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PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes toward advertising among Fellows of the American Academy of Ophthalmology: 1988.

In order to determine the advertising practices of ophthalmologists in the United States, and to understand their feelings toward advertising, a multiple-choice survey of 5,000 ophthalmologists (all Fellows of the American Academy of Ophthalmology) was mailed on July 5, 1988. The questionnaire was mailed to an nth-name sample taken from a Zip-sequence mailing list obtained from the Academy. Six weeks after the mailing over 2,000 replies had been obtained. The replies were analyzed using DBase III software. Survey data were crosstabulated so that advertising practices and attitudes could be analyzed with respect to the age of the ophthalmologist, volume of cataract surgeries per month, and geographic location. There seemed to be a direct correlation between cataract surgery volume and tendency to advertise. There was a greater tendency for younger ophthalmologists to advertise. There did not seem to be great geographic variation with respect to advertising practices.

Advertising↗
PubMed1990

[Progress in ophthalmology in the last 25 years].

UNLABELLED: In the last 25 years, ophthalmology has: 1. seen great changes, more in surgical and diagnostic aspects, less in pharmacology. SURGERY: General introduction of the operating microscope and improvements in microsurgial techniques; replacement of the opacified crystalline lens with a plastic intraocular implant; vitreal surgery for treating advanced diabetic vitreo-retinopathy and complicated retinal detachments; thermal, photodisruptive, and photoablative application of laser light for treatment of diabetic retinopathy, of glaucoma, and of post-cataract capsular membrane formation; improvements in keratoplasty; radiation therapy of choroidal malignant melanomas. DIAGNOSTICS: Fluorescein angiography, automated computer perimetry; echography; improved electro-physiological examinations; new imaging techniques [CT and NMR]. Medical treatment: Introduction of beta blockers in the treatment of glaucoma, virostatics for corneal herpes [Iodoxyuridine, Vidarabine, Trifluorthymidine, Acyclovir], Cyclosporine-A for keratoplasty--these are most of the landmarks. 2. witnessed a breakthrough in clinical therapeutical trials with controlled, randomized, multi-center studies, particularly in the USA to answer the question concerning the efficacy of therapy in disease entities having poor prognosis, e.g. of diabetic retinopathy or of senile macular degeneration. 3. experienced a change in its structure through an enormous increase in knowledge and in diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities with subspecialization in research and clinic, through an increase in the number of permanent and training positions in the clinics with a corresponding increase in privately practicing ophthalmologists, and through improvements in surgery, permitting drastically reduced hospitalization periods or even partial transfer of surgery from the clinic to the private practice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Eye Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The formation of Russian ophthalmological terminology.

In 1751 a German oculist, Joseph Hillmer, has been expelled from Petersburg, for the reason that he was a charlatan. Afterwards the director of the Medical Chancellery at Petersburg, Herman Kaau Boerhaave, a nephew of the great Herman Boerhaave, was obliged to defend the decision of his medical board versus Hillmer against political imputations, which had been created by high-ranked people of the Russian court. Therefore he compiled all the documents about Hillmer's practizing in Russia, which had become a book, printed in 1751/52 at Petersburg. These "Cancellariae Medicae acta cum oculista Iosepho Hillmero" are the first printed source of Russian ophthalmological terminology, by which we may study the formation of that specialized medical language in Russian.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reflections on the timeliness and utility of an ambulatory glaucoma center as part of the Colţea Ophthalmologic Clinic and the Bucharest Municipal Hospital].

The paper presents several remarks on opportunity and usefulness of the centre for outpatient follow up of glaucoma within the "Colţea" Ophthalmology Clinic and of the Bucharest Municipal Hospital. The unconfirmed, suspected patients were not considered glaucomatous. The exam of the eye has to be complete, to include the systematic investigation of the ocular tension, and of the visual field, by evidencing scotoma in Bjerrum's area photometric disharmonies and chromatic alterations. A special attention must be paid to the low pressure glaucoma, as a peculiar evolution form of glaucoma with open angle.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1989

Ophthalmology consultations at a large teaching hospital.

We reviewed 100 consecutive ophthalmology consultations performed on inpatients at a large teaching hospital to help identify areas that may require greater emphasis in the medical school and housestaff curriculum. Nonophthalmologists rarely record visual acuities or perform dilated fundus examinations. If visual acuity determination were more consistently made a part of routine physical examinations, it is possible that more pathology would be detected and non-productive consultations could be minimized. We plan to emphasize these observations in our school's curriculum more than in the past.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The practice of electrophoresis of lacrimal proteins in routine ophthalmology].

Our Area is a privileged place in the lacrymal pathology studying. We study 286 patients with possible dry eye syndrome (552 tear electrophoretic drawings analysed). Our method is based on Lioted S works. It adds the centrifugation and floating proteins collecting stage. Our analysis emphasizes the good laboratory results reproduction, the good agreements between clinical and immunologic tests in 4 pathological groups. Included in our daily ophthalmologic practical for 3 years, the tear proteins electrophoresis find its opportunity in the difficult dry eye syndromes diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Ophthalmology in the 18th century: the "oculist seculum" in Berlin].

At least 15 oculists were known in Berlin in the eighteenth century, beginning with Johann Andreas Eisenbarth, who visited the Prussian royal residence five times. From 1725 on, four oculists resided in Berlin for up to 33 years. Since 1740, lectures on ophthalmology had been given here as part of the surgery curriculum at Berlin Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum by Simon Pallas and, as of 1769, by Joachim Friedrich Henckel. Both of them taught the traditional method of couching the cataracts, which they also treated themselves. Christian Ludwig Mursinna first used the cataract-extraction method by Daviel at the Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum when he was appointed Professor of Surgery in 1787. The oculists who visited Berlin had demonstrated this new surgical method at least 15 years earlier. The very first cataract extraction in Berlin seems to have been done by the French military surgeon Taverne in 1755. There were two charlatans among the oculists: John Taylor, who was expelled from Berlin and Prussia in 1750, because Frederik II had found him to be an English spy. The same king appointed the other charlatan, Joseph Hillmer from Vienna, a Professor of Ophthalmiatrics at the Collegium Medico-Chirurgicum, in 1748. Hillmer's charlatanism was proven by the Medical Chancellery at Petersburg when he visited Russia in 1751. The Director of the Russian Medical Supervising Board, Herman Kaau Boerhaave, documented this affair in a book, which is the first printed source of Russian medical language. Hillmer was expelled from Russia. He had never given lectures in ophthalmiatrics in Berlin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Berlin↗
PubMed1989

Optometry or ophthalmology? A historical review of early literature.

In scientific literature dating back to the days of Leonardo da Vinci and earlier, all works and discoveries--be they in eye care, eyewear, ocular anatomy or surgery--are reported from a medical viewpoint as "contributions" to the development of ophthalmology. This paper reviews some of the early literature, points out those events that lay the foundation for the profession of optometry, and encourages optometrists to preserve their profession's heritage through research and writing from an optometric point of view.

Europe↗
PubMed1989

Needlestick injuries in ophthalmology.

Because serious nosocomial diseases can be transmitted by needlestick injuries, a retrospective review of needlestick injuries was conducted for a period of 2.5 years at a major university teaching hospital. The objective was to determine the needlestick injury rate among employees of the Department of Ophthalmology versus the other departments. Ophthalmologists had the highest incidence per person of needle injuries among physicians. Retina and strabismus surgeons were at higher risk than anterior segment surgeons.

Hospitals, Teaching↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Development of atraumatic microneedles for use in ophthalmology].

Measurement of the force interaction of the microneedle with the pierced material helps quantitatively estimate the microneedle functional characteristics and cut down the time for control. Flat microneedles with a trihedral point require the least pricking effort; the use of such needles is most desirable in suturing solid biological tissues (cornea, sclera, etc.). Experimental samples of Soviet ophthalmologic microneedles are not inferior to foreign ones. Employment of a mathematical model helps select the optimal combinations of the values of the geometrical parameters that will provide the least pricking effort.

Microsurgery↗
PubMed1989

[Extraction magnets in ophthalmology].

Magnetic extraction of foreign bodies has been used in the ophthalmologic practice more than one hundred years. The magnetic field of the extractive magnet causes the magnetization of the material present in the foreign intraocular body. Magnetization could be induced only in the ferromagnetic bodies and enables surgeons to perform the extractions. At this time the hand-manipulated and the based magnets are used, without adequate adaptability for the needs of now prevailing ocular microsurgery. Authors explain the use of the new generation of the extraction performed by means of the permanent magnet ORMEX which is based on Czechoslovak invention of the magnetic system ORMAKON characterized by significantly increased effectivity.

Eye Foreign Bodies↗
PubMed1989

Statistical methods in ophthalmology: an adjusted chi-square approach.

Ophthalmologic studies often compare several groups of subjects for the presence or absence of some ocular finding, where each subject may contribute two eyes to the analysis, the values from the two eyes being highly correlated. Rosner (1982, Biometrics 38, 105-114) and Dallal (1988, Biometrics 44, 253-257) proposed procedures for testing whether the proportion of affected eyes is the same among the different groups, while accounting for the intrasubject correlation. In this paper we propose an alternative approach, based on a simple adjustment of the standard Pearson chi-square test for the equality of proportions. The suggested approach utilizes information on subjects who supply only one eye to the analysis, and readily generalizes to studies in which more than two units of analysis are provided by each subject.

Biometry↗
PubMed1988

Innovations and creativity in contemporary ophthalmology: preliminary experience with the phakic myopic intraocular lens.

For years, American ophthalmology has considered alternative modes of treatment for myopia. Clearly, certain degrees of high myopia are unsuitable for spectacle correction. Contact lenses are an improvement over spectacles but are not without complications. The introduction of radial keratotomy by Fyodorov led to a proliferation of procedures for the treatment of myopia by surgically altering the cornea. Verzella later introduced the concept of clear lensectomy with low-power implants for the correction of myopia. Although phakic myopic intraocular lenses were tried and abandoned in the 1950s, it is my contention that this modality should be reconsidered. I discuss some preliminary experiences with the phakic myopic intraocular lens.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in ophthalmologic practice.

The risk of acquiring HIV infection during an ophthalmologic examination appears to be small but theoretically present. Since it is not always possible to ascertain the presence of HIV infection and because of the grave consequences of infection, all patients must be considered potential carriers. Appropriate preventive measures are imperative. Fortunately, HIV is easily eradicated from the environment. Routine handwashing and cleansing of equipment are normally sufficient to prevent its spread. The fear of AIDS effectively reminds us to adhere to high standards of infection control. This has the added benefit of protecting both physician and patient from other, less lethal but more infective conditions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Artificial lenses at the Institute of Tropical Ophthalmology of Africa].

The authors present a report on the first set of twenty-three intra-ocular lenses fitting on subjects from Mali, performed at the "Tropical African Ophthalmology Institute" (I.O.T.A.) from december 1983 up to december 1984. This report deals mainly about the implants of the inner aqueous chamber of the eye after the intracapsular extraction. The mechanical complications and inflammatory corneal and retinal consequences which occurred after the surgical operation are being tested. None of these complications has questioned the visual and functional prognosis. So, the results seem quite good. Nevertheless, the mass-surgery concerning the cataract with the fixing of an intra-ocular lens will be able to be considered when the cost of the implants is materially reduced.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Public health ophthalmology: a comprehensive model for the prevention of blindness in developing nations.

In recent years, blindness in developing nations has been increasingly recognized as a public health problem requiring new approaches. To better prepare eye care professionals to assume their multidisciplinary responsibilities as epidemiologists, health planners, administrators, and educators, a new conceptual model is presented. This eye care plan and delivery scheme for developing nations attempts to integrate three essential disciplines of blindness prevention (epidemiology, administration, and education) with six major causes of blindness (cataract, trachoma, glaucoma, xerophthalmia, onchocerciasis, and leprosy) at three levels of intervention (community, primary, and secondary). The result can be conceptualized as a three-dimensional geometric model. This spatial construct has many practical applications and should serve as a useful frame of reference for eye care professionals and organizations active in international ophthalmology and blindness prevention in developing countries.

Blindness↗
PubMed1979

[Behaviour of plasma-cortisol during ophthalmological operations in patients under electrostimulation anaesthesia (author's transl)].

Plasma cortisol was determined before, during and after ophthalmological operations. These were performed under electrostimulation anaesthesia using adhesive electrodes attached to the dermatome of the site of operation. Plasma cortisol decreased after premedication and induction of anaesthesia; it increased continuously during surgery beyond the end of operation. Thirty minutes after extubation plasma cortisol decreased again.

Acupuncture Therapy↗