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PubMed1982

Warts among workers in poultry slaughterhouses.

The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of warts in poultry slaughterhouses. A questionnaire was administered to 1,194 workers, of whom 569 completed it. The prevalence of warts (Papilloma virus) was found to be 28.5% in slaughterhouses. In the general population it is 7-10%, reaching a peak in individuals around the age of 14 a. In the poultry slaughterhouses, the prevalence was highest (38.7%) in the age category 25-29 a, and among those who had been working 4 to 6 a (40.8%). The factors present in the work environment showed a significant correlation (alpha less than 0.05) with the presence of warts were the following: steel-mesh gloves that were too large for the wearer, work with a saw, handling of cold objects, and high humidity levels. It was concluded that mild abrasion of the skin (too-large gloves) and high humidity facilitate cutaneous infection by the virus, whereas the handling of cold objects and work with a saw provoke local vasoconstriction which could hinder the immune reaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Staphylococcus aureus in poultry slaughter lines].

The skins of slaughtered poultry were studied for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in eight poultry-processing plants. Bacteriophage typing showed that S. aureus persisted as 'house bacteria' in all slaughter lines under investigation. As a result of this fact, broilers became contaminated with S. aureus during the process of slaughter. The number of S. aureus organisms finding their way to the carcasses may vary from less than 10/g. of skin to greater than 50,000/g. of skin from one day to another when samples are taken. This finding is evidence of the fact that disinfection occurs at irregular intervals. However, the persistence of particular phage types in processing plants also suggests that the apparatus employed cannot be effectively cleansed and disinfected by a simple procedure.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1980

[Staphylococcus aureus infection in chickens in industrialized poultry units. 1. Manifestations of Staphylococcus aureus infection in chickens].

Staphylococcus aureus infection has become an increasingly grave problem in industrialised poultry farming. This first communication in a series of publications on highly involved studies and experiments describes manifestations of the most common staphylococcal infections in fowl, including synovitis with arthritis, osteomyelitis, dermatitis, endocarditis, septicaemia, wound infection, and ophthalmitis. Reference in greater detail is made to manifestations with more important economic consequences, such as synovitis with arthritis, osteomyelitis, and dermatitis. Their frequency, dependence on age, clinical patterns, pathomorphology, pathogenesis are expounded together with peculiarities of differential diagnosis, with reference being made to findings obtained by the authors from their own studies on three industrialised poultry units.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Drug resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry].

A study was carried out to investigate the sensitivity of 326 salmonella strains with regard to the antibiotics: penicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol and furazolidone. A tendency towards an increase of the salmonella strains resistant to tetracycline was observed. Such a tendency was not found with chloramphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, carbenicillin and furazolidone. An idea is endorsed, namely, that an increased use of large-spectre antibiotics for prophylaxis ends and treatment in poultry-raising has not brought about the development of a sufficient medicinal resistance with salmonellas. Medicinal preparations are recommended for keeping down the salmonelloses with poultry--namely, a mixture of chloramphenicol and furazolidone. It is pointed out that on the basis of these studies a good effect is to be expected also of the implementation of gentamicin, kanamycin and carbenicillin.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Microbiological studies in poultry meat production].

Microbiologic studies were carried out in the production of poultry meat in a poultry dressing combine of the Stork system. Examined were a total of 125 washing samples taken at the 9th, 11th and 15th hour from the scalding vat, the cooling vat, the machine of eviscerating and the skin surface after plucking, eviscerating and shower washing and prior to packing the carcasses. It was found that the count of aerobic organisms continuously rose during the technologic processing of the slaughtered birds with regard to the surface of the carcasses, the peak values of the total counts and that of coliforms being reached during evisceration. It was further established that shower washing of the carcasses immediately following evisceration guaranteed a washing effect so far as the microflora on the surface was concerned, amounting to 77.60 per cent. So far as the coliform bacteria was concerned this effect was found to be equal to 89.78 per cent. The total count of aerobic microflora on the surface of carcasses prior to packing was found to vary within the range of 3000 to 72000, while the count of coliforms ranged from 100 to 1800/cm2.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Isolation of ortho- and paramyxoviruses from domestic poultry in Hong Kong between November 1977 and October 1978 and comparison with isolations made in the preceding two years.

Regular surveillance of domestic poultry from Hong Kong and southern China for influenza A viruses was conducted in Hong Kong from November 1977 to October 1978. Tracheal or cloacal swabs taken from 2844 ducks, geese and fowls yielded 141 influenza viruses of which 135 were derived from ducks. The isolation rate from ducks was twice as high from the cloaca (12.1 per cent) as from the trachea (5.8 per cent). The overall frequency of isolation was 10.3 per cent and 2.3 per cent for poultry originating from southern China and Hong Kong, respectively. Fourteen of the influenza antigenic combinations recorded in this period of surveillance had been obtained in the previous two years while five were new--H2N2, H2Nav6, Hav5N2, Hav6Nav1 and Hav7Nav4. The number of combinations recorded over three years was 39, the most frequent being Hav4Nav1 which comprised one fifth of the total. All the combinations found in geese and fowl isolates, apart from Hav7Nav6 found in a fowl, have been recorded in duck isolates. Faecal/oral transmission of virus from infected pond water was thought to be an important factor in the high incidence of influenza in ducks. The existence of a large number of combinations of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens and the isolation of two viruses from the cloaca suggest that recombination is occurring in these birds. Reasons for the limited isolation of some antigenic combinations are considered. The paramyxoviruses, Newcastle disease virus and the Hong Kong avian paramyxovirus, were also isolated. Over the three year period the isolation rate of influenza and paramyxoviruses from ducks appeared to be cyclical and seasonal. Influenza was found mainly in the summer and paramyxoviruses in the winter.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A serosurvey using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against poultry pathogens in ostriches (Struthio camelus) from Zimbabwe.

Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-ostrich IgG was raised and used in commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to detect antibodies reactive with 11 poultry pathogens in sera from 149 ostriches from nine farms around Zimbabwe. Antibodies were detected to turkey rhinotracheitis virus (99%), Newcastle disease virus (23%), avian reovirus (19%), infectious bursal disease virus (15%), avian encephalomyelitis virus (15%), Mycoplasma gallisepticum and/or M. synoviae (11%), reticuloendotheliosis virus (10%), Salmonella enteritidis (8%), avian leukosis virus (3%), infectious bronchitis virus (2%), and Pasteurella multocida (< 1%). Although evidence of prior infection with turkey rhinotracheitis and newcastle disease virus was present on all farms tested, there was marked variation between farms in the prevalence of exposure to other poultry pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The characteristics of the immune response of the body in poultry plant workers with extrinsic allergic alveolitis].

There have been studied parameters characterizing cellular and humoral immunity such as T-lymphocytes, subpopulations of theophylline-sensitive (Ths-E-RFL), theophylline-resistant (Thr-E-RFL) lymphocytes, blood serum content of immunoglobulins A, M in the integrated poultry farm workers with exogenous allergic alveolitis (EAA) with regard to their work record. The results obtained pointed to the reduction of the blood serum content of T-lymphocytes, Ths-E-RFL and Thr-E-RFL in the integrated poultry farm workers with service duration ranging from 1 to 20 years, this evidencing inhibition of cellular immunity in EAA. The level of serum immunoglobulins A, M was found to be elevated in workers with a work record of 1-20 years in EAA. In summery, study into the immunologic parameters such as T-lymphocytes, Ths-E-RFL, immunoglobulins A, M levels in the blood serum of the workers with service duration 1-20 years showed reduction in T-lymphocytes, Ths-E-RFL, Thr-E-RFL and rise in immunoglobulins A, M, suggesting inhibition of the cellular link of immunity and stimulation of humoral immunity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Poultry abattoir survey of carcass condemnation for standard, vegetarian, and free range chickens.

During the period April 1991 to March 1992, data concerning the condemnation rate of standard, vegetarian, and free-range chickens were collected and summarized from one federally inspected abattoir in Ontario. The purpose of this study was to discuss the effects of diet, management, and breed of chickens on pathological lesions, ensuing condemnation rates, and consequent losses to the growers and the poultry industry. The data collected at this abattoir revealed that vegetarian chickens showed a higher condemnation rate (5.23%) for disease and nondisease conditions compared with standard (1.48%) and free-range (0.94%) chickens. Free-range chickens were approximately two weeks older than vegetarian and standard chickens at the time of slaughter. The most common causes of condemnation in vegetarian chickens was cellulitis (1.18%), followed by ascites (0.77%). Ascites and cellulitis (0.26% both) were also the most common causes of condemnation in standard chickens. Cyanosis (0.21%) and mutilation (0.17%) represented the highest rate of condemnation in free-range chickens. The low rate of pathological lesions in free-range chickens is a positive trend in poultry disease management.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

[The enzyme activity in the blood serum of poultry farmers with extrinsic allergic alveolitis].

Enzymes of blood serum with regard to length of work were studied in poultry farmers with exogenous allergic alveolitis (EAA). The results demonstrated decrease of alkaline phosphatase and creatine phosphokinase in patients with length of work ranging from 1 to 20 years. Lactate dehydrogenase level was increased in patients who had been working at the farm for 1-5 and 11-15 years while activities of hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase were found to be raised in patients with 11-15 and 16-20-year history of service respectively. Study of non-specific physiological reactivity of the body, namely of enzymes, in poultry farmers with EEA evidences development of metabolic disorders consisting in alterative and protective mechanisms and dysfermentosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Chlorinated hydrocarbons in foodstuffs of animal origin and their effect on poultry meat and fat qualities].

Test hens were administered oil solutions of chlorinated hydrocarbons of 1 ml every other day (DDT, lindane, and methoxychlor in a 2%, 1%, and 5% solution, respectively) during 15 weeks. Some indices of a biological meat quality were studied in the meat and liver of poultry killed after 5 and 15 weeks. All chlorinated hydrocarbons used did not change the melting point, setting point and saponification number of fat, the content of ash, proteins and fat in meat. All chlorinated hydrocarbons decreased, after 15 weeks' administration, the content of vitamin A in liver (by up to 25%), iodine number and levels of linoleic, linolenic and palmitic acids. The fat acid number dropped after the application of DDT and lindane, but it was raised after the application of methoxychlor. Methoxychlor increased, in a single case, the dry matter content after 15 weeks' application. It can be derived from the results that, after the application of chlorinated hydrocarbons, a biological value of poultry meat is decreased because the metabolism of fat and vitamin A in liver is likely to be affected.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Detection of extraneous agents in vaccines using the polymerase chain reaction of Newcastle disease virus in poultry biologicals.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in poultry vaccine was applied to the detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), using two primer pairs spanning the cleavage site of the FO fusion protein coding sequence. Amplification of a specific cDNA segment was possible from live and inactivated, oil-adjuvanted NDV vaccines without previous treatment. The RT-PCR was able to detect between 5 x 10(2) EID50 (in live vaccine preparations) and 10(5) EID(50) or 0.056 haemagglutinating units of NDV (in inactivated vaccine preparations). In addition, live vaccine preparations were inactivated with beta-propiolactone (beta-PL). Amplified cDNA was obtained after treatment with 0.1% beta-PL, whereas at a concentration of 1% or 10% no specific bands were visible in the agarose gel. These results demonstrate the applicability of the method for the control of poultry vaccines by ensuring the absence of extraneous agents.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The occurrence of infectious and parasitic diseases in poultry slaughtered in the district of Olsztyn, Poland, 1986-91.

During 6 years, 1986-91, in poultry processing plants in the district of Olsztyn, Poland, 37,779,959 carcasses and internal organs of slaughtered fattened poultry were (1,691,188 hens, 23,681,855 chickens, and 12,226,016 turkeys) were examined. As a result of the antemortem and postmortem inspections, 744,499 birds were condemned for human consumption, which was 1.66% of the total number of birds examined. The highest percentage of condemned birds was registered in hens (2.4%) and the lowest in chickens (1.27%). By means of a medical examination, the following diseases were diagnosed most frequently in chickens: Marek's disease in 2,265 birds (0.095%), salmonellosis in 13,463 birds (0.056%), coccidiosis in 9,548 birds (0.04%), and chronic illness of the respiratory system in 377 birds (0.0016%). In hens, salmonellosis was found in 15,951 birds (0.94%), tuberculosis in 301 birds (0.018%), leukemia in 122 birds (0.007%), and aspergillosis in 71 birds (0.0042%). In turkeys, chronic illness of the respiratory system was found in 23,938 birds (0.196%), aspergillosis in 13,243 birds (0.11%), salmonellosis in 3,918 birds (0.032%), and leukemia in 29 birds (0.00024%).

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1996

Serum immunoglobulin responses among broiler chickens fed Ugandan commercial poultry feeds and vaccinated against Newcastle disease.

Responses to the La Sota strain Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine virus were monitored in 240 Ross breed broilers fed 4 Ugandan commercial feeds, Fs, F1, F2 and F3. The production of IgM, IgG and haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies, were monitored from day 28 of age for 4 weeks using the ELISA assay and HI-test. All broilers were sero-negative before vaccination. The Fs, F1, F2 and F3 feeds had metabolisable energy/crude protein ratios of 599, 870, 823 and 685 respectively, and had significant (P < 0.05) differences in the development of IgM, IgG and HI titres. Commercial feed FI reduced IgM (31.9%); IgG (30.9%) and HI (54.5%) titres. Commercial feed F2 reduced IgG (30.2%) and HI (36.4%) titres but did not affect IgM. Commercial feed F3 reduced IgG (16.3%) but affected neither IgM nor HI titres. Peak HI titres of F1 (2(2.5)) and F2 (2(3.5)) were below the HI titre (2(5.2)) that prevents 100% mortality due to virulent ND virus infection. Per cent loss of IgM titres in broilers that had sero-converted was 100% (F1), 25% (F2), 25% (F3) and 20% (Fs) by week 4. Per cent loss of IgG titre was 12.5% (F1), 16.7% (F2), 7.2% (F3) and 4% (Fs) by week 5. However, none of the feeds affected the time of attaining maximum sero-conversion at week 2 (IgM), week 3 (HI titres) and week 4 (IgG) in the flocks. The lack of standardisation of poultry feed quality in Uganda may be a shortcoming in successful protection of poultry by vaccination against ND.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Biofilms associated with poultry processing equipment.

Aerobic and Gram-negative bacteria were enumerated on non-metallic surfaces and stainless steel test pieces attached to equipment surfaces by swabbing and a mechanical dislodging procedure, respectively, in a South African grade B poultry processing plant. Changes in bacterial numbers were also monitored over time on metal test pieces. The highest bacterial counts were obtained from non-metallic surfaces such as rubber fingered pluckers and plastic defeathering curtains which exceeded the highest counts found on the metal surfaces by at least 1 log CFU cm-2. Gram-negative bacterial counts on all non-metallic surface types were at least 2 log CFU cm-2 lower than corresponding aerobic plate counts. On metal surfaces, the highest microbial numbers were obtained after 14 days exposure, with aerobic plate counts ranging from 3.57 log CFU cm-2 to 5.13 log CFU cm-2, and Gram-negative counts from 0.70 log CFU cm-2 to 3.31 log CFU cm-2. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of bacterial cells on non-metallic and metallic surfaces associated with poultry processing. Rubber 'fingers', plastic curtains, conveyor belt material and stainless steel test surfaces placed on the scald tank overflow and several chutes revealed extensive and often confluent bacterial biofilms. Extracellular polymeric substances, but few bacterial cells were visible on test pieces placed on evisceration equipment, spinchiller blades and the spinchiller outlet.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Salmonella in retail poultry in Northern Ireland.

A prospective survey was carried out in Northern Ireland between February and August 1994 to assess the current levels of salmonella in retail chickens, and to determine whether contamination rates differed between chickens sold in supermarkets and by butchers. One hundred and forty chilled and frozen raw chickens were sampled from retail display and examined for the presence of salmonella using an approved method. Contamination was commoner in chickens that were chilled, sold from smaller premises, and reared or slaughtered outside Northern Ireland. Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 was the most commonly isolated type. The contamination rate of about 7% is considerably lower than in Great Britain and this may partially explain the lower rate of human salmonella infections in Northern Ireland. This finding supports the recommendations made in the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Standards of Food's report on poultry meat, since many of the improvements proposed are already in operation in areas of the Northern Ireland poultry industry.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum infection of poultry: experiences in Switzerland].

37 Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum-strains were isolated from dead poultry between 1986 and 1996. All strains except one belonged to the biovar pullorum. 33 isolates were from fancy poultry flocks, four from backyard flocks. 10 of 12 chicks and 10 of 25 adult birds showed clinical signs of disease. The growing significance of fancy and backyard flocks as a reservoir for S. gallinarum-pullorum is emphasized in view of the increase in free range management of commercial layer and broiler flocks.

Animals↗