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PubMed1997

Evaluation of alternative equations for prediction of intake for Holstein dairy cows.

Six prediction equations for dry matter intake (DMI) were evaluated for accuracy with independent data. The equations were selected based on ease of parameter measurement and practical on-farm use. The equations were assessed for accuracy of predicting individual weekly DMI for primiparous (n = 105) and multiparous (n = 136) cows; three-fourths of these cows were supplemented with a sustained-release form of bovine somatotropin (bST). Large variations in accuracy were identified across the six prediction equations for effects of parity and bST. Prediction accuracy of all equations for cows in wk 1 to 24 of lactation was better for primiparous cows than for multiparous cows. Precision of prediction equations was poor for cows in wk 8 through 12 of lactation and for cows in > 40 wk of lactation. The equation for DMI with the best accuracy measured by a low total lactation mean square prediction error was the modified equation of the National Research Council: DMI (kilograms per day) = -0.293 + 0.372 x fat-corrected milk (kilograms per day) + 0.0968 x body weight 0.75 (kilograms). However, the overall mean bias (predicted minus observed) of the prediction of weekly DMI of a single cow was high for all equations, including the modified equation of the National Research Council. For wk 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20 of lactation, the mean bias for the modified equation was +6, +3.4, -1.3, -2.1, and -2.8 kg/d. The accuracy of prediction was lower for cows treated biweekly with bST. High yielding cows and cows treated biweekly with bST had higher milk yields in relation to body weight, and standardized prediction equations for DMI were less accurate.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Milk production and composition responses to the source of protein supplements in diets containing wheat middlings.

Two 3 x 3 Latin square trials were conducted to determine the effect of the source of supplemental protein in diets containing wheat middlings on milk production and composition. Cottonseed meal or meat and bone meal was substituted for a portion of the soybean meal and provided 24.5% of the total dietary crude protein. Trial 1 was conducted during fall 1989, and trial 2 was conducted during summer 1993. During trial 1, no differences in production or composition of milk were found for primiparous cows fed the various protein supplements. Multiparous cows tended to have higher dry matter intakes and produced more milk with lower milk fat percentages when fed meat and bone meal than when fed soybean meal or cottonseed meal. No differences were found among supplements for other milk components or for the production of energy-corrected milk. In trial 2, primiparous cows tended to produce more milk, and multiparous cows tended to produce less milk, when fed meat and bone meal than when fed soybean meal. No differences were found for dry matter intake, milk composition, or production of energy-corrected milk. Cottonseed meal was equal to soybean meal in supporting milk production. Meat and bone meal tended to support higher productions of milk than did soybean meal, but production of energy-corrected milk was similar for both.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Effects of nonstructural carbohydrates and source of cereal grain in high concentrate diets of dairy cows.

Five primiparous and 5 multiparous Holstein cows were used in an experiment with a double 5 x 5 Latin square design to evaluate the effects of lowering the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates in high grain diets on intake, chewing activities, digestibility, and yield and composition of milk. Cows received diets consisting of 30% barley silage (dry matter basis) and one of five isocaloric concentrates containing corn, hull-less barley, or barley, ranging in the percentage of nonstructural carbohydrates from 24 to 42%. Diet did not affect the dry matter intake (DMI) of primiparous cows. However, for multiparous cows, as the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates in the corn diets was lowered from 34 to 30%, DMI increased from 16.3 to 18.9 kg/d (2.66 to 3.07% of body weight), and, as the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates in the barley diets was lowered from 29 to 22%, DMI increased from 19.6 to 21.0 kg/d (3.09 to 3.19% of body weight). For both groups of cows, a reduction in the nonstructural carbohydrates in either the corn or barley diets had minimal effects on milk yield, fat-corrected milk yield, fat content, and protein content, except that the fat content of milk from younger cows fed barley diets was lowered (2.70% vs. 2.30%). For diets formulated at similar concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates, grain source had no effect on DMI or digestible DMI, but milk yield was lower for cows fed the diet containing hull-less barley (25.2 kg/d) than for cows fed the diets containing corn (26.8 kg/d) or barley (28.1 kg/d). When the concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates in high grain diets were reduced, feed intake was enhanced, but the relationship between the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates and performance was not consistent. Differences in ruminal availability of carbohydrates need to be accounted for when diets are formulated on the basis of nonstructural carbohydrates using a range of cereal grains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Yield response of lactating Holstein dairy cows to dietary fish meal and bone meal.

Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the source and amount of dietary protein on yield and composition of milk from Holstein dairy cows. Study 1 used 36 multiparous cows at 125 +/- 59 d in milk in, a replicated 2 x 2 Latin square design. Treatments were diets formulated to contain 16% crude protein (CP) in which 11% was fish meal or meat and bone meal supplied 11% of dietary CP. Intakes of dry matter, CP, and net energy for lactation; yields of milk; and percentage of milk fat were not affected by treatment. Fish meal increased contents of milk total N, casein N, and noncasein N but did not increase contents of NPN; fish meal also tended to increase milk CP yields. Study 2 used 78 cows (31 primiparous) at 31 +/- 2 d in milk in a randomized block design. Two treatment diets were formulated to contain 16 or 18.5% CP, and soybean meal was the sole source of supplemental protein in those diets. The two other treatment diets were, formulated to contain 16% CP; in these diets, fish meal or meat and bone meal partially replaced soybean meal. Treatments did not influence yield or composition of milk from multiparous cows. Compared with a soybean meal diet containing 16% CP, a soybean meal diet containing 18.5% CP or diets containing 16% CP and containing meat and bone meal or fish meal increased the milk, yield of primiparous cows similarly. Fish meal or meat and bone meal increased the efficiency of protein utilization for milk yield.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Milk production and intake of lactating cows fed raw or extruded peas.

Primiparous (n = 9) and multiparous (n = 18) Holstein cows averaging 584 +/- 15 kg of body weight (mean +/- SE) were allotted at 2 wk postpartum to nine groups (3 primiparous and 6 multiparous) of 3 cows each to determine the effects of pea extrusion on ruminal degradability and milk production. Cows were fed a total mixed diet based on timothy silage and concentrate for ad libitum intake. The experiment was carried out between wk 4 and 15 of lactation. Cows within each group were assigned randomly to isonitrogenous and isoenergetic concentrates based on corn plus soybean meal, raw peas, or extruded peas. Extrusion of peas increased the ruminal degradability of starch but had no effect on the ruminal degradability of crude protein. Cows fed extruded peas had higher dry matter intakes and plasma urea N concentrations than did those fed soybean meal; no differences were detected between cows fed extruded and raw peas. Production of 4% fat-corrected milk and milk composition generally were similar for cows fed the various diets. Digestibilities of dry matter and N were higher for cows fed extruded peas than for cows fed soybean meal or raw peas. These data suggest that peas can substitute for soybean meal as the protein source in diets of early lactation cows without adverse effects on production and that, in this study, the extrusion of peas had no beneficial effect on milk production.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Dry cow diet, management, and energy balance as risk factors for displaced abomasum in high producing dairy herds.

The objective of this study was to determine prepartum risk factors for displaced abomasum. The design was a prospective study of 1170 multiparous Holstein cows from 67 high producing dairy herds in Michigan. Each farm was visited four times within a 6-wk period. At each visit, data on nutrition and management were collected. All multiparous cows within 35 d of projected calving were assigned a body condition score, and blood was sampled to determine the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in plasma. A multivariable linear regression model was used to determine risk factors associated with the incidence of displaced abomasum during lactation on a herd basis. A multivariable logistic regression model with random effect was used to determine risk factors for displaced abomasum on an individual cow basis. Significant risk factors for displaced abomasum included a negative energy balance prepartum (as estimated from plasma nonesterified fatty acids), a high body condition score, suboptimal feed bunk management prepartum, prepartum diets containing > 1.65 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of dry matter, winter and summer seasons, high genetic merit, and low parity.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1998

Supplementation of rumen-undegradable protein to the diets of early lactation Holstein cows on grass pasture.

The objectives were to evaluate supplements differing in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) on the performance of early lactation cows on grass pasture. Twenty-four Holstein cows averaging 68 d of lactation and 39.8 kg/d of milk were rotationally grazed on predominantly Dactylis glomerata pasture for 8 wk. Cows were blocked according to parity, milk yield, and days of lactation and were randomly assigned to a grain mixture with a low or high RUP content. Pasture and the low and high RUP grain mixtures averaged 25.6, 14.7, and 13.7% crude protein and 4.0, 7.0, and 8.4% RUP, respectively (dry matter basis). Grain was fed twice daily at 1 kg/4 kg of milk, pasture provided all forage in the diet, and grain consumption was similar (8.9 kg/d per cow) for cows on both treatments. Total dry matter intakes estimated using chromic oxide were 19.9 and 20.9 kg/d for cows fed low and high RUP grain mixtures. Milk yields did not differ between treatments; means were 34.2 and 35.5 kg/d for cows fed low and high RUP grain mixtures. Multiparous cows tended to yield more milk (36.2 vs. 34.5 kg/d) and milk protein (1.06 vs. 0.98 kg/d) when fed the high RUP grain mixture. Concentrations of plasma urea N and nonesterified fatty acids were unaffected by treatment and averaged 18.7 mg/dl and 307 microeq/L, respectively. Results indicated that a supplemental grain mixture with a high RUP content did not alter milk yield of high yielding cows when pasture was the sole forage; however, milk protein yield tended to be greater for multiparous cows fed the high RUP grain mixture.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting of Staphylococcus aureus from heifer mammary secretions and from horn flies.

Staphylococcus aureus isolated from heifer mammary secretions, streak canals, and horn flies (Haematobia irritans) were evaluated by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting. The relationship between DNA fingerprint patterns of S. aureus isolated from horn flies and S. aureus isolated from heifer mammary glands was examined. Amplified DNA fragments were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and were analyzed by densitometry. Analysis of DNA fingerprint patterns of 56 S. aureus isolates that were obtained from heifer mammary secretions or streak canals resulted in three distinct subtypes of S. aureus. Of these, 31 isolates (55%) belonged to subtype 1, 22 isolates (39%) belonged to subtype 2, and 3 (5%) belonged to subtype 3. Eight of 10 S. aureus isolates from horn flies belonged to subtype 1, and 2 isolates belonged to subtype 2. Thus, all of the S. aureus isolates from horn flies had DNA fingerprint patterns identical to the majority (95%) of S. aureus isolates from heifer mammary secretions or streak canals. In addition, 10 S. aureus isolates from multiparous cows from the same herd were examined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. All S. aureus isolates from multiparous cows belonged to subtype 3. Results of this study suggest that horn flies may play an important role in the transmission of S. aureus to nulligravid and primigravid heifers. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the usefulness of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting to distinguish between different subtypes of S. aureus and to draw epidemiological inferences from the information it provides.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Effect of feeding silages from corn hybrids selected for leafiness or grain to lactating dairy cattle.

Three corn hybrids were harvested as silage and fed to lactating dairy cows to determine performance and digestibility differences between hybrids. Corn hybrids were a grain type, a generic blend, and a leafy type. Starch content of the grain, blend, and leafy silage hybrids was 26.1, 23.8, and 23.5%, respectively. In vitro digestible dry matter of the leafy hybrid silage (69.2%) was higher than the grain (66.8%) or blend (66.7%) hybrid silage. Sixty-two Holstein cows (39 primiparous and 23 multiparous) were fed diets containing (dry matter basis) 40.6% of one of the corn silages, 10.2% alfalfa haylage, 23.5% corn grain, 7.4% whole-fuzzy cotton-seed, 13.8% protein concentrate, and 4.5% vitamin and mineral mix. Cows were assigned to their silage treatment diet 3 d after parturition and remained on the diet until wk 22 of lactation. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk components did not differ for cows fed the grain, leafy, or generic blend silage diets for either parity group. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber, and rate of passage were not different across the silage diets for either parity. Multiparous cows receiving the blend silage diet lost more weight throughout the 22-wk study than did cows on the leafy or grain silage diets. Primiparous cows receiving the blend silage diet spent more time eating than cows on either the grain or leafy silage diet. Time spent chewing did not differ among hybrids. Corn hybrid at 40% of dietary dry matter as silage did not have a major impact on dairy cattle performance in this trial.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Effects of anionic salts in a pre-partum dairy ration on calcium metabolism.

The effects of anionic salts in the transition diet on serum and urine calcium at calving and on peripartal health, subsequent milk production and fertility performance were studied in a well-managed, high-producing Friesland dairy herd. Over a period of a year, approximately 21 days before the expected date of calving, 28 pre-partum heifers and 44 multiparous dry cows were randomly allocated within parity to 1 of 2 transition diets, designated control and experimental anionic diets. The anionic diet contained the same quantities of the basic transition ration fed to the control group as well as a standard anionic salt mixture containing 118 g NH4Cl, 36 g (NH4)2SO4 and 68 g MgSO4 (total 222 g) per animal per day. This reduced the DCAD to -11.68 mEq/100 g dietary dry matter compared to +13.57 for the control diet. Blood and urine were randomly sampled from 7 to 8 animals within each category within 3 hours post-partum. Serum calcium (total and ionised) and creatinine, urine calcium and creatinine and the fractional clearance of calcium were assessed. Relevant clinical, milk production, and fertility data were collected. The total serum calcium (2.07 versus 1.60 mmol/l), serum ionised calcium (1.12 vs 1.02 mmol/l), urine calcium (0.92 vs 0.10 mmol/l) and the fractional clearance of calcium (1.88 vs 0.09%) were significantly higher(P <0.01) at calving for multiparous cows fed the anionic diet compared to those fed the control diet. In the primiparous cows there were no significant differences in serum calcium levels. However, the urine calcium (1.07 vs 0.43 mmol/l) and the fractional clearance of calcium was higher (1.75 vs 0.45%) in cows fed the anionic diet (P <0.05 and 0.01 respectively). These results illustrated that there were benefits, although no differences were demonstrated with respect to health, milk production or fertility. The supplementation of diets with anionic salts in the last 2-3 weeks before calving has the potential to significantly improve parturient calcium homeostasis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2002

Risk factors for placenta praevia in southern Nigeria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for placenta praevia in Ile-Ife, southern Nigeria. DESIGN: A prospective case control study. SETTING: A tertiary center--Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, southern Nigeria. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirty six patients with confirmed placenta praevia constituted the cases. Controls consisted of one hundred and thirty six patients who delivered at term immediately after each indexed case and did not have placenta praevia. RESULTS: Cases and controls were similar in terms of twin deliveries (P = 0.72) and past history of uterine surgery (P = 0.47). After adjusting for confounders, factors associated with risk of placenta praevia were history of retained placenta [OR = 6.7(95% CI 1.2-36.6)], previous caesarean section [OR = 4.7, (95% CI 1.9-11.4)], previous abortion [OR = 2.9 (95% CI 1.1-5.1)], grand multiparity [OR = 2.1 (95% CI 1.6-7.1)] and age over 35 years [OR = 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-6.6)]. CONCLUSIONS: From our study, the risk factors for placenta praevia are a history of retained placenta, previous caesarean section, previous abortion, grand multiparity and maternal age over 35 years.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1997

Predicted and actual fetal weight throughout the last trimester.

The aim of our study was to obtain, in normal pregnancies, references values of predicted and actual fetal weight for both male and female fetuses and for fetuses born to nulliparous and multiparous women between weeks 28 and 41 of gestation. Predicted fetal weight curves represented calculations of weight in the third trimester based on weight data obtained during the second trimester. These curves were obtained from 134 ultrasonograms obtained between weeks 20 and 27. Actual fetal weight curves represented the values calculated from third trimester measurements and were based on 374 ultrasonograms obtained between weeks 28 and 41. For predicted fetal weight minor differences were found between male and female fetuses and between fetuses born to nulliparous and multiparous women. For actual weights, differences increased progressively for gender and parity during the last trimester. Predicted weights progressed at a steeper rate, and this effect was stressed in cases of female fetuses and fetuses born to nulliparous women. If predicted weights reflect normal growth, differences between fetal gender or maternal parity might be due to environmental influences. Therefore, it might not be justified to construct separate weight charts differentiated by sex or parity.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Remote prognosis after eclampsia.

Of 270 women who survived eclampsia in the period 1931 through 1951, all but three were traced in 1974. In white women having eclampsia as primiparas, neither the remote mortality nor the prevalence of hypertension is increased over that in unselected women matched for age. Both are increased significantly in white women having eclampsia as multiparas and in the 24 black women in the study. The excess of remote deaths among the multiparous eclamptic women is accounted for by the lethal consequences of hypertensive disease. Repeated hypertensive pregnancies after eclampsia are often a sign of latent essential hypertension and may precipitate prematurely a chronic hypertension that is in the making. The prevalence of diabetes of late onset is increased over the expected rate in both primiparous and multiparous eclamptic women. It is concluded that eclampsia is neither a sign of latent hypertensive nor of renal disease, and it does not cause chronic hypertension, whatever the duration of the acute hypertensive phase.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Teenage pregnancy in the Rotunda Hospital.

The primary aim of this study was to investigate obstetric outcomes in teenagers delivered in the Rotunda Hospital and to identify whether younger teenagers have a poorer obstetric outcome. Delivery record details were recorded from the years 1992-96. These included the number of teenage mothers, maternal age, parity, gestation, mode of delivery, birth weight and Apgar scores. Teenagers were classified into those aged under 17 years and those aged 17 and over. Overall 2,228 teenage mothers were delivered in the Rotunda hospital, representing 17.2% of the total teenage population delivered in Ireland during the study period. Ten percent of mothers were under 17 years; 10.6% were multiparous with 2.6% of these under 17 years. There was a significant difference in the preterm delivery rate when the teenagers were compared as a whole with matched controls aged 20-24 years (p = 0.0411). However this did not translate into a poorer neonatal outcome as on average only 5% of babies were low birth weight and only 3% had Apgar scores < 3. Overall 70.2% of deliveries were spontaneous, 20.2% were instrumental. Less than 10% of deliveries were by caesarean section. However the rate of caesarean section increased with age from 14 (5.7%) to 19 (13.5%) years and this trend was statistically significant (p = 0.013). In conclusion, this study does not support the view that younger teenage mothers have a poorer obstetric and neonatal outcome. It has also been shown that there has been a large increase in the number of multiparous patients in this teenage population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Patterns of labor in native and immigrant population in Israel.

The application of cervical dilatation rates as a predictive index of the outcome of labor was tested among various subgroups of the Israel population. Cervical dilatation rates, gestational ages, birth weights, initial fetal head station, cervical dilatation at head engagement, and incidence of delivery problems were similar among Jewish patients, both native born and foreign; and among Arab patients. Generally, primiparas entered labor with lower fetal head station and reached head engagement with less cervical dilatation than did multiparous or grand multiparous patients. The results suggest that the rate of cervical dilatation, as measured early in the active phase of labor, can be used with equal confidence among all our population groups to forecast type of delivery. Early in the active phase of labor, women in whom the probability of a spontaneous delivery is approximately 95% can be separated from those cases in which intervention will be necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Maternal-fetal mortality in advanced age].

In order to compare the maternal-fetal outcome in pregnant women of advanced age (bigger than 35 years old) with those smaller than 30 years. 268 pregnant women were studied that went for their control and attention of the childbirth, corresponding 134 patients of more than 35 years and 134 patients between 20-29 years (control group). Cases were excluded if presented confounding variables (smoking, obesity, multiparity and maternal illnesses associated to the pregnancy). Data of maternal-fetal morbimortality were written down both groups and they were analyzed by means of X2 test or Fisher exact test for assessing differences between the groups, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant, with a power of 80%, with a delta of 12%. The only two variables that had statistical significant were the number of cesarean sections 66 (49.2%) in the group of older women against 43 (32%) in the control group (P < 0.01) and normal vaginal deliveries (45 cases in the study group and 80 cases in the control group (P < 0.001). The rest of the analyzed variables none had difference statistically significant between both groups and they are described next: Forceps delivery was documented in 6 patients of the older group and 4 of the control group; 7 abortions were observed in a group and 17 in the other group of patients; there were not maternal deaths in both groups. The premature rupture of membranes was presented in 22 cases of the study group and in 24 cases of the control group; 8 congenital anomalies were presented in women's of advanced age children and 2 in mother's of the group control children; admission to the unit of therapy intensive neonatal happened in 17 products of the study group and in 9 cases of the control group; there were 3 stillbirths in the women of advanced age and 1 stillbirth in the control group; 3 perinatal deaths were presented in the patients of advanced age and 2 cases in the control group, all these variables had a value of P greater than 0.05 (not significant). When controlling confounding variables that can influence in the increase of the maternal-fetal morbimortality, it was observed that the only two significant variables were smaller normal vaginal deliveries (P < 0.001) and higher number of cesarean sections (P < 0.01) in patients with advanced age, owing to most of them are subjected to cesarean section without evaluating the possibility to obtain the product by means of a childbirth, for what the indication of cesarean section should be revalued in advanced age multiparous pregnant and in case of not having factors of associated risk to attempt the birth for childbirth, reducing by this way the incidence of cesarean sections as well as the morbidity that this procedure may imply.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A randomized trial of pulsatile vs continuous oxytocin infusion for labor induction.

In a prospective randomized study, 560 pregnant women were subjected to labor induction with continuous or pulsed intravenous oxytocin infusion. There were no significant differences with respect to maternal history, Bishop score and perinatal morbidity. The mean induction to delivery interval was shorter in the pulsed infusion group than in the continuous infusion group (325 +/- 63 vs 433 +/- 67 min in primiparous, p < 0.001 and 204 +/- 52 vs 236 +/- 87 min in multiparous women, p < 0.01). The mean amount of oxytocin administered in the pulsed infusion group was also significantly lower than in the continuous infusion group (4.7 +/- 0.6 mU/min versus 9.6 +/- 3.4 mU/min in primiparous, p < 0.001 and 2.1 +/- 0.4 mU/min versus 5.2 +/- 2.3 mU/min in multiparous women, p < 0.001). Our study demonstrates that pulsatile administration of oxytocin is as safe as continuous intravenous infusion, requires less oxytocin and is more effective as it reduces labor duration.

Female↗
PubMed1979

An investigation of allograft tolerance: Discordant reactivity to murine H-Y-incompatible lymphoid cell (PEC) and skin grafts.

The extremely sensitive peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) transfer technique has been applied to an investigation of the immune response of female mice which are "tolerant" of the male antigen. Females rendered tolerant of male skin grafts by multiparity, neonatal inoculation of male spleen cells, or multiple inoculations of adult females with male lymphoid cells displayed second-set reactivity to male PEC while continuing to tolerate H-Y-incompatible skin grafts. Furthermore, this discordant response to male PEC and skin was adoptively transferrable to normal females by spleen cells from multiparous donors. Females rendered tolerant by irradiation and reconstitution with male cells were unresponsive to both H-Y-incompatible skin and PEC grafts. A model is proposed using two male-specific antigens, the response to which is controlled by independent genes.

Age Factors↗