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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Investigation on the evolution of the titles of zhen zhu (cinnabar) and zhen zhu (pearl) and its confusion, ancient and modern].

There used to be confusion since ancient time on both zhen zhus. They are two different materials, different from their original materials, nomenclature and dates of their medicinal application. Based on ancient formularies, the two "zhen zhu" were confusedly used to a great extent. The causes of such confusion lie on their exactly identical Chinese pronunciation and the evolution of the Chinese writing characters; both also share some similar functions; and the confusion as recorded by herbological works of successive ages. There are also such confusion in modern books of pharmacy. Points for differentiation of both and conclusion are given here.

China↗
PubMed2000

Preservation of environmental characteristics as witnessed in classic and modern literature: the case of Greece.

The literature provides interesting evidence regarding some of the environmental characteristics of Greece during the classic era, while in recent times, the environmental consequences of urban development are impressed in the work of modern Greek writers. The present paper investigates references regarding these environmental characteristics together with their preservation in time, with the aid of resources from literature.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2001

Theophrastus on Lyngurium: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition.

The ancient philosopher Theophrastus (c.371-285 BC) described a gemstone called lyngurium, purported to be solidified lynx urine, in his work De lapidibus ('On Stones'). Knowledge of the stone passed from him to other classical authors and into the medieval lapidary tradition, but there it was almost always linked to the 'learned master Theophrastus'. Although no physical example of the stone appears to have been seen or touched in ancient, medieval, or early modern times, its physical and medicinal properties were continually reiterated and elaborated as if it did 'exist'. By the seventeenth century, it began to disappear from lapidaries, but with no attempt to explain previous authors' errors since it had never 'existed' anyway. In tracing the career of lyngurium, this study sheds some light on the transmission of knowledge from the classical world to the Renaissance and the changing criteria by which such knowledge was judged.

Folklore↗
PubMed2002

The hidden truths of the belly: the uncertainties of pregnancy in early modern Europe. (Society for the Social History of Medicine Student Prize Essay 1999, runner-up.).

For early modern men and women and their medical practitioners, the experience and understanding of pregnancy was primarily uncertain. This uncertainty extended to the whole process of pregnancy--from the moment of conception to delivery, the detection and bearing of a 'true fruit' was doubtful. This 'uncertainty' was heightened by the fact that both body and language could conceal the truth. The woman herself was frequently uncertain and could be mistaken in her interpretation of the condition of her belly. This ambiguity is expressed in the vague and faltering language used to describe such experiences. Women's bodies were believed to conceal the truth more readily than their male counterparts. Equally a woman's physical narrative was more likely to be distrusted. Tensions surrounding the appropriate nature of women's 'knowledge' of such hidden 'secrets' also affected the ways in which women and their practitioners described the 'truths' of the belly. This article traces the ambiguities faced by women and their midwives/accoucheurs through three areas of pregnancy: quickening, false conceptions, and the threat of miscarriage. The much-neglected source of medical texts and observations is drawn upon, alongside letters and diaries and judicial material.

Diagnosis↗
PubMed1980

D.H. Lawrence and modern destructiveness.

This article discusses twentieth century societal destructiveness as reflected in four key prose works by D.H. Lawrence--the novels Sons and Lovers, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley's Lover and the early travel book Twilight in Italy. Sons and Lovers, which projects the young Lawrence persona's struggle between life and death, partly accounts for a deepening sensitivity to life and death in modern society in Lawrence's subsequent works. It is seen that Lawrence's writings depict the perilous trends today towards the mechanization of our fundamental being, and the resultant life-threatening qualities of sensationalism and reduction of the individual inner life.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed2005

Personalizing illness and modernity: S. Weir Mitchell, literary women, and neurasthenia, 1870-1914.

This article examines how the affliction of neurasthenia, commonly diagnosed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, acted as a catalyst for intellectual and lifestyle changes during a time of modernization. At the center of the study are three individuals: neurologist S. Weir Mitchell (1829-1914) and two of his patients, critic and historian Amelia Gere Mason (1831-1923) and writer and homemaker Sarah Butler Wister (1835-1908). Using archived correspondence between Mitchell and his patients, this article seeks to reveal how each woman tailored her treatment to fit her personal sensibilities; to reassess Mitchell's notorious reputation as a misogynist (gained largely from his 1887 treatment of Charlotte Perkins Gilman); and to develop a more nuanced understanding of the doctor-patient relationship in neurasthenia cases.

Female↗
PubMed2002

The doctor and the "delta factor": Walker Percy and the dilemma of modern medicine.

As medical science progresses, a tension has developed between the art of medicine, which deals with patients as individual persons, and the science itself, which focuses on the objective pathology. This tension is furthered as medicine identifies itself increasingly with science. To explore the consequences of this unbalanced identification, and the strain it places on the physician-patient relationship, this article examines the thought of Walker Percy, and in particular his novel The Second Coming. In this novel, Percy, a physician by training, presents a case of a patient suffering at the hands of medicine-turned-reductionist. The novel highlights the breakdown of communication between physician and patient within modern medicine, and raises important questions about how to best understand, and thereby preserve, medicine's true art.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1995

[The classification and therapeutical methods of cataract on Chinese medicine in the modern times].

We investigated cataract-related description on the medical literatures written at China in modern times. In those days, the cataract was classified by the shapes of clouds on the crystalline lens. In present Chinese medicine, it has been interpreted that the senilecataract was showed Eneinaisyo. Hyoei-naisyo, Katsuei-naisyo, Zyuei-naisyo, Sanei-naysyo, Fuei-naisyo, Tinei-naisyo, Ohei-naisyo, Engetsuei-naisyo, Soukaei-naisyo, Hakueiohsin-naisyo and Kokusuigyoei-naisyo; these words were old names for cataract. We separately rethought about their symptoms from the description in the original literatures; however, they showed some symptoms which generally were not found on the senilecataract. On the other hand, the therapeutic methods mainly existed pharmacotherapy, surgical methods and treatments with acupuncture and moxibustion and their applications were each different according to the shapes of the clouds.

Cataract↗
PubMed1995

[Variolation, pioneer of modern immunology].

Smallpox spread into China at the end of the Han Dynasty. Therapeutic remedies were first recorded in Ge Hong's Zhou Hou Jiu Zu Fang in the Jin Dynasty. It is possible that variolation made its first appearance in the Northern Song Dynasty. It can be sure that there was a variolation centre in Taiping County of Ningguo District in Anhui. The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty advocated and encouraged the popularization of the art which was then spread outside China. Edward Jenner, the English physician who practised variolation, modified variolation into vaccination, which eventually lead to the formation of modern immunology and the declaration of eradication of smallpox on the Earth by WHO in 1980. The article describes the historical process of variolation to vaccination and points out that the modified variolation was safe and reliable. Unfortunately, the westerners only followed the simple smallpox-juice method which was relatively more dangerous.

China↗
PubMed1994

[Modernization process of the medical education in Korea].

In Korea, there had been the public educational system of the traditional medicine since Shilla Kingdom of 7th century, and Koryo government had the Selection System of the medical doctors for the public services from the reign of King Kwangjong (AD 958). These traditional system had been maintained until King Kojong of Chosun Kingdom (AD 1885), when the traditional hospital with medical school Hye-Min-Seo was replaced by Che-Jung-Won, the first modern hospital in Korea, where the Western medical service for people and practical medical education were performed by western missionary doctors. But the medical education in Che-Jung-Won did not last long because people and government at that time did not recognize the value of the Western medicine, in addition to the personal difficulties some medical missionaries had. After the reformation of 1894 when the health administration and service based upon Western medicine were planned, the government of Chosun Kingdom needed the personnel who could practice the Western medicine. So government began by establishing the short-term (one month) Vaccinator's Training Center in 1897, and founded the first public medical school named Eui-Hak-Kyo Medical school of three-year course for educating the medical students in 1899. ...

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1996

[A historical survey of diphtheria in the Western World, China and Japan. Part II: Modern age (from sixteenth century to the beginning of nineteenth century)].

In Europe and North America, literatures on diphtheritic diseases was increasing from sixteenth to eighteenth century. In New England of North America, diphtheria and scarlet fever occurred epidemically in mingled form from 1735 to the succeeding year. Thereafter, many physicians in Europe and America treated patients of diphtheria and had different opinions about the nature of croup and diphtheria. In China, its own clinical medicine progressed extraordinarily during the modern age. Laryngeal specialists appeared and wrote special monographs about the pharynx and larynx. A physician wrote about "epidemic exanthem", which the author presumes to be a complicated form of scarlet fever and diphtheria. In Japan, diphtheria occurred in sporadic form usually, and in epidemic form occasionally. Japanese physicians studied medicine from China since the ancient age, and also introduced European medicine through the Netherlands in the eighteenth century. So Japanese physicians learned knowledge about throat diseases and diphtheria from Chinese and European medicine.

China↗
PubMed1994

[Autopsy practised in modern China].

It's very difficult for autopsy to develop in modern China. Two autopsy rules issued by Ministry of Internal Affairs were of epochal significance. Although Society on Anatomy had been set up by western medical workers, and there were four people willing to offer their own remains after death for autopsy, it was still very difficult to obtain a cadaver for autopsy actually. The main barrier still lay in the feudal morality. Moreover, incomplete law also contributed a factor.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1989

Women, marriage and family--traditionalism vs. modernity in Albania.

"The aim of the article is to illustrate how the transition from traditionalism to modernity in Albanian society is reflected in the fields of decision-making in choosing the marriage partner, arena of choosing the marriage partner, and factors of importance for harmony in the marital relationship. We also outline the changes in women's participation in productive work, in social and policy life, and in education. The empirical material stems from a survey conducted in Albania [in] 1984. The number of respondents was 1,303. We conclude that there is a strong modernistic tendency both with regard to choosing marriage partner and factors important for harmony. The main feature of the development in Albania is the rapidity and explicitness of changes in attitudes towards marriage and family and in women's position."

Albania↗
PubMed1993

Social modernization and the increase in the divorce rate.

The author develops a micro-model of marital interactions that is used to analyze factors affecting the divorce rate in modern industrialized societies. The core of the model is the concept of production of marital gain and mutual control of this production. "The increase of divorce rates, then, is explained by a steady decrease of institutional and social embeddedness, which helps to solve this kind of an 'assurance game.' The shape of the individual risk is explained by the typical form of change of the 'production functions' of marriages within the first period of adaptation. The inconsistent results concerning womens' labor market participation in linear regression models are explained as a consequence of the (theoretical and statistical) 'interaction' of decreases in embeddedness and increases in external alternatives for women." Comments are included by Karl-Dieter Opp (pp. 278-82) and Ulrich Witt (pp. 283-5).

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2001

[In venerem ignavus: medicine, impotence and law in modern age].

Surgical and forensic medical texts of modern age classifies male impotence according to two different patterns. If both psychological and functional causes can be admitted as responsible of male disfunctions, physical deficiencies only can be regarded as legal reason to obtain divorce.

Erectile Dysfunction↗
PubMed1974

Acupuncture and its role in modern medicine.

Although both the philosophic and physiologic basis of acupuncture seems fanciful to Western medical thinking, the results obtained in the treatment of certain disease states cannot be lightly dismissed. Its use in the induction of surgical analgesia may have immediate application for Western Medicine. Its mechanism of action is a complete enigma, but information accumulated from research in hypnosis, visceral learning and, most important, the physiology of pain perception may contain clues to the pathophysiologic principles involved. The fact that many disorders for which acupuncture therapy is useful are thought to have a large psychosomatic component only serves to reinforce the Eastern concept of inseparability of mind and body. A great deal of attention is being given to this concept in the current medical literature. In order to define the role of acupuncture in modern medical practice, a more scientific approach in both clinical and basic research is necessary. If acupuncture can be proved safe and efficacious in the treatment of certain diseases, lack of knowledge regarding its mechanism of action should not delay its incorporation into our medical armamentarium.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative studies on the frequency of occurrence of degenerative spinal changes in neolithic, medieval and modern man].

105 judgeable spinal columns of neolithic cultures and 11 skeletons from the 11th and 12th century were examined for the presence spondylotic and spondylarthrotic changes of the spinal column taking into consideration the intensity and frequency of affection. With nearly the same affection per individual the frequency of affection in the neolithic population showed significantly lower values with relatively more frequent changes of the cervical vertebral column of the males and greater changes of the lumbar vertebral column in females. The neolithic and medieval group possess a different dependence on age. Apart from this, the medieval group shows an anticipation of the appearance of degenerative changes by about ten years compared with examinations from modern times. The reasons of these differences are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Historical population movements in Europe influence genetic relationships in modern samples.

We have newly constructed an ethnohistorical database consisting of 3460 records of ethnic locations and movements in Europe since 2200 B.C. Using this database, we computed vectors of proportions that peoples speaking various language families contributed to the gene pools of 2216 1 degree x 1 degree land-based quadrats of Europe. From these vectors we computed ethnohistorical distances as arc distances between all pairs of quadrats. We used these distances as predictors of genetic distances, which we calculated independently from 26 genetic systems. We find significant partial correlations between ethnohistorical and genetic distances when geographic distance, a common causative factor, is held constant. Ethnohistorical distances explain a significant amount of the genetic variation observed in modern populations. These results are highly robust to simulated errors in and omissions from the ethnohistorical database. Randomization tests show that the historical sequence of the movements does not affect estimates of the ethnohistory-genetics correlation, but the geographic locations of movements do. We track the development of the ethnohistory-genetics correlation through time and show it to be gradual and cumulative over the past 4200 years.

Ethnology↗