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PubMed2000

Effect of aminoglycosides on surface hydrophobicity of Acinetobacter baumannii.

Effects of amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin at subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) (11/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 of their MICs) on the cell surface hydrophobicity of two Acinetobacter baumannii strains (7194 and 16265) were evaluated. Hydrophobicity was determined by two different methods - by adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbon (xylene) and by aggregation of bacteria in ammonium sulphate solutions at various concentrations. The adherence of A. baumannii strains to xylene decreased, mainly, after treatment with netilmicin at 1/4, 1/8 or 1/16 of the MIC (to 6.4%, 17.0% or 24.5% of the control value) (strain 7194) and after treatment with amikacin and gentamicin at 1/4 of their MICs (to 58.4% or 54.4%) (strain 16265). A decrease in surface hydrophobicity of exposed strains under these conditions was shown in salting-out test, too. Tobramycin reduced hydrophobic properties of A. baumannii strains at all tested sub-MICs to only a small extent.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of subinhibitory levels of aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolines on hydrophobicity and motility of Serratia marcescens].

The authors investigated the effect of subinhibitory quinolone concentrations (ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin) and aminoglycosides (amicacin, gentamicin, netilmicin, tobramycin) on the surface hydrophobicity and motility of the clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens. The hydrophobicity was evaluated by methods of adherence to the hydrocarbon xylene (BATH) in a salt-aggregation ammonium sulphate (SAT) test. The tested quinolones in subinhibitory concentrations inhibited the adherence of S. marcescens to xylene with the exception of 1/16 MIC ofloxacin where slight stimulation took place. The most marked inhibition of adherence was observed after the action of 1/4 MIC ciprofloxacin (to 13.2%) and pefloxacin (to 31.0%) as compared with the control. Among aminoglycosides netilmicin markedly inhibited the adherence over the whole range of concentrations, whereby 1/8 MIC suppressed it to 0.7%. With these data correlated also the results of the salt-aggregation test. The investigated antibiotics did not have a major effect on the motility of S. marcescens.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli on ostrich carcasses and the susceptibility of ostrich-origin E. coli isolates to various antibiotics.

There has been limited research on the prevalence of foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Campylobacter on ostrich carcasses. Likewise, few studies have been done in ostriches to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of common bacteria, like E. coli. In this study, ostrich carcasses were sampled from eight slaughterhouses in Ohio and one in Indiana. Although results demonstrated no E. coli O157:H7 from the carcasses sampled, 91% (116/128) of the dressed carcasses sampled had E. coli present. One carcass sample (1/152) was positive for Salmonella. Campylobacter were detected in 10% (19/191) of the carcasses. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 93 carcass E. coli isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (99%), neomycin (65%), netilmicin (2%), oxytetracycline (22%), streptomycin (2%), and trimethoprim (3%). All isolates were resistant to bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and vancomycin. For the large intestinal sampling, 149 of the 217 (69%) samples had E. coli present. Fifty of these 149 samples had E. coli levels ranging from 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units/g feces. Campylobacter were isolated from 6 of 201 (3%) samples. No Salmonella colony was detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 131 intestinal E. coli isolates showed resistance to erythromycin (98%), neomycin (66%), netilmicin (34%), oxytetracycline (34%), streptomycin (40%), and trimethoprim (13%). All isolates were resistant to bacitracin, lincomycin, penicillin, and vancomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Efficacy of a single-day administration of levofloxacin for the prevention of urinary tract infections after urogenital examinations and treatments for outpatients].

The clinical efficacy of a single-day oral administration of levofloxacin (LVFX) for the prevention of urinary tract infections (UTI) after urogenital examinations and treatments for outpatients was assessed. A single-day oral administration of LVFX, 100 mg three times a day, was compared to a single dose intra-muscular injection of 100 mg netilmicin sulfate or 100 mg dibekacin sulfate. Three of 219 cases (1.4%) and 7 of 304 cases (2.3%) contracted UTI in the single-day oral administration group and the single dose intra-muscular injection group, respectively. Adverse reactions were observed in 3 of 219 cases (1.4%) and 27 of 304 cases (8.8%) in the single-day oral administration group and the single dose intra-muscular injection group, respectively. In the single dose intra-muscular injection group, UTI and adverse reactions were more severe than in the single-day oral administration group. Therefore, a single-day oral administration of LVFX was superior to a single dose intra-muscular injection of netilmicin sulfate or dibekacin sulfate in the prevention of UTI with less probability of the adverse effects. A single-day oral administration of LVFX was concluded to be sufficient for the prevention of UTI caused by examinations and treatments for outpatients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2001

Plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Klebsiella pneumoniae species (108) isolated from tertiary care hospitalized patients were investigated for antibiotic resistance patter. 74% isolates were from urine, 13.5% from pus, 4.5% from blood and 8% from sputum. The resistance pattern of the organisms to various antibiotics were as follows: ampicillin 93.3%, cefotaxime 70%, ceftazidime 81%, gentamicin 68.5%, amikacin 63.75%, netilmicin 74%, norfloxacin 55%, ofloxacin 53%, chloramphenicol 82%, tetracycline 85%, sulphamethoxazole 96%, trimethoprim 94%. 2-4 drug resistance was found in 34.5%, 5-8 drug resistance was in 25.1% and 9-12 drug resistance was found in 40.4% of strains. Out of 65 strains, 25 strains could be successfully conjugated. Common drugs which were transferred to transconjugants were sulphamethoxazole, trimethoprim, gentamicin, netilmicin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. A large plasmid of 98.7% kb could be demonstrated in these strains by alkali denaturation method and agarose gel electrophoresis.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

[Analysis of the response factors of different aminoglycoside antibiotics detected by evaporative light-scattering detector].

AIM: To analyze if the response factors of different aminoglycoside antibiotics detected by evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) are the same. If they are, then ELSD can be applied to the quality analysis of this class of antibiotics. METHODS: The response factors of five different aminoglycosides (amikacin, sisomicin, netilmicin, etimicin and vertilmicin) detected by ELSD were determined by using a Diamonsil C18 column (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microns) as analytical column and 0.2 mol.L-1 trifluoroacetic acid-methanol (94:6) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL.min-1, the temperature of the drift tube was set at 110 degrees C, and the flow of carrier gas at 2.80 L.min-1. Detector responses (A) and the amount of injection of each substance (m) were fitted to the logarithmic regression: logA = blogm + loga. RESULTS: The linear regression equation obtained were amikacin: Y = 1.46X + 5.07, gamma = 0.9997; sisomicin: Y = 1.51X + 5.03, gamma = 0.9997; netilmicin: Y = 1.52X + 4.88, gamma = 1.000; etimicin: Y = 1.46X + 4.85, gamma = 0.9999; vertilmicin: Y = 1.41X + 4.90, gamma = 0.9998. The differences between them were negligible. CONCLUSION: Different aminoglycosides can give the same responses with ELSD detection. So, the HPLC-ELSD methods can be applied to the analysis of impurities, the control of the ratio of multi-components drug and the determination of new substances by using another substance as reference, etc.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1992

[Comparative in vitro susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates to pefloxacin and 14 antibiotics].

In vitro activity of pefloxacin against 782 bacterial strains isolated from hospitalized patients (July-September 1991) in Wrocław was compared with that of 14 antibiotics (4 aminoglycosides and 10 beta-lactamase). The most susceptible to pefloxacin were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (96.0%), Klebsiella (94.4%), Proteus mirabilis (93.8%) and Escherichia coli (92.7%). The least susceptible proved to be: nonfermentative Gram-negative rods (46.5%), and among them Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.3% weakly sensitive, 0% sensitive strains). It was found that over 80% of Gram-negative rods were susceptible to pefloxacin, amikacin, netilmicin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. The most active against staphylococci were netilmicin (92.6%), pefloxacin (89.4%) and amikacin (82.5%).

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1992

[Studies of susceptibility to antibiotics in strains of E. coli isolated from urine in the years 1986-1990].

From 1986 to 1990 research was conducted on E. coli strains isolated from patients with clinical symptoms of urinary tract infection. The paper-disk-plate technique was applied to determine their susceptibility to ampicillin, carbenicillin, azlocillin, cefamandole, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefoperazone, amikacin, netilmicin, gentamycin, vibramycin, and colistin. According to the authors' results the efficacy of ampicillin against the examined strains is as low as 3.4%. Aminoglycosides were traditionally recommended in therapy of urinary tract infections. Our research proves amikacin and netilmicin to be more effective against E. coli than gentamycin. The third-generation cephalosporins are recommended as alternative to aminoglycosides, especially since they are proved to be non-nephrotoxic. According to the results of the authors' research ceftazidime, cefotaxime and particularly ceftriaxone show the highest activity against the used strains of E. coli.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1992

[Bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics].

Aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, netilmicin, tobramycin, amikacin, may be inactivated by resistant bacteria producing three types of enzymes: O-nucleotidyltransferases, O-phosphotransferases and N-acetyltransferases. Mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance were analyzed in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria from several regions of Czecho-Slovakia and compared with the use of aminoglycosides. Production of acetyltransferases (AAC) and nucleotidyltransferases (ANT) was observed in 84% of bacterial isolates. The majority of bacterial strains studied produced the AAC/3/enzyme (62%). Due to dissemination of plasmids coding for the AAC/3/enzyme, the majority of Czecho-Slovak gentamicin-resistant strains was also tobramycin resistant (93%) and netilmicin resistant (68%). Amikacin remains the most effective aminoglycoside antibiotic against multiresistant bacterial strains.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2003

[Antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates: data from Ibni Sina Hospital for the year 2002].

Acinetobacter spp. have a special role in nosocomial infections. They usually colonize intensive care units and cause infections. Multiple antibiotic resistance is observed to be an important problem in Acinetobacter isolates in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of 277 Acinetobacter baumannii strains (99 blood, 71 abscess, 26 urine, 81 lower respiratory tract isolates) isolated from adult patients hospitalized in Ankara University Ibni Sina Hospital during one year period in 2002. The resistance rates of the strains against studied antibiotics were found as follows; 31.2% for netilmicin, 44.6% for sulbactam-cefoperazone, 53.6% for imipenem, 59.8% for amikacin, 59.9% for tobramycin, 74% for ciprofloxacin, 78% for gentamicin, 78.3% for ticarcillinclavulanate. 79.5% sulbactam-ampicillin, 82.3% for cotrimoxazole, 84.8% for ticarcillin, 87.3% for piperacillin-tazobactam, 88.1% for ceftazidime and 92.1% for piperacillin. When the isolates obtained from the reanimation unit were compared with the isolates obtained from the other hospital units, a significantly high level of resistance was found from the isolates obtained from the reanimation unit except netilmicin and sulbactam/cefoperazone. The high rate of in-vitro antibiotic resistance of the A. baumannii strains indicated the importance of controlled antibiotic usage and appliance of hospital infection control measures.

Acinetobacter Infections↗
PubMed1992

Comparative efficacy of fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, ureidopenicillins & newer cephalosporins against Pseudomonas species.

A total of 74 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 18 strains of Ps. putrefaciens were tested for sensitivity to 14 different antimicrobial agents. Ps. aeruginosa were mostly sensitive to netilmicin (81%), piperacillin (78%), amikacin (73%), azlocillin (70%), ceftazidime (69%) and pefloxacin (65%). Only 66 per cent strains of Ps. putrefaciens were sensitive to netilmicin, ceftazidime and ceftriaxone. The MIC values of the different drugs for the sensitive strains were comparable with the results of susceptibility testing. The Ps. putrefaciens strains showed greater resistance than Ps. aeruginosa.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between antimicrobial resistance and aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene expressions in Acinetobacter baumannii.

BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main gram-negative bacilli in clinical practice. Nosocomial infections caused by multi-drug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii is very difficult to treat. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance characteristics and four resistant gene expressions of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes including N-acetyltransferases and O-phosphotransferases in Acinetobacter baumannii. METHODS: Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed by Phoenix system in 247 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of seven aminoglycosides including gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, tobramycin, netilmicin, neomycin and streptomycin in 15 strains of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were detected by agar dilution. Four aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and verified by DNA sequencer. RESULTS: The resistance rates of 247 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii against cefotaxime, levofloxacin, piperacillin, aztreonam, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol were more than 50%. Imipenem and meropenem showed high antibacterial activities with resistance rates of 3.2% and 4.1%. MIC50 and MIC90 of gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin and kanamycin in 15 strains of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii were all more than 1024 mg/L, and the resistance rates were 100%, 100%, 100% and 93.3%, respectively. But their resistance rates to tobramycin, netilmicin and neomycin were 86.7%, 93.3% and 46.7%, respectively. Three modifying enzyme genes, including aacC1, aacC2 and aacA4 genes, were found in 15 strains, but aphA6 had not been detected. Their positive rates were 93.3%, 20.0% and 20.0%, respectively. These three genes existed simultaneously in No.19 strain. Nucleotide sequences of aacC1, aacC2 and aacA4 genes shared 100%, 97.9% and 99.7% identities with GenBank genes (AY307113, S68058 and AY307114). CONCLUSION: Multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains are rapidly spreading in our hospital, and their resistance to aminoglycosides may be associated with aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene expressions.

Acinetobacter baumannii↗
PubMed1992

Adhesion of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris to uroepithelial cells following exposure to various antimicrobial agents.

The effect of subinhibitory concentrations of netilmicin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, aztreonam and piperacillin on the adherence of Proteus species to uroepithelial cells was examined. Bacterial adhesion to human uroepithelial cells, measured microscopically, was affected by all five antibiotics but to different extents. The most effective was netilmicin. There was a correlation between the decreased rate of bacterial attachment and morphological changes in the drug-exposed bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1991

The antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Bacillus anthracis isolated from the Kruger National Park.

Forty-four isolates of Bacillus anthracis made from carcasses and soil in different localities of an endemic anthrax area in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, were tested by standard disc diffusion for their susceptibility to 18 different antibiotics. These were ampicillin, penicillin G, sulphatriad, streptomycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, fusidic acid, trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, methicillin, tetracycline (2 different concentrations), novobiocin, cefotaxime, netilmicin, cefamandole and cefoxitin. All the isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, methicillin and netilmicin. More than 90% of the isolates were sensitive to clindamycin, gentamicin and cefoxitin, whereas only 84.1% of the isolates were sensitive to penicillin G, 86.4% to novobiocin and 68.18% to cefamandole. Complete resistance in 100% of the isolates was encountered with trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole, with 95.45% for sulphatriad. Moderate sensitivity occurred with penicillin G (15.9% of the isolates), clindamycin (6.8%), novobiocin (13.6%), fusidic acid (84.1%), cefotaxime (100%), cefamandole (31.8%) and cefoxitin (6.8%). The relevance of the findings to the therapeutic uses of different types of antibiotic in human clinical cases referred to in the literature is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drug sensitivity of bacterial strains isolated from clinical specimens during the years 1987-1988].

Sensitivity to selected chemotherapeutics of various bacterial strains was analysed. Bacteria were isolated from the different material collected from patients within 1987-1988, and included: 690 strains of staphylococci, 465 strains of streptococci, 1224 strains of aerobic gram-negative bacilli, and 163 strains of anaerobic micro-organisms. Out of isolated staphylococci, the highest percentage was sensitive to vancomycin, pristinamycin, and fusidic acid. Vancomycin proved the most effective against streptococci followed by chloramphenicol and netilmicin . However, streptococci were highly sensitive to vancomycin within two years whereas their sensitivity to chloramphenicol and netilmicin .

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Differences in sensitivity to Augmentin (and other antibiotics) of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various specimens and patients from different clinics].

Susceptibility of 327 S. aureus strains isolated in 1988 from various materials obtained from patients hospitalized in various hospitals of Wrocław city has been studied. Antibiograms were made by the use of diffusion-disc method for 21 antibiotics, including augmentin. Penicillin and oxytetracycline showed weak action on the strains studies; percentage of sensitive strains was 8.6% and 27.6%, respectively. Efficacious effects, more than 90% of strains, showed vancomycin, rifampicin, netilmicin, cefamandole++, amikacin and cefalotin. Susceptibility for augmentin was equal to 89.3%, and for other 12 antibiotics 50 to 89%. Multiresistant strains presented 19.6% of all specimen studied: large percentage of that strains was isolated from Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy (56.8%) and pediatry departments (26.4%). Most frequently they occur in the urine (33.3%). They showed high susceptibility to vancomycin (100%), rifampicin (98.4%), netilmicin (93.8%) and cefamandole++ (85.9%). Susceptibility to augmentin was 54.7%.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1990

Efficacy and safety of aminoglycosides once-a-day: experimental and clinical data.

In vitro and animal data show that the efficacy of an aminoglycoside is primarily related to its serum peak levels and AUC, whereas its toxicity is critically dependent upon the schedule of the administration of the daily dose as well as the duration of the treatment and the total amount of drug administered. The reduction of toxicity by intermittent dosing, e.g. once-a-day dosing (q.d.) versus splitting the daily dose in multiple administrations is connected with the saturable character of the aminoglycoside transport within inner ear and renal tissues. Clinical trials have been conducted in various types of infections in order to investigate the efficacy and tolerance of aminoglycosides q.d. Using conventional criteria of evaluation, this mode of administration was found to be equally efficacious and marginally less toxic than aminoglycosides in conventional dosing regimens. We have studied the pharmacokinetics and the early signs of renal (phospolipiduria) and auditory (high frequency audiometry) alterations of aminoglycosides given q.d. and by conventional dosage schedules to patients with pelvic inflammatory disease. It was shown that netilmicin and amikacin were better tolerated q.d. than after t.i.d. or b.i.d. administration. In addition, amikacin induced less alterations than netilmicin.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1990

Electroretinographical changes due to antimicrobials.

We evaluated the retinal toxicity of antimicrobials (sulbenicillin, cefazolin, flomoxef, gentamicin, sisomicin, netilmicin, tobramycin, amikacin, vancomycin, ofloxacin, lomefloxacin, and miconazole) by the electroretinogram, before and after a single-shot intravitreal injection in rabbits. The clinical dosage for single-shot intravitreal injections which we recommend are 2 mg for sulbenicillin, 0.25 mg for cefazolin, 0.2 to 0.4 mg for flomoxef, 0.1 mg for gentamicin, 0.1 to 0.2 mg for netilmicin, 0.2 to 0.4 mg for amikacin, 0.2 mg for tobramycin, 1 mg for vancomycin, 0.2 mg for ofloxacin, 0.2 mg for lomefloxacin, and 0.05 mg for miconazole.

4-Quinolones↗