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Mouse monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies recognize cross-reacting determinants expressed on distinct subsets of human Ia-like cell-surface molecules.

Human Ia-like cell-surface molecules from a homozygous HLA-DR (6/6) B lymphoblastoid cell line have been analyzed using five mouse anti-Ia m.Ab cross-reacting with HLA-DR antigens. The surface-iodinated molecules immunoprecipitated by these m.Ab were analyzed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and by SDS-PAGE followed by isoelectrofocusing. As read from the different migration patterns, three distinct combinations of human Ia-like molecules were identified by these m.Ab. Three anti-I-E-reactive m.Ab immunoprecipitated two-chain molecules whose apparent mol. wt (32K, 29K) corresponded to those of the classical HLA-DR antigens. One m.Ab which on mouse cells recognized a determinant shared by the I-A and I-E molecules precipitated not only the 32-29K bands, but also a 26K band from human cell extracts. Finally, an I-A reactive m.Ab precipitated a complex set of polypeptides including in addition to the 32-29K bands, three additional chains of 30, 28 and 26K. Sequential immunoprecipitation demonstrated that removal of the classical 29-32K HLA-DR chains by an anti-I-E m.Ab did not affect the subsequent immunoprecipitation of the additional chains by the anti-I-A or the anti-I-A + I-E m.Abs. These patterns and those obtained by 2D-gels analysis which demonstrated the complexity of the 26K band are compatible with the coexpression of at least three different subsets of molecules: (1) Ia-like molecules of 29-32K, recognized by all the m.Ab used; (b) molecules of 28-30K recognized by the anti-I-A m.Ab and (c) molecules apparently constituted by 26K chains, precipitated by the anti-I-A m.Ab and by the anti-I-A + I-E m.Ab.

Animals↗

Expression of mu and gamma 1 membrane forms of immunoglobulin segregate in somatic cell hybrids.

In the present investigation, we have utilized the somatic cell hybridization technique to generate an experimental model for studying the differential expression of membrane (mIg) and secreted (sIg) forms of immunoglobulin that characterize different stages of B cell development. We describe here that fusion of the dextran-binding myeloma, MOPC 104E (mu, lambda 1) and the phthalate-binding B cell hybridoma, 2C3E1 (gamma 1, kappa) results in the formation of antigen-specific, double hybrids (tribrids) that coexpress both parental secreted forms of Ig but express only one of the two possible membrane forms of immunoglobulin (Ig). This segregated expression of membrane Ig is a new and unexpected finding that has been substantiated here by both immunological and biochemical methods. Analysis by SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE) reveals distinct and characteristic migration patterns for each of the four Ig heavy chains in the tribrids (mu membrane, mu secreted, gamma 1 membrane and gamma 1 secreted). Immunochemical analysis of the immunoglobulin from the tribrids confirms the coexpression of both secreted forms of immunoglobulin in most of the tribrid lines tested and indicates that about 30% of the tribrids express only phthalate-specific gamma 1 membrane Ig, while 38% express only dextran-binding mu membrane Ig. About 30% of the tribrids secrete both antibodies but express no membrane form and less than 1% are non-secretors. Approximately 2% initially express both membrane forms of Ig, as determined by immunocytoadherence assay using appropriate target cells but subsequently express only one membrane form during propagation in vitro. SDS-PAGE analysis of surface labeled tribrids confirms that in tribrids expressing membrane Ig, only a single mIg is synthesized. These results suggest that the expression of the secreted and membrane forms of immunoglobulin are separately regulated and the tribrids represent a model with which to study the mechanisms involved in the regulation of each structurally distinct immunoglobulin form.

Animals↗

Selective association of a 22-38 kDa glycoprotein with MHC class II DP antigen on activated human lymphocytes at the plasma membrane.

Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis (2D-PAGE) of cell surface human DP and DR class II antigens identified a glycoprotein, designated pX, that is associated at the cell surface with DP but not DR class II antigen in activated T, B and NK lymphocytes but not in resting B lymphocytes, Raji B lymphoma cells, activated thymic epithelial cells or activated monocytes. pX is a heavily glycosylated protein with an apparent molecular mass spanning between 38 kDa and 22 kDa, that is reduced, after deglycosylation with Endo-F, to 22 kDa. The pX structure appears nonpolymorphic and independent of DP polymorphism, as suggested by 2D-PAGE migrational pattern of 125I-labelled Endo-F deglycosylated DP immunoprecipitates from T cells blasts derived from four donors with different DP allotypes. The apparent absence of polymorphism of pX is further suggested by two-dimensional peptide mapping of a single spot derived from 2D-PAGE of 125I-labelled DP deglycosylated immunoprecipitates from two donors.

B-Lymphocytes↗

The evolution of the dorsal pallium in the telencephalon of amniotes: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis.

The large body of evidence that supports the hypothesis that the dorsal cortex and dorsal ventricular ridge of non-mammalian (non-synapsid) amniotes form the dorsal pallium and are homologous as a set of specified populations of cells to respective sets of cells in mammalian isocortex is reviewed. Several recently taken positions that oppose this hypothesis are examined and found to lack a solid foundation. A cladistic analysis of multiple features of the dorsal pallium in amniotes was carried out in order to obtain a morphotype for the common ancestral stock of all living amniotes, i.e., a captorhinomorph amniote. A previous cladistic analysis of the dorsal thalamus (Butler, A.B., The evolution of the dorsal thalamus of jawed vertebrates, including mammals: cladistic analysis and a new hypothesis, Brain Res. Rev., 19 (1994) 29-65; this issue, previous article) found that two fundamental divisions of the dorsal thalamus can be recognized--termed the lemnothalamus in reference to predominant lemniscal sensory input and the collothalamus in reference to predominant input from the midbrain roof. These two divisions are both elaborated in amniotes in that their volume is increased and their nuclei are laterally migrated in comparison with anamniotes. The present cladistic analysis found that two corresponding, fundamental divisions of the dorsal pallium were present in captorhinomorph amniotes and were expanded relative to their condition in anamniotes. Both the lemnothalamic medial pallial division and the collothalamic lateral pallial division were subsequently further markedly expanded in the synapsid line leading to mammals, along with correlated expansions of the lemnothalamus and collothalamus. Only the collothalamic lateral pallial division--along with the collothalamus--was subsequently further markedly expanded in the non-synapsid amniote line that gave rise to diapsid reptiles, birds and turtles. In the synapsid line leading to mammals, an increase in the degree of radial organization of both divisions of the dorsal pallium also occurred, resulting in an 'outside-in' migration pattern during development. The lemnothalamic medial division of the dorsal pallium has two parts. The medial part forms the subicular, cingulate, prefrontal, sensorimotor, and related cortices in mammals and the medial part of the dorsal cortex in non-synapsid amniotes. The lateral part forms striate cortex in mammals and the lateral part of dorsal cortex (or pallial thickening or visual Wulst) in non-synapsid amniotes. Specific fields within the collothalamic lateral division of the dorsal pallium form the extrastriate, auditory, secondary somatosensory, and related cortices in mammals and the visual, auditory, somatosensory, and related areas of the dorsal ventricular ridge in non-synapsid amniotes.

Animals↗

Analysis of single-cell gel electrophoresis using laser-scanning microscopy.

The single-cell gel (SCG) assay has been shown to be a valuable technique to measure DNA-strand breaks in individual cells. Imaging of the assay is enhanced by laser-scanning microscopy (LSM) technology. Cells embedded in low melt point agarose were treated with 12.5 mM H2O2 to induce DNA-strand breaks. Following cell lysis and electrophoresis under alkaline conditions to allow single-stranded break detection, analysis of the resulting comets can provide an accurate method of comparing DNA-damage levels. The migration patterns of stained DNA were quantitated by LSM analysis. A statistically significant time-dependent dose-response relationship was clearly observed. LSM analysis of the SCG technique allows rapid, sensitive, and reproducible quantitation of single-stranded breaks and alkali-labile sites in the DNA of single cells.

DNA Damage↗

The immune system of the respiratory tract in pigs.

Although the lung is not a lymphoid organ it contains large numbers of lymphocytes. These can be found in different compartments: (1) the pulmonary intravascular pool, which is organ-specific and shows a unique migration pattern; (2) the interstitial lymphocyte pool, which is equivalent in size to the whole blood pool; (3) the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) which develops as a result of microbial stimulation; (4) the intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes of the bronchi, with their typical subset composition; (5) the lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar space, which can be sampled by bronchoalveolar lavage. The size and kinetics of the lymphocyte pools have been studied in the pig in more detail than in most other species. Despite this organotypic compartmentalisation of the pulmonary lymphoid cells in the pig, the lung is part of the integrated mucosal immune system, as shown by protective oral immunisation against the lung-pathogenic bacteria Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The lung immune system in the pig is not only of veterinary interest, but also a relevant model for the human respiratory tract.

Actinobacillus Infections↗

Differences in susceptibility to NK cell killing of two cloned sublines derived from a single clone.

The ability of natural killer (NK) cells to discriminate between virus infected or tumor cells and their normal counterparts indicates a highly selective recognition, but the exact target structure remains unknown. We have examined two clones of measles virus persistently infected HeLa cells derived from the same parental clone, one of which, HeLa-mss, is highly susceptible to NK killing, (35% specific lysis at 80:1 lymphocyte to target ratio), whilst the other, HeLa-msr, is totally resistant (0.4-2.4% specific lysis). The HeLa-msr cells also failed to inhibit lysis of the HeLa-mss target cells, indicating that HeLa-msr cells did not share the receptor of HeLa-mss for NK cells. The expression of the two measles virus-encoded surface antigens, the hemagglutinin (HA) and fusion (F) proteins on the plasma membrane was examined by immunofluorescent staining and FACS analysis using monoclonal antibodies to the respective proteins. Approximately equivalent amounts of HA and F antigens were found on the cells of the HeLa-msr and HeLa-mss clones. Immunoprecipitation and PAGE analysis also failed to reveal any qualitative differences in the migration patterns or relative proportion of the measles virus proteins between these cell lines. Nevertheless, the in vitro differences in susceptibility of the two cell lines to NK lysis were found to be important in vivo, since HeLa-mss cells failed to grow as tumors in nude mice while HeLa-msr were highly tumorigenic. Thus, NK cells may either recognize very subtle differences in viral encoded polypeptides, possibly point mutations, or alternatively, they may recognize changes in the host cell membrane induced by insertion of certain viral encoded polypeptides.

Animals↗

Small bowel transplantation: future prospects.

The mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the small bowel present a significant target for immune attack in rejection. In addition they have the potential to proliferate and cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Immune-mediated impairment of mucosal barrier function will allow translocation of bacteria from the gut lumen into the blood stream. This factor, with the development of septicaemia, was probably responsible for the majority of deaths in early clinical cases treated with azathioprine and prednisolone. In the experimental situation GVHD and rejection can be studied as separate entities in transplants between parental strain rats and F1 hybrids. The use of immunohistochemical staining with strain specific monoclonal antibodies has enabled the migration pattern of lymphocytes to be studied. Within 24 h of transplantation donor lymphocytes can be detected in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of the recipient. This cell transfer is clearly effected through the blood stream as the severed lymphatics of the grafted bowel take at least 7-10 days to regenerate and from connections with the recipient lymph system. At a practical level impairment of normal lymphatic drainage may cause problems with the absorption of fats and fat-soluble molecules such as cyclosporin. Denervation of the bowel also presents a problem in the initial phase after transplantation, with hypersecretion from the crypts causing diarrhoea. Since the introduction of cyclosporin a small number of successful human transplants have been reported.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

Analysis of the double-stranded RNA genome segments among avian reovirus field isolates.

Nine isolates of avian reovirus (ARV) from both healthy birds and birds with different clinical illness and one commercially available vaccine strain were selected and characterized by analysis of the migration pattern of their genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments following separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Different electropherotypes were observed and analyzed. The results show that the dsRNA segments of ARV were markedly polymorphic among isolates within the same serotype as well as among different serotypes. The results also show no correlation between electropherotype and disease state.

Animals↗

5-HT agonist-induced changes in peripheral immune cells in healthy volunteers: the impact of personality.

The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the serotonergic neurotransmitter system and migration patterns of peripheral lymphocytes. Altogether 40 healthy male volunteers were given either a single dosage of the 5-HT1a-receptor agonist ipsapirone (10 mg) or a placebo (n = 20 each) in a double-blind randomized trial. Blood samples were drawn 55, 90 and 110 min after drug intake (baseline) and were analyzed for the number of peripheral lymphocytes. Furthermore, saliva samples were obtained at 13 defined time points which were analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Personality traits impulsivity, psychoticism and boredom susceptibility) were measured by questionnaires to investigate personality related differences in levels of serotonergic responsiveness. Analyses of covariance indicated that ipsapirone leads to highly significant reductions of peripheral CD4+ cells (T-helper/inducer-cells). This was significantly correlated to the ipsapirone-induced release of cortisol in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, subjects scoring high on impulsivity, psychoticism and boredom susceptibility could be identified as being more responsive to the 5-HT agonist, indicated by their larger reduction in T-helper cells and greater cortisol release. This was hypothesized to be either due to their subsensitivity of presynaptic or supersensitivity of postsynaptic 5-HT1a-receptors.

Adult↗

An antigenically distinct lipophosphoglycan on amastigotes of Leishmania major.

We show that lipophosphoglycan (LPG) on the surface of amastigotes of Leishmania major is antigenically and biochemically distinct from promastigote LPG. A rabbit antiserum raised against the amastigote integral membrane fraction detected LPG spanning the region of Mr 55,000-100,000 on Western blots of the amastigote integral membrane fraction, but did not recognize the promastigote integral membrane fraction. WIC 79.3, a monoclonal antibody which recognizes L. major metacyclic promastigote LPG, did not recognize the amastigote integral membrane fraction on Western blots. The antigen recognized by this rabbit antiserum was shown to be LPG by its migration pattern on SDS-PAGE, the presence of terminal galactose residues, recognition by a monoclonal antibody to LPG, WIC 108.3, the biosynthetic incorporation of label from [3H]glucose and [32P]phosphate, a hydrophobic chromatography elution profile similar to promastigote LPG, and the presence of a lipid anchor sensitive to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. The temporal regulation of LPG expression during parasite differentiation was studied in vitro. During amastigote-to-promastigote transformation, the amastigote-specific form of LPG disappeared after subculture at 48 h. The WIC 79.3 epitope was not detected by Western blotting on transforming parasites until 48 h in culture. During promastigote-to-amastigote transformation, the amastigote-specific form of LPG was detected 12 h after infection. WIC 79.3 epitopes gradually diminished over 48 h. The results demonstrate the developmentally regulated expression of an antigenically distinct LPG on amastigotes of L. major.

Animals↗

RNA-protein interactions in the ribonucleoprotein T-complexes in a mitochondrial extract from Leishmania tarentolae.

We have investigated protein-RNA interactions and the incorporation of [alpha-32P]UTP into the guide RNA and mRNA components of the 'T-complexes' in a mitochondrial extract from Leishmania tarentolae. The terminal uridylyl transferase-containing complex T-IV is probably involved in the maturation of the 3'-oligo(U) tail of the gRNAs, but the biological function and biochemical nature of the remaining T-complexes is not known. We have found that the relative extent of labeling of the RNA components is dependent on the UTP concentration: at low levels, the main endogenous RNA components labeled are the gRNAs in T-IV; at higher levels, the mRNAs in all of the T-complexes are preferentially labeled. We also show a tentative correlation in the migration pattern of UTP-labeled T-complexes and complexes which bind exogenous labeled RNA. The relative extent of binding to specific complexes is dependent upon the type of RNA. Most of the interactions between the labeled RNAs and proteins can be disrupted by heparin or a large excess of rRNA, but two labeled complexes were resistant to competition. Most of the binding of labeled exogenous gRNA is disrupted by competition with a large excess of rRNA, but predigestion of the extract with micrococcal nuclease and saturation with rRNA uncovered a high affinity complex, which involves at least two proteins interacting with the bound gRNAs. A knowledge of the RNA and protein components may aid in understanding the biological roles of these RNP complexes.

Animals↗

The characterization of radioimmunoassay for rat pancreatic polypeptide in serum.

A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of rat pancreatic polypeptide (RPP) in serum or plasma has been developed and characterized using a new guinea-pig anti-rat-PP antibody. The assay provides a high degree of sensitivity and lacks cross-reactivity (CR less than 0.01%) to neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. It also does not interact with PPs of other species or peptide hormones namely, amylin, glucagon, human insulin, human-PP, human-proinsulin, rat C-peptide and rat insulin. The assay employs synthetic rat PP as standards from concentrations of 21-2100 pg/ml (i.e., 5-500 pM) and produces a sensitivity limit of 19 pg/ml (4.5 pM) PP at +/- 3 S.D. The intra- and interassay % coefficient of variations are 6.4% and 5.9%, respectively. The % recovery of RPP added to rat serum samples ranges from 98% to 103%. Assay of serum volumes ranging from 25 microliters to 100 microliters does not significantly alter the expected RPP level. The migration patterns of rat serum PP and that of a synthetic RPP are identical by Sephadex G-50 chromatographic analysis. The mean values of fasting and a 2 h post-feeding plasma RPP levels in normal rats are 40 +/- 2 and 80 +/- 10 pg/ml (9.5 pM and 19.0 pM), respectively. Rat-PP release during insulin induced hypoglycemia in conscious rats rises from 38 +/- 5 pg/ml to 261 +/- 34 pg/ml (9.0 to 62.1 pM, P less than 0.005) by 30 min. Additionally, the antibody used in this study cross-reacts well with mouse-PP as determined by linear serum dilution curves, thus making it useful in the measurement of murine-PP. In conclusion, we have developed and validated a sensitive and specific rat-PP assay. This assay provides a new tool for the reliable measurement of PP in physiologic studies using rat and mouse animal models.

Animals↗

The role of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue.

Nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), which comprises paired lymphoid organs in the nasopharynx of rodents, is the principal mucosal lymphoid tissue of the respiratory tract. As described in this review, NALT bears certain similarities to the Peyer's patches of the intestine but the two differ remarkably in morphology, lymphoid migration patterns and the binding properties of their high endothelial venules (HEV).

Animals↗

Polyelectrolyte precipitation of beta-galactosidase fusions containing poly-aspartic acid tails.

Protein recovery from industrial microbial processes can be very expensive, often exceeding the cost of protein production. We have genetically engineered 3 beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) fusion proteins containing poly-aspartic acid tails to test the effect of the tails on recovery by the relatively inexpensive method of polyelectrolyte precipitation. The fusion proteins, designated T1, T2, and T3, were constructed with C-terminal tails of 5, 11, and 16 aspartic acid residues, respectively. The fusion proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified by affinity chromatography. T1 and T2 had specific activities similar to that of wildtype beta-gal, whereas the specific activity of T3 was about half that of T1 and T2. The increased net charge of the fusion proteins compared to wildtype beta-gal was indicated both by ion-exchange chromatography and their migration pattern in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All three tails enhanced polyethyleneimine (PEI) precipitation of the fusion proteins compared to wildtype beta-gal. At a low PEI/protein ratio (0.01, g g-1), recovery by precipitation of T2 and T3 was more than 2 X that of the beta-gal control, whereas that of T1 was only slightly greater than that of the control. At a higher PEI/protein ratio (0.03, g g-1) the amount of precipitation of all three fusion proteins was nearly the same, about 1.5 X that of the control.

Aspartic Acid↗

Cold-adaptation of human rotavirus.

A human rotavirus strain was cold-adapted for possible future use as a live vaccine. The original strain was isolated in 1980 in primary cynomolgus monkey kidney cells and has a serotype I and subgroup II antigenicity. The virus was serially passaged in African green monkey kidney cells; it was cultivated at 37 degrees C at the first stage of passages, and the cultivation temperature was then shifted down stepwise by 3 degrees C per each 10 passages. Finally the virus was passaged 10 times at 25 degrees C (total passage number of 55). The virus formed small-size plaques with irregular shaped borders at 31 degrees C. Growth at 25 degrees C of the cold-adapted virus was higher than that of the original virus. There was no difference between the migration patterns of 11 dsRNA segments in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the original and the cold-adapted viruses.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

A microcomputer-based program for video analysis of chemotaxis under agarose.

We have developed a computerized system for the quantification of video images of cell migration patterns obtained in the chemotaxis under agarose assay. This system allows either manual or automatic measurement of standard parameters of chemotaxis, as well as quantification of three new parameters which reflect mean cell movement and chemokinesis. The parameters of mean cell population movement are not obtainable by the traditional analysis of the chemotaxis under agarose assay. Our system operates on an inexpensive microcomputer, is easy to use and provides data output in a format that is directly transferable to standard statistical packages.

Chemotaxis, Leukocyte↗

Ultrastructural allelic variation in HLA-DQB1 promoter elements.

Sequence variation among HLA class II promoter elements may contribute to functional differences in transcriptional regulation of different class II alleles. In addition to influencing the binding sites for nuclear transcription factors, promoter polymorphism may also alter intrinsic structural properties of the DNA strands, such as conformation and curvature, which influence the formation of stable transcription complexes. We used SSCP analysis of PCR-amplified promoter regions from the DQB1 locus to evaluate conformational polymorphism within DQ alleles. Distinct electrophoretic migration patterns of the SSCP products were detected for six DQB1 alleles; analysis of the DQB1*0302 promoter, known to be associated with type 1 diabetes, showed no SSCP differences between IDDM patients and normal controls. Using computer modeling based on a "nearest-neighbor" energy of predicted curvature theory, we examined the effect of allelic promoter region sequence polymorphism on the predicted curvature of double-stranded DNA, and found distinct allelic differences in predicted DNA curvature, both in transcriptional consensus binding sites and in regions located between binding sites. These data are consistent with a model in which intrinsic sequence variation in the promoter region results in ultrastructural differences which may influence DNA bending and interactions with multimeric DNA-protein transcription complexes.

Alleles↗