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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Computational neurogenetic modelling: a pathway to new discoveries in genetic neuroscience.

The paper presents a methodology for using computational neurogenetic modelling (CNGM) to bring new original insights into how genes influence the dynamics of brain neural networks. CNGM is a novel computational approach to brain neural network modelling that integrates dynamic gene networks with artificial neural network model (ANN). Interaction of genes in neurons affects the dynamics of the whole ANN model through neuronal parameters, which are no longer constant but change as a function of gene expression. Through optimization of interactions within the internal gene regulatory network (GRN), initial gene/protein expression values and ANN parameters, particular target states of the neural network behaviour can be achieved, and statistics about gene interactions can be extracted. In such a way, we have obtained an abstract GRN that contains predictions about particular gene interactions in neurons for subunit genes of AMPA, GABAA and NMDA neuro-receptors. The extent of sequence conservation for 20 subunit proteins of all these receptors was analysed using standard bioinformatics multiple alignment procedures. We have observed abundance of conserved residues but the most interesting observation has been the consistent conservation of phenylalanine (F at position 269) and leucine (L at position 353) in all 20 proteins with no mutations. We hypothesise that these regions can be the basis for mutual interactions. Existing knowledge on evolutionary linkage of their protein families and analysis at molecular level indicate that the expression of these individual subunits should be coordinated, which provides the biological justification for our optimized GRN.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Siren call of metaphor: subverting the proper task of neuroscience.

Under the assumption that nervous systems form a distinct category among the objects in Nature, applying metaphors of psychological and behavioral science disciplines is flawed and invites confusion. Moreover, such practices obscure and detract from the primary task of Neurophysiology: to investigate the intrinsic properties of nervous systems, uncontaminated with concepts borrowed from other disciplines.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A relational database application in support of integrated neuroscience research.

The development of relational databases has significantly improved the performance of storage, search, and retrieval functions and has made it possible for applications that perform real-time data acquisition and analysis to interact with these types of databases. The purpose of this research was to develop a user interface for interaction between a data acquisition and analysis application and a relational database using the Oracle9i system. The overall system was designed to have an indexing capability that threads into the data acquisition and analysis programs. Tables were designed and relations within the database for indexing the files and information contained within the files were established. The system provides retrieval capabilities over a broad range of media, including analog, event, and video data types. The system's ability to interact with a data capturing program at the time of the experiment to create both multimedia files as well as the meta-data entries in the relational database avoids manual entries in the database and ensures data integrity and completeness for further interaction with the data by analysis applications.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMed2005

Olfactory memory formation in Drosophila: from molecular to systems neuroscience.

The olfactory nervous system of insects and mammals exhibits many similarities, which suggests that the mechanisms for olfactory learning may be shared. Molecular genetic investigations of Drosophila learning have uncovered numerous genes whose gene products are essential for olfactory memory formation. Recent studies of the products of these genes have continued to expand the range of molecular processes known to underlie memory formation. Recent research has also broadened the neuroanatomical areas thought to mediate olfactory learning to include the antennal lobes in addition to a previously accepted and central role for the mushroom bodies. The roles for neurons extrinsic to the mushroom body neurons are becoming better defined. Finally, the genes identified to participate in Drosophila olfactory learning have conserved roles in mammalian organisms, highlighting the value of Drosophila for gene discovery.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Cognitive neuroscience of human memory.

Current knowledge is summarized about long-term memory systems of the human brain, with memory systems defined as specific neural networks that support specific mnemonic processes. The summary integrates convergent evidence from neuropsychological studies of patients with brain lesions and from functional neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Evidence is reviewed about the specific roles of hippocampal and parahippocampal regions, the amygdala, the basal ganglia, and various neocortical areas in declarative memory. Evidence is also reviewed about which brain regions mediate specific kinds of procedural memory, including sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive skill learning; perceptual and conceptual repetition priming; and several forms of conditioning. Findings are discussed in terms of the functional neural architecture of normal memory, age-related changes in memory performance, and neurological conditions that affect memory such as amnesia. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.

Amnesia↗
PubMed2002

Depression: perspectives from affective neuroscience.

Depression is a disorder of the representation and regulation of mood and emotion. The circuitry underlying the representation and regulation of normal emotion and mood is reviewed, including studies at the animal level, human lesion studies, and human brain imaging studies. This corpus of data is used to construct a model of the ways in which affect can become disordered in depression. Research on the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, and amygdala is reviewed and abnormalities in the structure and function of these different regions in depression is considered. The review concludes with proposals for the specific types of processing abnormalities that result from dysfunctions in different parts of this circuitry and offers suggestions for the major themes upon which future research in this area should be focused.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuroscience, genetics, and the future of psychiatric diagnosis.

Nearly three decades after Robins and Guze's seminal delineation of the steps required to validate a psychiatric diagnosis, a pathophysiologically based classification of psychiatric disorders remains elusive. Contrary to optimistic expectations, approaches to diagnostic validity based on clinical description, laboratory studies, natural history of illness, and familial aggregation have not converged to yield a nosology based on valid disease entities. Defining a rational nosology for disorders of the brain, the body's most complex organ, is clearly one of the great challenges for modern medical science. Nonetheless, fundamental advances in our understanding of the genetic and environmental determinants of disease risk, and of the neural circuitry supporting normal and pathological mental processes promises to form the basis of improved classification in the coming decades.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Otoneuroscience and space vestibulo-neuroscience in the new century.

From a clinically oriented point of view, efforts of otoneuroscience should be directed toward an improvement of the management of dizzy and vertiginous patients. At present, the main obstacles in this field are: (1) the lack of specific therapies for many of the clinical diagnoses. This reduces the necessity of clinical vestibular diagnosis to a pragmatic exclusion of the few diseases with therapeutic consequences; (2) the lack of feedback to confirm or disprove clinical diagnoses; (3) poor knowledge of the pathophysiology of many of the otoneurological diseases; experiments in animal models may be helpful in this respect; (4) most progress in medicine originates from the results of numerous, poorly controlled 'unscientific' trial and error experiments obtained during treatment of patients; training clinicians in more scientific, critical thinking would help to increase the profits that can be realized from this important source of information; and (5) to date, information obtained during zero-gravity experiments in space have not yet led to important consequences in treatment of patients under 1-g conditions, but are important for a possible evolutionary step of mammals adapting to a new environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1996

Ethical considerations in clinical neuroscience. Current concepts in neuroclinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Ethical decision making in clinical trials has become increasingly emphasized at many levels of the review process. SUMMARY OF REVIEW: Ethical concepts applicable to neuroclinical trials are reviewed. The discussion is directed toward ethical concerns that investigators must consider and justify prior to institutional review board submission. Risk-benefit analysis, methodology (randomization, placebo, design), and consent (informed, deferred, waived) are reviewed and guidelines of the Office for Protection From Research Risk are described. CONCLUSIONS: Investigators proposing neuroclinical trials face increasing ethical scrutiny by institutional review boards. Attention to ethical issues early in the trial planning process is recommended.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗