[Medical popularization in the nineteenth century: the case of compact health dictionaries].
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University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute ran its ninth annual Leadership Dinner with record-high results: $522,115. Every year, invitations use a traditional design incorporating the university's venerable 1787 logo. The event receives a boost from an internal awards event for hospital staffers, held the day prior to the dinner. In the two past years, the dinner was recognized by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette as the "Best Awards Dinner" in the area.
The traditional managed care strategies of capitation and selective provider contracting are losing their punch, as members have demanded broader networks and providers have pushed demands for fee-for-service payment. Health plans looking to regain an advantage can capitalize on two emerging disease management strategies--both of which rely on analyzing member data.
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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the information available to smokers who started smoking in the early days of research on smoking and health. The main topics of investigation in our study were: How much information on the health hazards of smoking was available to non-professionals in Norway between 1940 and 1960? What characterised this information, and did it change in quantity or quality over this period? MATERIALS AND METHODS: Representative samples of health magazines and books from 1940 to 1960 were analysed for information on the health effects of smoking. Frequency and size of articles were registered and a basic statistical analysis of the information performed. RESULTS: There was a slight increase in the amount of literature published on the subject. Religious publications were the most direct in their communication and the most consistent in recommending non-smoking. Compared to other publications, they eagerly speculated on underlying physiological mechanisms. The non-religious publications seem to better reflect the general discussions and disagreements in the field; according to several, only "exaggerated" smoking constituted a threat to health; "moderate consumption" was considered harmless. INTERPRETATION: While religious literature engaged in overt and sometimes undue speculation, the non-religious publications in the sample seemed to reflect a belief in the harmlessness of a "normal" consumption of cigarettes. The debates and disagreements in the scientific community are also more apparent in the non-religious publications.
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