate the applicability of the method for the control of poultry vaccines by ensuring the absence of extraneous agents.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of "major genes" affecting disease resistance in poultry in respect to their potential for commercial breeding.

The evaluation of "major genes" is an essential step before their commercial utilization and transfer into a breeding population is considered. Of particular importance is, whether the effects of a "major gene" are independent of the genetic background into which it is introduced. This aspect has been investigated in respect to "major genes" affecting disease resistance in poultry. One of these controls genetic resistance to Leukosis virus (ALV) infection. Such infections have a negative effect on egg production and can result in increased mortality from causes other than Leukosis. The other "major gene" concerns B blood groups - genetic markers of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the fowl - which influence resistance to Marek's disease. The effects of these major genes on egg production and/or viability were studied in three Leghorn lines of different origin and in crossbred combinations of these lines. For either of the "major genes", significant interactions with genetic characteristics of lines have been found which might induce changes of their effects on performance traits in different purebred and crossbred populations. To ignore this, could lead to false decisions when evaluating the potential benefit of known "major genes" for genetic improvement of economic merit. From the point of view of practical poultry breeding, "major genes" need to be evaluated on the basis of the effects achieved in crossbreds of the particular breeding lines, before making decisions about their utilization.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Foot-and-mouth disease: susceptibility of domestic poultry and free-living birds to infection and to disease--a review of the historical and current literature concerning the role of birds in spread of foot-and-mouth disease viruses.

Ruminants and pigs are the dominant natural hosts of food-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses. Approximately 70 additional mammalian species are found to be susceptible under natural or experimental conditions. Reptilia, amphibia, and fish are probably naturally resistant to infection. According to the reviewed literature, domestic birds (chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, ducks and geese) have been experimentally infected with some strains of FMD viruses and may develop lesions suggestive of FMD such as vesicular lesions on the comb, wattles, eye lids, and feet. Since chickens are to some extent coprophagous, chickens get infected by ingestion of virus under conditions of natural exposure or their plumage gets contaminated in an infectious environment. Thus, domestic birds kept in free-run systems may serve as virus vectors for short distances. Free-living birds, especially starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), sea gulls (Larus canus), house-sparrows (Passer domesticus) have been successfully experimentally infected and developed vesicular lesions on the skin and mucosal membranes of the mouth. During epizootics of FMD the plumage of these free-living birds can be contaminated with FMD viruses and the virus is spread over long distances during migration periods in spring and autumn. Thus migrating birds may assume an active role in long distance dissemination of FMD viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Comparative studies of methods for the detection of immune carriers of the Newcastle disease virus in poultry].

Mass prophylactic vaccinations have radically chaugned the clinical syndrome, pathogenesis, and morphological picture of the Newcastle disease: clinically it is manifested with respiratory troubles, and morphologically--with tracheitis. The method for isolating the virus on chick embryos from immune birds have proved undependable: the higher the immunity of birds, the lower the probability of virus isolation. Following the vaccination of birds after the adopted prophylactic programme and at the three-fold vaccination with a lentogenic La Sota strain and four-fold vaccination with a mesogenic Komarov strain precipitating antibodies have been detected in single serum samples only. In the presence of respiratory troubles in immune birds the rise of antiheamagglutination titers and the mass manifestation of precipitating antibodies in the blood serum is said to be an indication of the presence of a field of velogenic virus, while HI and AGPT are suitable methods for the detection of immune carriers of Newcastle disease. These can be used also for the differential diagnosis of the latent forms of infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, the diphtheroid form of pox, and CRD. In order to restrict and do away with the velogenic field strains of the Newcastle disease virus a suggestion is made to kill all birds that have shown respiratory troubles and positive results in virologic and serologic examinations through HI and AGPT.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Molecular biologic methods for epidemiological precision characterization of disease agents using Salmonella enteritidis from poultry as an example].

The principles of molecular biological methods for epidemiological investigation of infectious bacteria are described. They were applied for differentiating S. enteritidis isolates originating from poultry. Among the methods described are the determination of the chromosomal DNA fingerprints (BRENDA), the methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, plasmid profiles, and the outer membrane protein as well as lipopolysaccharide pattern. It turned out, that S. enteritidis strains isolated before 1987, in 1988 and the ones originating from Great Britain did not differ in anyone of these criteria. Consequently one has to assume, that the strains recently causing problems originate from the population of S. enteritidis which had existed in poultry before.

Animals↗