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At least 883 records · Page 49Linked to original sources
PubMed1962

Kinetics of cell infection and penetration by the virus of foot-and-mouth disease.

Thorne, H. V. (Research Institute, Animal Virus Diseases, Pirbright, England). Kinetics of cell infection and penetration by the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. J. Bacteriol. 84:929-942. 1962.-The kinetics of cell infection by the virus of foot-and-mouth disease were determined, using acidification to pH 5.7 to eliminate virus from the system and to stop the reaction at required times. The infection curve was sigmoidal in form with an initial lag stage followed by a linear region of slope, at moderate concentrations, proportional to the virus and cell concentrations. The infection rate was very small below 15 C but increased rapidly with increasing temperature. Cell infection was 90% complete in about 3 min at 37 C and about 20 min at 25 C. By comparison with kinetic equations derived for a simple model of the infection process, adsorption and penetration rate constants were calculated. The adsorption rate constants were of the same order as those obtained from direct measurements of virus adsorption. The half-time for the penetration reaction was about 30 sec at 37 C and 6 min at 20 C; the rate decreased to near zero values below 15 C. The energy of activation for penetration was 24,000 cal/mole.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Evaluation of amplicon-based nanopore sequencing for foot-and-mouth disease viruses in clinical and environmental samples.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) causes severe global economic loss, necessitating rapid viral characterization. Nanopore sequencing provides a simple, real-time workflow suitable for on-site outbreak response, addressing the limitations of conventional methods. In this study, we optimized a previously published amplicon-based protocol and used this method to characterize a diverse range of samples (vesicular fluid, epithelium, serum, nasal/oral swabs, and environmental samples) collected during FMD outbreaks in 2025 in the Republic of Korea. Of the 129 samples collected, we successfully recovered complete genomes from 37 samples and VP1 sequences from 85 samples. Amplifying the S-fragment in isolation and separately barcoding each pool of PCR amplicons markedly improved sequence recovery. Furthermore, sequencing success depended on viral load and sample type. Based on comparisons with real-time RT-PCR results, whole-genome sequence (WGS) recovery exceeded 77.3% at cycle threshold (Ct) values ≤25 across all clinical samples. In the Ct > 30 category, serum samples yielded the highest WGS recovery rates (44.4%). This rate was markedly higher than the success rates observed for epithelium (20.0%) and nasal swabs (9.1%), whereas oral swabs and environmental samples failed to yield any sequences (0%). However, VP1 recovery from environmental samples reached 80% at Ct ≤ 30 (8/10), providing an approach to enable non-invasive monitoring. These findings demonstrate that amplicon-based nanopore sequencing is a practical method for the rapid generation of genomic data during FMD outbreaks.IMPORTANCEAlthough rapid detection and genomic data analysis are crucial for effective foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control, the collection of these data can be challenging for certain sample types and impacted by reduced viral loads that result from nationwide FMD vaccination. This study provides a practical solution through large-scale evaluation of an optimized amplicon-based nanopore sequencing protocol to enhance the sequencing success rates for both clinical and environmental samples. Using a modified protocol to enhance genome recovery, we demonstrated that sequence data could be retrieved from diverse sample types (even with high real-time RT-PCR cycle threshold values). We identified serum as the most suitable sample, with environmental sample sequencing allowing for non-invasive monitoring during outbreaks. These results support the use of nanopore sequencing for rapid genomic analysis, particularly in outbreak responses, such as rapid surveillance, emergency vaccine selection, and epidemiological monitoring.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease↗
PubMed2002

[Reconstruction of the anterior floor of the mouth with nasolabial flaps. Report of 10 years' experience].

The aim of this study was to analyse, with particular consideration to functional aspects, the results of treatment following the reconstruction of intraoral soft tissue using a pedicled nasolabial flap. Over a period of 10 years (1.1.1990-31.12.1999) the intraoral repair of the defect was carried out in 20 patients in the region of the anterior floor of the mouth, using a unilateral nasolabial flap in 13 cases and a bilateral nasolabial flap in 7 cases. The reasons for the defects were resection of squamous cell carcinomas (T1-T2) of the intraoral mucosa in 19 cases and osteoradionecrosis with soft tissue defect in one case. Local wound healing disturbance was observed in two cases. In 18 patients the prosthetic rehabilitation was successful and allowed a return to masticatory function. In another three cases a secondary operation for flap remodelling was needed. In one case three ITI-Implants were inserted between the foramina 12 months following the placement of the flap. A magnetically retained full denture has been functioning normally for more than four years. The nasolabial flap for the replacement of soft tissue in the mouth appears to represent a functionally and aesthetically satisfactory alternative to reconstruction by microsurgery, in cases of small to medium-sized defects, especially in older, medically compromised patients with an enhanced surgical risk

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[About surgical treatment of mucous membrane of mouth floor and tongue cancer].

In the department of head and neck tumors of Rostov Research Oncological Institute the operation on advanced mouth floor and tongue cancer is proposed comprising removement of the regional lymph nodes and resection of the tongue and mouth floor. 30 patients were operated by the suggested technique with restoration of the functions of swallowing, nutrition and speech in postoperative period in all cases. 3-year recurrence-free survival made up 28.4+/-8.2%.

Disease-Free Survival↗
PubMed1989

MRI of the floor of the mouth, tongue and orohypopharynx.

Magnetic resonance is the imaging modality of choice for studies of the orohypopharynx, floor of the mouth, or tongue base. The superiority of MRI soft tissue contrast can demonstrate intra- and extraorgan spread of tumor beyond that of CT. Use of T1- and T2-weighted pulse sequences allows better discrimination of pathologic masses from fat or muscle than does CT. Multiplanar capabilities allow ease of examination in the preferred planes. Various sequences or planes of imaging may be chosen to tailor the examination to the anatomic region of interest. The use of Gd-DTPA with T1-weighted images should further improve diagnostic precision of tumor location and extension and may replace the need for the longer T2-weighted sequences. Gadolinium may help differentiate tumor recurrence from fibrosis in the post-radiation patient. New improvements in surface coil technology, motion and flow compensation imaging strategies, faster scan times, and spatial resolution will further advance MRI as the modality of choice for assessment of oropharyngeal, mouth, and tongue soft tissue masses.

Gadolinium↗
PubMed1986

[Efficacy of radiotherapy of cancer of the mouth mucosa].

An analysis of 10-year experience of a radiological department (962 patients) indicated late admission of oral mucosa cancer patients for specialized treatment: 75-85% of the patients were admitted with Stage II-IV disease. The assessment of the efficacy of radiotherapy according to the 3 and 5-year survival rates showed that better results were obtained for buccal mucosa cancer and the worst for mouth fundus cancer. Three-year survival rates could be considered sufficient for the assessment of buccal cancer therapy whereas a 5-year period was necessary for the rest of the cancer sites. Therapeutic results and stage were well correlated; in all the sites the results were worse in patients with Stage III-IV disease. Regional metastases are a poor prognostic sign, particularly fixed metastases in patients with tongue and mouth fundus cancer. Combined therapy turned out to be the most effective in tongue cancer. In different variants of dose delivery in time the most favorable results were obtained with small fractionation (a conventional course). However it should be noted that a split course was usually applied to weak elderly patients with advanced stages of disease.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1992

Association of dry eyes and dry mouth with anti-Ro/SS-A and anti-La/SS-B autoantibodies in normal adults.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the extent to which seemingly healthy, mature adults with mild symptoms of dry eyes or dry mouth share the immunologic features found in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. METHODS: Of 705 subjects in Malmö, Sweden (age range 52-72 years) who responded to a questionnaire, 35% reported some symptoms of dry eyes or mouth. A random subgroup of the symptomatic subjects (n = 77) and an age- and sex-matched control group from among the asymptomatic subjects (n = 32) were evaluated objectively by serologic testing and by various measures of exocrine gland function. RESULTS: The symptomatic subjects had relatively impaired exocrine gland function and elevated levels of anti-Ro and anti-La (1.54-2.88-fold increase compared with the asymptomatic subjects, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.41, 4.03). The 2 autoantibodies correlated with each other (r = 0.64, 95% CI 0.49, 0.78) as well as with selected clinical measures of glandular function. CONCLUSION: The association between self-reported symptoms of dry eyes or dry mouth and anti-Ro and anti-La, found in more than one-third of mature adults in this study, suggests that the immune abnormalities and exocrine gland dysfunction found in Sjögren's syndrome affect a substantial proportion of the general population.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Distribution of tranexamic acid to plasma and saliva after oral administration and mouth rinsing: a pharmacokinetic study.

The objective of the study was to investigate the content of tranexamic acid in plasma and in mixed, unstimulated whole saliva after oral administration and mouth rinsing. Ten healthy volunteers each received 1 g of tranexamic acid orally, whereas 20 healthy volunteers rinsed their mouths with 10 mL of a 5% aqueous tranexamic acid solution for two minutes. Blood and saliva were collected 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, and 480 minutes after administration of tranexamic acid. Samples of blood and saliva were analyzed for tranexamic acid content by electron capture gas chromatography. After oral administration, the mean plasma concentration of tranexamic acid reached its maximum after 120 minutes at approximately 7 micrograms/mL, whereas none of the saliva samples contained tranexamic acid at detectable levels. After mouth rinse, the plasma concentrations remained below 2 micrograms/mL, whereas the concentrations found in saliva initially were very high (after 30 minutes mean concentration above 200 micrograms/mL) and remained at a therapeutic level for more than two hours. These findings indicate, that fibrinolysis in the oral cavity can be inhibited only by local administration of tranexamic acid. This finding may be of significance when the drug is used for prevention and treatment of bleeding in the oral cavity in patients with coagulation defects.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing as basic treatment measures for halitosis.

Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing are basic treatment measures for halitosis, and as such are categorised as treatment needs (TN)-1. Although TN-1 is used for treatment of physiologic halitosis treatment, pseudo-, extra oral pathologic or halitophobic patients must also be managed with TN-1 as well as other treatments. Since the origin of physiological halitosis is mainly the dorso-posterior region of the tongue, tongue cleaning is more effective than mouth rinsing. However, practitioners should always instruct their patients on how to brush their tongues to prevent harmful effects. Another approach using a chlorhexidine mouthwash is most effective in reducing oral malodour. However, chlorhexidine should not be used routinely; therefore, zinc-containing mouthwashes have been recommended for use. People can also use chewing gum to reduce oral malodour. Surprisingly, however, it has been noted that sugarless chewing gum increased methyl mercaptan, one of the principal components of oral malodour. Mint did not reduce the concentration of methyl mercaptan either, although these products are widely used for their ability to mask oral malodour. There is a need for the development of a novel food or chewing gum that could considerably reduce VSC levels in mouth air to complement TN-1.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed2001

Mouth opening and its influencing through the SII appliance during the night.

In twelve patients, 43 nocturnal sleep investigations were carried out telemetrically. These investigations were aimed at contributing towards answering the questions of how large the interocclusal distance is during the night, whether there is a correlation with the growth pattern, and whether this interocclusal distance can be changed by using Class II elastics. The treatment appliance chosen was the SII appliance. During nocturnal sleep, all patients slept with their mouth more or less open. The largest interocclusal distance was found in patients with a vertical growth pattern as well as in one patient in whom an allergic reaction to the house dust mite was later verified. The active phase during nocturnal sleep comprised between 200 and 800 biting actions during the entire sleeping period and corresponded to an activity of about 10 minutes. During nocturnal sleep there were rarely complete mouth closures, even during diverse swallowing actions. Patients with a horizontal growth pattern showed the smallest interocclusal distance, provided that nasal breathing was not obstructed. The additional application of Class II elastics had a positive effect on the interocclusal distance in all patients. A shortening of the protrusive bars must be avoided in all events; otherwise there may be no protrusion when biting together. The long bars of the SII appliance have an influence on the maxilla, because there is contact between maxilla and mandible up to mouth openings of about 14-16 mm.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2003

The helical axis of the mandible during the opening and closing movement of the mouth.

BACKGROUND: The movement of a rigid body through space may be comprehensively described by constructing a "finite helical axis" (FHA). The rigid body carries out a rotation around this axis for discrete periods of time while at the same time moving along this axis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The free opening and closing movement of the mouth was registered in eight asymptomatic test persons, using the CADIAX electronic axiography system (GAMMA-DENTAL, Klosterneuburg, Austria). Subsequently, the position of the FHA in space, the angle of rotation around this axis, and the amount of translation along the FHA were determined for each subject, using the coordinates of the measuring styluses. RESULTS: During the initial phase of the mouth-opening movement, the FHAs were near the condyle. Over the course of the opening movement, they moved toward downward backward, downward and downward forward, and finally to forward upward toward the condyle upon reaching maximum mouth opening. During the closing movement, the FHAs shifted back in the reverse direction. During both the opening and the closing movement, there was a slight translational movement along the FHAs, which provided an indication of mandibular deviation.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1982

Possible existence of ion pairs at the mouths of ion channels.

An electrostatic calculation suggests that when an ion is bound near the mouth of a channel penetrating a low-dielectric membrane, a counter ion may form an ion pair with this ion. The tendency towards ion-pair formation is remarkably enhanced at channel mouths by forces (image forces) arising from the charges induced on the boundaries between different dielectrics. The binding constant for the formation of ion-pairs of monovalent ions is estimated under the assumption that local interactions between the counter ion and the channel wall are negligibly small. It is of the order of 1-10 molal-1 or more for the binding of a Cl- (F-) counter ion to an Na+ (Li+) ion if appropriate conditions are fulfilled. The binding constant depends on the position of the binding site, the dimensions and geometries of the channel and channel mouth, and the state of ion loading of the channel, as well as the ionic species. The present results also indicate that when cation (anion) channels have anionic (cationic) groups as integrant parts of their channel walls, interactions between these charged groups and permeant ions are markedly enhanced by the image forces.

Anions↗
PubMed2006

Enterobacter sakazakii in the mouths of stroke patients and its association with aspiration pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies by our group have identified a high prevalence of Gram-negative bacilli in the mouths of stroke patients. Eradication of such organisms by selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) has not previously been studied. Enterobacter sakazakii is a rarely found organism that has previously been identified as a cause of neonatal meningitis and sepsis but that has rarely been reported as a pathogen in older people. The purpose of this study was to look specifically for E. sakazakii in the mouths of stroke patients and to correlate its isolation with response to SDD gel and the presence of clinical complications such as pneumonia. METHODS: Following an acute stroke, 203 patients were recruited for the study and received placebo or SDD in a 50:50 ratio. Oral swabs were obtained on nine separate occasions and E. sakazakii was cultured from them. Clinical data were prospectively collected and analysed. RESULTS: E. sakazakii was identified in 7 of 203 patients. The organism was almost exclusively removed by SDD gel, but in those patients in whom an abnormal swallow was present, pneumonia was found in two of the four cases. CONCLUSION: E. sakazakii may colonise the mouths of acute stroke patients. Since SDD gel is not routinely administered to such patients, this organism may be implicated in patients who subsequently develop aspiration pneumonia.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Multivariate perspectives on change and continuity in the Middle Stone Age lithics from Klasies River Mouth, South Africa.

This paper examines variability and the emergence of the Howiesons Poort within the Middle Stone Age lithic technologies of Klasies River Mouth. Here I present a pattern recognition study using multivariate statistical techniques examining the data presented by [Singer, R., Wymer, J.J., 1982. The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago University Press, Chicago]. Using this model, the Middle Stone Age (MSA) lithics from Klasies River Mouth load on three main factors: (1) a Levallois flake manufacture factor, (2) a blade manufacture factor, and (3) a worked point factor. The MSA I assemblage from Cave 1 and the MSA II assemblage from Shelter 1a correlate strongly with the worked point factor, the MSA II assemblage from Cave 1 correlates strongly with the Levallois factor, and the Howiesons Poort assemblage from Shelter 1a correlates strongly with the blade factor. The Howiesons Poort from Shelter 1a is differs more from all other industries than the remaining industries do from each other. In addition, the Howiesons Poort from Cave 2 groups closely with the MSA III assemblage from Shelter 1a due to similarities in raw material frequencies.

Archaeology↗
PubMed1996

Effect of wetting the mouth on aortic blood pressure just before taking sublingual nitrates.

The absorption of sublingual nitrate tablets is sometimes variable. We performed a randomized controlled trial to determine whether wetting the mouth improved the decrease in aortic systolic blood pressure (BP) from sublingual nitrate tablet or spray. The 100 patients undergoing routine diagnostic cardiac catheterization were allocated to control (no nitrate), 0.3 mg sublingual nitrate tablet, 0.4 mg sublingual nitrate spray, water + 0.3 mg sublingual nitrate tablet, or water + 0.4 mg sublingual nitrate spray. Aortic systolic and diastolic BP were recorded using a fluid-filled catheter and measured off-line blind to the treatment group. Compared with control subjects, there were significant decreases in aortic systolic BP with both nitrate preparations (tablet = -7.1 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -12.5 to -1.6 mm Hg; spray = -8.0 mm Hg, 95% CI = -13.4 to -2.5 mm Hg). On average, water significantly increased the fall in aortic systolic BP with nitrate tablets (-5.5 mm Hg, 95% CI = -10.9 to -0.1 mm Hg, p = 0.044) but did not significantly enhance the effect of nitrate spray (-2.8 mm Hg, 95% CI = -8.3 to 2.6 mm Hg). Water significantly increased the fall in aortic diastolic BP with tablets only (-2.9 mm Hg, 95% CI = -5.5 to -0.2), and had no significant effect on heart rate. Water had a consistently larger influence on the hemodynamic effects of nitrate tablets than on the effects of nitrate spray. Patients with a dry mouth will have an increased effect from sublingual nitrate tablets if they wet their mouth before using sublingual nitrate tablets. Water does not appear to assist in the action of sublingual spray.

Absorption↗
PubMed1997

Aerosol particle transport and deaggregation phenomena in the mouth and throat.

The results of recent numerical simulations of aerosol particle transport and deaggregation phenomena in the mouth and throat are summarized. These results are used to comment upon the roles played by important factors influencing extrathoracic particle deposition and deaggregation phenomena. The results also provide a basis for comparing the performance of in vitro systems presently used for testing dry powder inhaler devices. Total deposition of aerosol particles in a 'physiologically faithful' three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the human mouth and throat closely mimics in vivo deposition data. On the other hand, aerosol particle deposition in a 3D 90 degrees -bend geometry does not accurately simulate aerosol filtration in the human mouth and throat. The numerically predicted regional deposition of aerosol particles closely matches that measured experimentally, in vitro, using the oropharyngeal cast from which the numerical reconstruction was made. A relatively weak dependence of particle deposition on flow-rate is observed with both 90 degrees -bend and 'real' oropharyngeal geometries, inconsistent with extrathoracic deposition in vivo. Two dimensional numerical simulations do not, in general, accurately simulate the conditions in the associated three-dimensional system. Quantitative differences between flow in the 90 degrees -bend and 'real' oropharyngeal geometries are especially significant in regards to the ability of the airstream to break apart particle agglomerates. For both geometries, it is observed that increasingly small particle agglomerates may be separated as the airflow rate increases from 30 to 200 lmin(-1). At flow-rates exceeding 60 lmin(-1), aggregated particles less than approximately 10-µm diameter may be separated by the airflow.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Mouth-to-mask ventilation: a superior method of rescue breathing.

Tidal volumes achieved using endotracheal intubation with a self-inflating bag were compared to those achieved with the esophageal obturator airway, a bag-valve mask system, and mouth-to-mask ventilation in an experimental model employing 18 unskilled and 4 partially skilled rescuers. When compared to mean tidal volumes achieved with endotracheal intubation (1,193 ml with unskilled, 942 ml with semi-skilled rescuers), ventilation with the bag-valve-mask system was significantly less (509 and 495 ml tidal volumes) and was, in fact, well below the value of 800 ml recommended for rescue breathing. Mouth-to-mask ventilation produced tidal volumes (1,093 ml and 1,200 ml) not significantly different from those seen with endotracheal intubation. If clinical findings confirm these experimental results, mouth-to-mask ventilation should replace the bag-valve-mask system in the initial management of respiratory arrest.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Linear and angular measurements of the mandible during maximal mouth opening.

PURPOSE: There are numerous reports of the translatory movement of the condyle in maximal mouth opening; however, the rotatory movement is less well understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the rotatory condylar movement and the factors associated with it in normal subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To study the role of facial morphology in maximal mouth opening, linear and angular measurements of the mandible in both the closed and maximal open positions were made by means of cephalometry. Dental students, 29 men and 31 women with no functional disorders of the masticatory system, were investigated. RESULTS: When the mouth was fully opened, the linear measurement of condylar movement was 20.5 +/- 4.0 mm in men and 18.1 +/- 2.5 mm in women, and the angular measurements of the rotation of the mandibular ramus were 39.1 +/- 5.9 degrees in men and 36.3 +/- 4.3 degrees in women. These differences were statistically significant (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: During condylar movement and rotation of the mandible, mandibular length and the inclination of the mandibular ramus in the former, and the inclination of the mandibular ramus, the mandibular angle and the position of the condyle in the latter, were important factors.

Adult↗